Micro Test 4
The event that occurs in bacteriophage multiplication that does not occur in animal virus replication is: host cell synthesis of viral enzymes and capsid proteins. replication of viral nucleic acid. injection of the viral nucleic acid into the host cell. assembly of nucleocapsids. adsorption to the host cells.
injection of the viral nucleic acid into the host cell.
Which is incorrect about viral diseases? Viral diseases can be zoonoses. Diagnosis of some diseases involves antigen detection with monoclonal antibodies. Some viruses are teratogenic. Some DNA viruses can become permanent residents of host cells. Most DNA viruses multiply in and are released from the cytoplasm.
Most DNA viruses multiply in and are released from the cytoplasm.
All of the following pertain to HIV, except: it causes Kaposi's sarcoma. it attaches primarily to host cells with CD4 receptors. it has reverse transcriptase. the viral DNA integrates into the host nucleus. it can enter into nervous tissues and cause abnormalities.
it causes Kaposi's sarcoma.
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) has the following characteristics, except: it appears as a mononucleosis-like illness in adults. it causes Kaposi's sarcoma. it causes roseola in infants. it replicates in T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and salivary gland tissue. it is transmitted by saliva.
it causes Kaposi's sarcoma.
West Nile virus has the following characteristics, except: it causes a hemorrhagic fever. it is an arbovirus. it is transmitted by a mosquito vector. it is typically a flu-like illness. it causes a severe encephalitis in less than 1% of infected persons.
it causes a hemorrhagic fever.
Epstein-Barr virus has the following characteristics, except: it infects the respiratory epithelium. it can be transmitted by contaminated blood transfusions and organ transplants. it is transmitted by direct oral contact and saliva. it multiplies and is latent in the parotid gland. it has a 30-50 day incubation.
it infects the respiratory epithelium.
All of the following pertain to herpes simplex-1 (HSV-1), except: it causes herpetic whitlow in health care workers. it is transmitted by mucous membrane contact with lesions. it causes gingivostomatitis. it is latent in the lumbosacral spinal nerve ganglia. it causes cold sores and herpes keratitis.
it is latent in the lumbosacral spinal nerve ganglia.
All the following pertain to measles (rubeola), except: it may involve a fatal complication called subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). secondary bacterial otitis media and sinusitis occur. humans are the only reservoir for the pathogen. it is transmitted by direct contact with the rash. symptoms include dry cough, sore throat, fever, and conjunctivitis.
it is transmitted by direct contact with the rash.
Sin Nombre hantavirus has all the following characteristics, except: it is transmitted by aerosol transmission from rodent excreta. the symptoms are abrupt fever, lung edema, respiratory distress, and hypotension. the first U.S. outbreak occurred in 1993 in the Southwest. its reservoir is human carriers. it is a zoonosis.
its reservoir is human carriers.
When bilirubin accumulates in the blood and tissues, it causes: jaundice. swelling of the legs. hypotension. gangrene. shock.
jaundice.
Viruses that cause infection resulting in alternating periods of activity with symptoms and inactivity without symptoms are called: viroids. latent. oncogenic. delta agents. prions.
latent.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is made virulent by incorporated prophage genes encoding the diphtheria toxin. What term describes this process? adsorption lysogenic conversion budding latent phase lytic phase
lysogenic conversion
Oral lesions called Koplik's spots are seen in patients with: rubella. influenza. croup. measles (rubeola). mumps.
measles (rubeola).
All of the following are characteristics of viruses except: metabolism. unique shapes. ability to infect host cells. ultramicroscopic size. genes.
metabolism.
Viral classification is based on all of the following except: capsid. envelope presence. nucleic acid. metabolism.
metabolism.
Orchitis and epididymitis is seen in young adult males as a complication of: rubella. influenza. measles (rubeola). mumps. croup.
mumps.
Viruses that consist of only a nucleocapsid are considered: viroids. simple viruses. incomplete viruses. complex viruses. naked viruses.
naked viruses.
Which body system is mainly affected by Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease? respiratory system nervous system digestive system circulatory system genitourinary system
nervous system
The enzyme associated with the influenza virus that hydrolyzes the protective mucous coating of the respiratory tract is: neuraminidase. hyaluronidase. catalase. reverse transcriptase. kinase.
neuraminidase.
Which type of virus is most likely to cause cell lysis and rupturing of an infected animal cell when it is released? enveloped virus DNA virus nonenveloped virus RNA virus
nonenveloped virus
The primary portal of entry for Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is/are: abrasions in the sink. contact with rash. nose and eye epithelia. urogenital mucous membranes. All of the choices are correct.
nose and eye epithelia.
In general, most DNA viruses multiply in the host cell's _____, while most RNA viruses multiply in the host cell's _____. cytoplasm; nucleus nucleus; endoplasmic reticulum cell membrane; cytoplasm cytoplasm; cell membrane nucleus; cytoplasm
nucleus; cytoplasm
A client is diagnosed with an infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further teaching? "Hepatitis A is often spread through contaminated food or water." "If I am not having sex or donating blood, there is no way to spread the hep A virus to others." "Vaccination could have prevented my infection." "I will likely recover completely from my infection."
"If I am not having sex or donating blood, there is no way to spread the hep A virus to others."
The nurse understands that her teaching was effective when the client verbalizes which statement about the influenza vaccination? "To cure the flu, the influenza vaccine must be administered no more than 48 hours after infection." "Because I am over 50 years of age, I should not receive a flu vaccine." "The vaccine may cause mild, coldlike symptoms, and a low-grade fever." "Because I received a flu vaccine last year, I should not get one this year."
"The vaccine may cause mild, coldlike symptoms, and a low-grade fever."
Hepatitis ____ has a circular genome more similar to viroids than any other viruses. B A D C
A
Select the following statements that apply to human polyomaviruses. (check all that apply) Most infections with BK and JC virus are asymptomatic. BK and JC virus infections are believed to be common. JC virus may cause a demyelinating disease affecting the cerebrum in immunocompromised patients. Polyomaviruses are well-recognized oncogenic agents in humans. Recipients of renal transplants are at risk for complications caused by BK virus.
Most infections with BK and JC virus are asymptomatic. BK and JC virus infections are believed to be common. JC virus may cause a demyelinating disease affecting the cerebrum in immunocompromised patients. Recipients of renal transplants are at risk for complications caused by BK virus.
Which of the following is correct about viruses? Viruses contain positive strand RNA. Viruses contain 70S ribosomes. Viruses are prokaryotic. Most viruses cannot be seen with a light microscope. Viruses undergo binary fission.
Most viruses cannot be seen with a light microscope.
Which of the following is not a possible feature of a retrovirus? Mutation of host DNA Replicate double-stranded DNA from single-stranded RNA Permanent incorporation of viral DNA into host chromosomes Regulation of host gene expression
Mutation of host DNA
Which of the following preventative measures is used to protect renal transplant patients from BK virus infection? Vaccination Prophylactic treatment with human leukocyte interferon Injections of pooled human gamma globulin Prophylactic treatment with amantadine
Prophylactic treatment with human leukocyte interferon
Which drug/s interfere with the action of an HIV enzyme needed for final assembly and maturation of the virus? Fusion inhibitors Protease inhibitors Reverse transcriptase inhibitors Integrase inhibitors All of the choices are correct.
Protease inhibitors
What does AIDS stand for? Human Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes Aids Induced Disease Aids In Disguises Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Following several days of nausea and fatigue, Jackie has become jaundiced and her urine is very dark-colored. Tests ordered by her physician have confirmed that she has Hepatitis A. Which of the following is most likely to shorten the duration and lessen the severity of her symptoms? Administration of pooled human immune serum globulin Administration of the HAVRIX vaccine Treatment with acyclovir Interferon therapy
Administration of pooled human immune serum globulin
Which area has the largest number of people living with HIV/AIDS? Western Europe Southeast Asia Carribbean North America Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
Which of the following presents the greatest challenge to the development of a vaccine against HIV? HIV doesn't provoke the production of antibodies. Surface antigens on HIV change readily due to frequent mutations. Antibodies against HIV don't provide any protection from infection. Individuals are unwilling to participate in vaccine trials out of fear of developing AIDS.
Surface antigens on HIV change readily due to frequent mutations.
Herpes keratitis is an infection of the eye. True or False
T
Icosahedral viruses have the variation of containing an outside envelope. True or False
T
In rabies, spasms of muscles for swallowing leads to a fear of water. True or False
T
Which is incorrect about warts? They can be transmitted by direct contact or fomites. Freezing and laser surgery can be used for removal. They include deep plantar warts on soles of the feet. They are usually cancerous. They are caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV).
They are usually cancerous.
Which is incorrect about parvoviruses? They cause several diseases in dogs, cats, and other mammals. They cannot be transmissible to the fetus. Parvovirus B19 causes erythema infectiosum. They are single-stranded DNA viruses. They cause a disease known as fifth disease.
They cannot be transmissible to the fetus.
Why do rhinoviruses infect the upper respiratory tract, particularly the nose, but not the lower respiratory tract? The prevalence of alveolar macrophages in the lower respiratory tract prevents them from becoming established there. They are unable to attach to receptors on the pulmonary cells in the lower respiratory tract. They replicate most effectively at the cooler temperatures of the upper respiratory tract. IgA antibodies in lower respiratory tract secretions prevent them from becoming established in the lower respiratory tract.
They replicate most effectively at the cooler temperatures of the upper respiratory tract.
Which of the following viruses did D. Ivanowski and M. Beijerinck work with? Rabies Smallpox Herpes Tobacco Mosaic Virus Epstein-Barr virus
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Which is incorrect about smallpox? There is an effective vaccine. The vaccine is effective even if given in the first few days after exposure. The last case was seen in 1977. The poxvirus called variola is the etiological agent. Transmission is by ingesting contaminated water or food.
Transmission is by ingesting contaminated water or food.
Select the FALSE statement about viruses. Cellular life-forms most likely preceded the origin of viruses since viruses need host cells in which to develop and reproduce. When viruses are treated in a way that prevents them from entering host cells and reproducing, they are said to be dead. Viruses are the most numerous microbes on Earth. Viruses have impacted the evolution of all other cellular life-forms including bacteria, achaeans, and eukaryotes.
When viruses are treated in a way that prevents them from entering host cells and reproducing, they are said to be dead.
Which of the following is a hemorrhagic fever? Yellow fever St. Louis encephalitis Eastern equine encephalitis Colorado tick fever LaCrosse encephalitis
Yellow fever
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is: caused by a viroid. initiated by an oncogenic virus. a spongiform encephalopathy of humans. caused by a chronic latent virus. also called "Mad Cow disease".
a spongiform encephalopathy of humans.
The correct sequence of events in viral multiplication is: adsorption, release, maturation, replication, assembly, penetration. assembly, maturation, replication, release, penetration, adsorption. replication, penetration, maturation, assembly, absorption, release. penetration, replication, maturation, adsorption, assembly, release. adsorption, penetration, replication, assembly, maturation, release.
adsorption, penetration, replication, assembly, maturation, release.
Bacteriophage go through similar stages as animal viruses except: synthesis. attachment. release. adsorption.
adsorption.
Which is incorrect about prophages? replicated with host DNA and passed on to progeny always lyse the host cells present when the virus is in lysogeny formed when viral DNA enters the bacterial chromosome occur when temperate phages enter host cells
always lyse the host cells
All of the following pertain to virus envelopes except they: are found primarily on animal viruses. contain special virus proteins. are formed by the virus utilizing parts of the host cell membrane. help the virus particle attach to host cells. are located between the capsid and nucleic acid.
are located between the capsid and nucleic acid.
All arboviruses involve: diarrhea. birds as the primary reservoir. arthropod vectors. All of the choices are correct. congenital infection.
arthropod vectors.
Rubella is: characterized by high fever, severe sore throat, severe cough, and myalgia. caused by the measles virus (Morbillivirus). associated with congenital transmission causing miscarriage, deafness, and cardiac and mental defects. All of the choices are correct. a zoonosis.
associated with congenital transmission causing miscarriage, deafness, and cardiac and mental defects.
Parainfluenza virus: causes croup, bronchitis, and bronchopneumonia. is in the Orthomyxovirus family. usually infects the elderly. causes influenza. All of the choices are correct.
causes croup, bronchitis, and bronchopneumonia.
If a person who has never been infected with the varicella-zoster virus comes in contact with a person who has shingles, they will come down with: herpes keratitis. herpes labialis. chickenpox. infectious mononucleosis. shingles.
chickenpox.
Coronaviruses cause: fever, rash, and nasal discharge. meningitis. croup. common cold, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. measles.
common cold, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.
The virus-induced, specific damage to the host cell that can be seen in a light microscope is called: lysogeny. plaques. budding. cytopathic effect. pocks.
cytopathic effect.
Inhalation of respiratory secretions is involved in the transmission of all of the following, except: mumps. SARS. influenza. rubella. dengue fever.
dengue fever.
Satellite viruses are: dependent on other viruses for replication. All of these choices are correct. significant pathogens of plants. the cause of spongiform encephalopathies. also called viroids.
dependent on other viruses for replication.
The genetic core of every virus particle always contains: DNA and RNA. either DNA or RNA. enzymes. DNA. capsomers.
either DNA or RNA.
An occasional serious complication of herpes simplex-1 is: paralysis. myocarditis. kidney failure. encephalitis. shingles.
encephalitis.
Which of the following is not associated with every virus? capsomers capsid nucleic acid envelope genomic information
envelope
Which of the following parts of a virus is/are not always present? nucleic acid None of these choices are correct. envelope capsomers capsid
envelope
Which of the following are found in pox viruses? envelope RNA DNA capsid surface tubules outer membrane core membrane
envelope DNA surface tubules outer membrane core membrane
Which of the following viral types enter animal cells via fusion with the animal cell membrane? naked viruses enveloped viruses nonenveloped viruses All of these choices are correct.
enveloped viruses
The three basic groups of viruses based on morphology include: non enveloped viruses, RNA viruses, and bacteriophages. helical viruses, round viruses, and enveloped viruses. enveloped viruses, non enveloped viruses, and complex viruses. enveloped viruses, DNA viruses, and non enveloped viruses.
enveloped viruses, non enveloped viruses, and complex viruses.
Protection from viral infections arises from all of the following except: cytotoxic T cells. interferons. antibodies. erythrocytes.
erythrocytes.
A megavirus is considered to be smaller than 22 nm.
f
A patient shows symptoms of a fever with a rash that has begun on her face and traveled in sparse crops to the extremities. The patient has been showing symptoms for about 15 days. The patient is likely suffering from Smallpox.
f
A vaccine is currently available to prevent HIV infection.
f
A viral capsid contains both DNA and RNA.
f
Adenoviruses are examples of enveloped double-stranded genome.
f
All warts caused by human papillomaviruses are linked to cancers.
f
Bacteriophages do not undergo adsorption to specific host cell receptors prior to penetration.
f
Because they lack nucleic acid material, prions are especially susceptible to sterility by autoclaving.
f
Carriers of Hepatitis B virus are not common.
f
Chickenpox is caused by a poxvirus.
f
HSV-1 and HSV-2 are specific to the cells they infect; therefore, they only infect certain areas.
f
HTLV-1 is a retrovirus associated wth acute lymphocytic leukemia.
f
Human polyomaviruses are well-known for their oncogenic potential, most often associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in humans.
f
Influenza is predominantly transmitted by the fecal-oral route.
f
Louis Pasteur concluded that rabies was caused by a "living thing" larger than bacterial cells.
f
No cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob syndrome linked to eating infected cows have occurred in the United States.
f
One positive test for the presence of HIV antibodies dictates the diagnosis as AIDS.
f
Pox viruses consist of a linear double-stranded DNA genome enclosed in a protein capsid, surrounded by an envelope.
f
Spikes are glycoproteins of the viral capsid.
f
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is caused by a prion.
f
The Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) and the Delta Agent are prions.
f
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses has determined that there are only three orders of viruses.
f
The antivirals used for herpes simplex infections have the ability to completely destroy the virus and permanently cure the latent infection.
f
The most serious teratogenic effects of intrauterine rubella infection occur if it is acquired during the third trimester.
f
The only body fluid that can transmit Hepatitis B virus is blood.
f
The temperature of the full human respiratory tract, from nose to alveoli, is relatively consistent.
f
Viral families are italicized and given the suffix -virus.
f
Viral infections are easier to treat with drugs than bacterial infections.
f
Viruses are considered living organisms.
f
Viruses are ultramicroscopic because they range in size from 2 mm to 450 mm.
f
Zoster immune globulin (ZIG) and varicella-zoster immune globulin (VZIG) are attenuated vaccines for childhood vaccination.
f
Smallpox is a disease in which: transmission occurs only by direct skin contact with skin crusts. All of these choices are correct. recurrent episodes are called shingles. virus becomes latent in ganglia of sensory neurons. fever, malaise, rash, possible toxemia and shock occurs.
fever, malaise, rash, possible toxemia and shock occurs.
Symptoms of influenza include: nasal discharge, mild fever, and absence of cough. fever, myalgia, sore throat, cough, and nasal discharge. fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. fever and pneumonia. fever, sore throat, rash, and cough.
fever, myalgia, sore throat, cough, and nasal discharge.
Herpes whitlow is a deep-set herpes simplex virus infection of the: finger. eye. nasal mucosa. newborn. oral mucosa and tongue.
finger.
Inflammation of the liver with necrosis of the hepatocytes and swelling due to a mononuclear response is a disease called: liver cancer. hepatitis. mononucleosis. jaundice.
hepatitis.
The main route for transmission of HIV in most parts of the world is through: blood products. homosexual sex. intravenous drug use. blood transfusion. heterosexual sex.
heterosexual sex.
Molly, a 3-year-old active preschool girl, spent the morning playing with the other children at the day-care center. Shortly after lunch, she began to appear very flushed with bright red cheeks, and a check of her temperature revealed a low-grade fever of 99.5. She seemed to feel normal and showed no other signs of illness. Which of the following would be the most likely cause of her fever and bright red cheeks? cytomegalovirus herpes simplex virus roseola virus (Human herpesvirus 6) varicella-zoster virus human Parvovirus B19
human Parvovirus B19
When a virus is noninfectious it is termed __________. active inactive alive dead
inactive
Hepatitis B infection: is due to a flavivirus. has an incubation of 1 to 3 weeks. increases risk for hepatocellular cancer. can be transmitted by the fecal-oral route. All of these choices are correct.
increases risk for hepatocellular cancer.
The patients at greatest risk for severe cytomegalovirus infection include all the following, except: individuals with hypertension. bone marrow transplant patients. AIDS patients. organ transplant patients. infants infected in utero.
individuals with hypertension.
T-even phages: All of these choices are correct. have helical capsids. include the poxviruses. enter host cells by engulfment. infect Escherichia coli cells.
infect Escherichia coli cells.
Encephalitis caused by arboviruses involves: fever, headache, and rash. coma, convulsions, and paralysis in severe cases. muscle aches and joint stiffness. All of the choices are correct. myalgia and orbital pain.
All of the choices are correct.
Influenza infection can be treated with: oseltamivir. amantadine. zanamivir. All of the choices are correct. rimantadine.
All of the choices are correct.
Norwalk agent is: All of the choices are correct. a common enteric virus of gastroenteritis. transmitted oral-fecally. a Calicivirus. sometimes acquired from contaminated water and shellfish.
All of the choices are correct.
Respiratory syncytial virus (Pneumovirus): All of the choices are correct. uses the nasopharynx as its main replication site. can be treated with the antiviral aerosol ribavirin. causes serious disease in infants 6-months-old or younger. is the most common cause of respiratory infections in babies.
All of the choices are correct.
Reye's syndrome involves: aspirin use. fatty degeneration of liver, brain, kidney. a febrile viral illness such as influenza or chickenpox. All of the choices are correct. children, adolescents, and young adults.
All of the choices are correct.
Spongiform encephalopathies are: caused by prions. associated with abnormal, transmissible, protein in the brain. All of the choices are correct. chronic, fatal infections of the nervous system. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru, and Gerstmann-Straüssler-Scheinker syndrome.
All of the choices are correct.
Treatment of an animal bite for possible rabies includes: post-exposure vaccination with HDCV. debridement. washing bite with soap or detergent. infusion of the wound with human rabies immune globulin (HRIG). All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Yellow fever and Dengue fever are: All of the choices are correct. caused by arboviruses. zoonoses. caused by viruses that disrupt capillaries and blood clotting. transmitted by a mosquito vector.
All of the choices are correct.
Viruses have the ability to infect the following cell types. plants protists All of these choices are correct fungi bacteria
All of these choices are correct
Adenoviruses are: nonenveloped, double-stranded, DNA viruses. All of these choices are correct. causes of outbreaks among military recruits. transmitted by respiratory and ocular secretions. causes of conjunctivitis, common cold, and an acute hemorrhagic cystitis in children.
All of these choices are correct.
Chickenpox: has an incubation of 10 to 20 days. is transmitted by inhalation of respiratory secretions. All of these choices are correct. is transmitted by skin lesion contact or airborne spread of lesion material. has fever, and vesicular rash that occurs in successive crops.
All of these choices are correct.
Cytomegalovirus: All of these choices are correct. is commonly carried in the latent state. can be sexually transmitted. is among the most common of human infections. is transmitted by saliva, respiratory mucus, milk, urine, semen, and cervical secretions.
All of these choices are correct.
Fifth disease: in immunodeficient children, destroys red blood cell stem cells. involves pathogen capable of crossing the placenta. All of these choices are correct. is caused by Parvovirus B19. is a childhood febrile disease with a bright red rash on the cheeks.
All of these choices are correct.
Hepatitis B virus: All of these choices are correct. transmission risks include shared needles, anal intercourse, and heterosexual intercourse. is principally transmitted by blood. is transmitted to the newborn from chronic carrier mothers. has many chronic carriers.
All of these choices are correct.
Herpes simplex-2 (HSV-2) causes: All of these choices are correct. symptoms that include urethritis, cervicitis, and itching. intensely sensitive vesicles on or near the genitals. genital lesions. infection in neonates that have contact with lesions in the birth canal.
All of these choices are correct.
Host cells of viruses include: human and other animals. bacteria. plants and fungi. protozoa and algae. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Polyomaviruses: include the JC virus and BK virus. cause common asymptomatic to mild infections. cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. All of these choices are correct. cause problems in renal transplant patients.
All of these choices are correct.
Uncoating of viral nucleic acid: occurs before replication. occurs during penetration in the multiplication cycle. involves enzymatic destruction of the capsid. All of these choices are correct. does not occur in bacteriophage multiplication.
All of these choices are correct.
Varicella-zoster virus: uses the respiratory epithelium as its portal of entry. All of these choices are correct. has humans as its reservoir. causes chickenpox and shingles. becomes latent in dorsal root ganglia that serve specific dermatomes.
All of these choices are correct.
Viral cultivation is used for: preparation of vaccines. All of these choices are correct. diagnosis of viral infections. studying the viral life cycle within host cells. producing adequate numbers of viruses for research purposes. observing the effects of viral infection on host cells.
All of these choices are correct.
When used in a description of viruses, the term replication includes: the copying of the viral DNA in a DNA virus. the copying of the genomic RNA in an RNA virus. the production of multiple copies of a virus by a host cell. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following are ways to control or treat Hepatitis B? Heptavax vaccine Recombinant interferon All of these choices are correct. Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) Recombivax vaccine
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following is a type of cytopathic effect? multinucleated giant cells All of these choices are correct. rounding of cells inclusions in the nucleus inclusions in the cytoplasm
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following may cause reactivation of varicella-zoster virus as shingles? Immunosuppressive conditions Surgery All of these choices are correct. Developing malignancy X-ray treatments
All of these choices are correct.
Which infection is marked by labored, noisy breathing, and a hoarse cough? Croup Influenza Measles (rubeola) Mumps Rubella
Croup
Family names of viruses are recognizable by the suffix -virus. True or False
F
A clinic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has dozens of patients showing symptoms that could indicate infection with Ebola. What is the best course of action? Vaccinate the patients with the rVSV-ZEBOV candidate vaccine. Quarantine the patients and vaccinate with the rVSV-ZEBOV candidate vaccine. Transfer the patients to a larger hospital where monoclonal antibody-based drugs are available. Focus treatment on supportive care and quarantine the patients.
Focus treatment on supportive care and quarantine the patients.
Which part of HIV facilitates attachment of HIV to TH cells? Integrase GP-120 Capsid proteins Protease Fusion promoter
GP-120
Which two hepatitis viruses are generally acquired in a similar manner? HBV and HAV HCV and HAV HBV and HCV
HBV and HCV
Which infection are you likely looking at if you view a direct smear of a cervical scraping and see enlarged (multinucleate giant) cells and intranuclear inclusions? HCV VZV EBV HPV HSV-2
HSV-2
Which of the following viruses is associated with adult T-cell leukemia? HIV HTLV-1 HTLV-2 Hepatitis C virus Reovirus
HTLV-1
Which is not a disease caused by arenaviruses? Hantaviruses Lassa fever Bolivian hemorrhagic fever Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Argentine hemorrhagic fever
Hantaviruses
Which of the following viruses is an RNA virus that causes many cases of transfusion hepatitis? Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Hepatitis B virus (HBV) cytomegalovirus (CMV) adenovirus
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Each of the following viruses or diseases are transmitted via the oral-fecal route, except: Hepatitis C virus. norovirus. Hepatitis A virus. poliovirus. rotavirus
Hepatitis C virus.
Which of the following represents a virus family name? Hepatitis B virus Herpes simplex virus Enterovirus Picornavirus Herpesviridae
Herpesviridae
Which virus may play a role in multiple sclerosis? Herpes simplex virus-2 Smallpox Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) Epstein-Barr virus Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)
Which of the following antibodies are present during VCV? IgD IgE IgM IgI
IgM
Which of the following is not true regarding Marburg virus and Ebola? Infection occurs when aerosol droplets containing the virus are inhaled. Infection results in hemorrhagic fever and death in up to 90% of cases. The reservoir is bats in West Africa. They are flioviruses. The rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine is currently in clinical trials.
Infection occurs when aerosol droplets containing the virus are inhaled.
Viruses cannot multiply unless it invades a host cell; therefore, they are considered: true intracellular parasites. non-intracellular parasites. automatic intracellular parasites. obligate intracellular parasites.
obligate intracellular parasites.
Viruses with single-stranded DNA are the: herpesviruses. adenoviruses. parvoviruses. papovaviruses. poxviruses.
parvoviruses.
Visible, clear, well-defined patches in a monolayer of virus-infected cells in a culture are called: pocks. plaques. lysogeny. budding.
plaques.
Viral growth in bird embryos can cause discrete, opaque spots in the embryonic membranes called: plaques. cytopathic effects. lysogeny. pocks. budding.
pocks.
What tool or technique used by Ivanowski and Beijerinck while studying diseased tobacco plants enabled them to determine that the disease was caused by an agent significantly smaller than bacteria? cell culture that enabled cultivation of the virus transmission electron microscopy that allowed them to view the tobacco mosaic virus porcelain filters that trapped bacteria but allowed passage of the virus scanning electron microscopy that enabled them to view the virus the tobacco mosaic virus
porcelain filters that trapped bacteria but allowed passage of the virus
All of the following are true of prions and prion diseases, except: prions are composed exclusively of protein. there are no medications that can halt the progression of prion diseases. prion diseases are diagnosed by an indirect ELISA test that detects antibody to prions. prions are not readily destroyed by routine sterilization methods. prion diseases are all neurodegenerative diseases.
prion diseases are diagnosed by an indirect ELISA test that detects antibody to prions.
Noncellular infectious protein particles are called: oncogenic viruses. spikes. viroids. prions. phages.
prions.
The capsomers are unit compositions of: RNA. DNA. carbohydrate. lipids. protein.
protein.
Characteristics of influenza vaccines include all the following, except: inactivated intramuscular vaccine. attenuated, nasal drops vaccine. Guillain-Barré syndrome is a postvaccination neurological complication. usually incorporates three different strains. provides lifelong immunity.
provides lifelong immunity.
Which of the following is not included in the life cycle of animal viruses? synthesis release regeneration attachment
regeneration
Viruses acquire envelopes around their nucleocapsids during: assembly. replication. release. adsorption. penetration.
release.
The major agents responsible for the common cold are: coxsackie viruses. rotavirus. influenza viruses. rhinoviruses. Caliciviruses.
rhinoviruses.
All of the following are characteristics of viral categorization except: capsid type. nucleic acid strand number. ribosome shape. presence or absence of an envelope.
ribosome shape.
The worldwide, primary viral cause of morbidity and mortality from diarrhea is: Caliciviruses. influenza viruses. coxsackie viruses. rhinoviruses. rotavirus.
rotavirus.
The most effective HIV treatment includes: several different drugs designed to inhibit reverse transcriptase. several different drugs each directed at different enzymes (reverse transcriptase, integrase, fusion, and protease). several different protease inhibitors. several different fusion inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
several different drugs each directed at different enzymes (reverse transcriptase, integrase, fusion, and protease).
All of the following are important bunyavirus diseases, except: Rift Valley fever. California encephalitis. Hantavirus. severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Korean hemorrhagic fever.
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
Cytomegalovirus mononucleosis typically has fever and lymphocytosis, but in severely immunocompromised patients symptoms include: severe diarrhea, pneumonitis, hepatitis, and retinitis. vesicular lesions in oral mucosa. sore throat, fever, and tinnitus. pocks on skin.
severe diarrhea, pneumonitis, hepatitis, and retinitis.
The hepadnaviruses: show tropism for the liver. All of these choices are correct. include the adenoviruses. are nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses. are transmitted by respiratory secretions.
show tropism for the liver.
Symptoms of infectious mononucleosis include: fever, severe diarrhea, pneumonitis, hepatitis, and retinitis. fever, and pocks on skin. vesicular lesions in oral mucosa. sore throat, fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly.
sore throat, fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly.
All of the following pertain to poliomyelitis, except: summer outbreaks in the United States have been recently increasing. it can be asymptomatic or mild with headache, sore throat, fever, and nausea. there are effective vaccines to prevent polio. it is transmitted primarily by fecal contaminated water. if virus enters the central nervous system, motor neurons can be infected and destroyed.
summer outbreaks in the United States have been recently increasing.
About one in three children born to untreated mothers carrying HIV is infected.
t
Aedes mosquitoes are the vector involved in yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika virus transmission.
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Because initial symptoms of Ebola and Marburg virus infection resemble infection with less severe pathogens including typhoid fever and malaria, clinics risk misdiagnosing patients and putting more people at risk.
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Burkitt's lymphoma is a B-cell malignancy, usually of the jaw, associated with Epstein-Barr infection or coinfection with other diseases.
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Chronic liver failure without a diagnosis can be a clear indicator of the hepatitis C virus.
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Combination therapy for HIV is based on the assumption that it is highly unlikely for multiple simultaneous mutations to cause resistance to each of the drugs used.
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Epstein-Barr virus can be transmitted orally through saliva.
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Guillain-Barré syndrome involves varying degrees of demyelination of the peripheral nervous system leading to muscle weakness of extremities and possible paralysis.
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Humans are the only natural host for shingles.
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Infection with human polyomaviruses is most often asymptomatic in a healthy person.
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Molluscum contagiosum is transmitted by direct contact with skin lesions, fomites, and sexual activity.
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Monkeypox, a less dangerous version of smallpox, is transmissible to humans from animals.
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Noneveloped viruses enter their animal host cell via an active process that requires the participation of the animal cell.
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Parvovirus B19 causes a fatal anemia in the fetus.
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Poxviruses are the largest and most complex of all animal viruses.
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PrPSC is the infectious prion that causes spontaneous abnormal folding resulting in vCJD.
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Prophages can be activated into viral replication and enter the lytic cycle.
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Respiratory syncytial virus and rotavirus are major causes of global outbreaks in infants 6 months of age, or younger.
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Smallpox was detrimental in the destruction of Native Americans and Hawaiians when introduced by explorers.
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The major reservoir for the Sin Nombre hantavirus is the deer mouse.
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The poliovirus was successfully cultivated in a lab within the United States.
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The primary transmission route for acquiring agents of the common cold is by contact with hands and fomites contaminated with the nasal discharges of an infected person.
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There are nearly 80 million carriers of 35 types of HPV in the United States.
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There are vaccines that cause the development of immunity to the Hepatitis B virus.
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Varicella and herpes zoster are caused by the same virus.
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Variola major and variola minor are the two principal forms of smallpox disease.
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Viral evolution theory states that viruses arose from loose strands of genetic material. True or False
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Viral spikes are inserted into the host cell membrane before budding or exocytosis occurs.
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Virtually, everyone becomes infected with the herpesviruses at some time in their lives.
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When a virus enters a host cell, the viral genes redirect the genetic and metabolic activities of the host cell.
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Which of these structures are used by bacteriophages to attach to the host cell wall? tail fibers capsid head sheath nucleic acid
tail fibers
All of the following pertain to patients with AIDS, except: the highest number of cases worldwide is in the United States. they can get unusual cancers and neurological disorders. they have a profound immunodeficiency. they have CD4 T-cell counts below 200 cells/mm3 of blood. they get repeated, life-threatening opportunistic infections.
the highest number of cases worldwide is in the United States.
All the following are correct about polio, except: treatment for polio involves mainly alleviating pain and suffering. the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) can occasionally revert to a neurovirulent strain. most infections do not result in paralysis. Dr. Jonas Salk developed the IPV vaccine in 1954. the virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) can occasionally revert to a neurovirulent strain.
The nucleocapsid is composed of: the capsomers assembled into the capsid. the nucleic acid along with the capsid. the envelope, nucleic acid, and capsid. the nucleic acid of the virus only. the envelope and capsid.
the nucleic acid along with the capsid.
The descriptive groupings of virus into categories such as icosahedral and helical are based on: the mechanism of entry into host cells. the shape of the nucleocapsid. the presence or absence of an envelope. the type of nucleic acid.
the shape of the nucleocapsid.
All of the following pertain to monkeypox, except: transmission is typically by contact with monkeys, squirrels, and rats. symptoms include skin pocks, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. a recent U.S. outbreak involved pet prairie dogs infected by an African rat. the virus has shown a trend in becoming less virulent, with fewer outbreaks in humans. outbreaks have occurred in Africa.
the virus has shown a trend in becoming less virulent, with fewer outbreaks in humans.
When a virus enters a lysogenic phase, it means: the virus is starting biosynthesis of its nucleic acid. the number of viruses in the host is decreasing as the immune system becomes effective. the virus is integrated into the DNA of the host cell and is latent. the virus will remain in circulation and not continue infecting its host. the virus is bursting through the host cell membrane.
the virus is integrated into the DNA of the host cell and is latent.
All of the following are similarities between HAV, HBV, and HCV, except: they are all endemic in the United States. they all cause hepatitis. they all can have an incubation period of one month. they are all RNA viruses. there are diagnostic tests available to distinguish between them.
they are all RNA viruses.
All of the following pertain to genital warts, except: they often occur on the penis, vagina, and cervix. they include large cauliflower-like masses called condylomata acuminata. they are sexually transmitted. certain strains strongly predispose a person to cancer of the cervix or penis. they are not common in the United States
they are not common in the United States.
All of the following are characteristics of viruses except: they can cause mild diseases. they have a viscous fluid inside their capsids. they often have a geometric capsid. they can cause fatal diseases. they can be crystallized.
they have a viscous fluid inside their capsids.
Characteristics of the Orthomyxoviruses include all of the following, except: they have neuraminidase spikes. their genome is RNA. they have hemagglutinin spikes. they include paramyxoviruses. they have an envelope.
they include paramyxoviruses.
All of the following are true of human parvovirus B19, except: this is one of the smallest human viruses. it causes a disease known as fifth's disease in young children. its genome consists of single-stranded DNA. this virus can also cause severe disease in puppies. it may cross the placenta and cause severe damage to the fetus.
this virus can also cause severe disease in puppies.
Viral cell attachment that limits transmission between animals and humans is called: tropism. adherance. selection. decision.
tropism.
Host range is limited by the: size of the host cell. type of nucleic acid in the virus. age of the host cell. All of these choices are correct. type of host cell receptors on cell membrane.
type of host cell receptors on cell membrane.
Documented transmission of HIV involves: All of the choices are correct. mosquitoes. contaminated food. unprotected sexual intercourse and contact with blood/blood products. respiratory droplets.
unprotected sexual intercourse and contact with blood/blood products.
All of the following belong to the Herpesviridae, except: varicella-zoster virus. Epstein-Barr virus. variola virus. herpes simplex viruses. cytomegalovirus.
variola virus.
While all of the following techniques or tools have provided information regarding the nature of viruses, which one had to be developed before the genetics, biochemistry, and life cycles of viruses could be thoroughly studied? scanning electron microscopy serological techniques viral cultivation techniques transmission electron microscopy
viral cultivation techniques
Infectious naked strands of RNA that parasitize plants are called: viroids. oncogenic viruses. prions. phages. spikes.
viroids.
All of the following are correct about treating viral diseases except: All of these choices are correct. interferons show potential for treating and preventing viral infections. many antiviral drugs block viral replication. viruses are killed by the same antibiotics that kill bacteria. many antiviral drugs cause severe side effects.
viruses are killed by the same antibiotics that kill bacteria.
Which of the following could block the attachment of HIV to TH cells? (Check all that apply). Integrase inhibitors Antibodies against GP-120 Antibodies against co-receptors on TH cells Fusion inhibitors Antibodies against the HIV capsid
Antibodies against GP-120 Antibodies against co-receptors on TH cells
Epidemiologists discover an outbreak of a highly virulent strain of influenza A virus that can transmit from swine to humans. Sequencing of the viral particles reveals a combination of human and swine influenza RNA strands. What process created this new virus? Artifical selection Nonsense mutations Antigentic shift Antigenic drift
Antigentic shift
Over the course of HIV infection, levels of HIV virus, CD4 T cells, and antibodies made against virus change. Which of the following statements about these levels is correct? Levels of CD4 T cells rapidly increase early during infection as the host mounts an immune response. Peak numbers of HIV virus occur when levels of host antibodies are at their highest. As HIV progresses to AIDS, the number of antibodies and virus particles in the blood rapidly increase. As the number of antibodies in the blood increases, the amount of HIV virus decreases.
As the number of antibodies in the blood increases, the amount of HIV virus decreases.
If a patient's HIV mutated to interact with a CD4 receptor other than CCR5, which anti-HIV drug(s) would not be useful in therapy? Fusion inhibitors Fusion and integrase inhibitors Binding inhibitors Binding and fusion inhibitors Integrase inhibitors
Binding inhibitors
Retroviruses have the following characteristics, except: envelope. viral genes that integrate into the host genome. glycoprotein spikes. reverse transcriptase. DNA genome.
DNA genome.
A client displays symptoms of fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, neurological changes, and enlarged lymph nodes. The client thought they had the flu because they felt ill, then felt better over the last 5 years. However, this cycle of feeling tired has led to fever, fatigue, sore throat, and night sweats with a rash. The patient also has thrush. Which of the results below would indicate that the causative agent is AIDS? Isolation of herpes simplex from skin and mucous membrane ulcers High level of CD4 T-cells Presence of Candida albicans Isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Detection of HIV antigen
Detection of HIV antigen
Which class of drugs interferes with the virus inserting itself into host DNA? Protease inhibitors Reverse transcriptase inhibitors Fusion inhibitors All of the choices are correct. Integrase inhibitors
Integrase inhibitors
Which of the following antivirals is not used for treatment of HSV-1 and HSV-2? Valacyclovir Famciclovir Interferon Acyclovir All of these choices are correct.
Interferon
Which is incorrect about the MMR immunization? It is given in early childhood. It provides protection against three different viral diseases. It contains attenuated viruses. It contains toxoids.
It contains toxoids.
Which is incorrect about Hepatitis A infection? Immune globulin therapy helps decrease the severity. It predisposes a person for liver cancer. It has flu-like symptoms with discomfort near the liver and darkened urine. HAVRIX is an inactivated vaccine for prevention. It is transmitted by the oral-fecal route.
It predisposes a person for liver cancer.
A frequent cancer that is seen in AIDS patients is: Kaposi's sarcoma. leukemia. colon cancer. Hodgkin's lymphoma. melanoma.
Kaposi's sarcoma.
Oncogenic viruses include all the following except: Epstein-Barr virus. Herpes simplex virus. Measles virus. Herpes zoster virus. Papillomavirus.
Measles virus.
Viruses belong to which of the following Kingdoms? Fungi None of the choices are correct. Archaea Protists Bacteria
None of the choices are correct.
Which structure is found only in poxviruses? Nucleosome Envelope Capsid DNA genome
Nucleosome
Hydrophobia, the dumb phase, and Negri bodies in nervous tissue are all part of which disease? Dengue fever Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) Norwalk virus Rabies Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Rabies
Which of the following is incorrect regarding Coronaviruses? There are no tests to confirm diagnosis. One type can cause SARS. One type can cause the common cold. There is no specific treatment other than supportive care. They are common animal viruses in pigs, dogs, cats, and poultry.
There are no tests to confirm diagnosis.
Which febrile disease with a rash has a pathogen that can cross the placenta and cause serious fetal damage? Measles (rubeola) Mumps Croup Rubella Influenza
Rubella
Which of the following diseases is not caused by a paramyxovirus? Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections Mumps Parainfluenza Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Measles
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Why were blood transfusions prior to 1985 more likely to be associated with Hepatitis C transmission than blood transfusions done since 1985? Since 1985, the incidence of Hepatitis C infection in the general population has been significantly lower than it was prior to 1985. Since 1985, donor blood is tested for the human immunodeficiency virus. Since 1985, donor blood has been tested for either nonA, nonB Hepatitis virus or specifically for Hepatitis C virus. Since 1985, the processing and storage of donor blood destroys any Hepatitis C virus in the blood.
Since 1985, donor blood has been tested for either nonA, nonB Hepatitis virus or specifically for Hepatitis C virus.
Which is incorrect about rabies? Symptoms include anxiety, agitation, muscle spasms, convulsions, and paralysis. It is a zoonotic disease. Wild populations of bats, skunks, raccoons, cats, and canines are primary reservoirs. The average incubation in humans is one week. Transmission can involve bites, scratches, and inhalation.
The average incubation in humans is one week.
Which is not correct about genital warts? Treatment can involve laser surgery. The etiological agent is the human polyoma virus JC. It is the most common STD in the United States. They are strongly associated with cancer of the cervix. They are strongly associated with cancer of the penis.
The etiological agent is the human polyoma virus JC.
Why is Poliovirus so easily transmissible? All of the choices are correct. The hemagglutinin spikes on the viral envelope bind to respiratory mucosal receptors and confer incerased viral entry. The naked capsid confers stability and resistance to acid, so that the virus survives the gastric environment. The naked capsid confers resistance to dessication, so that the virus can survive outside of the body for extended periods of time.
The naked capsid confers stability and resistance to acid, so that the virus survives the gastric environment.
Which of the following is not an important factor in the frequency and spread of arboviruses? Availability of food and breeding sites for arthropod vector The route of transmission The season of the year Geographical range
The route of transmission
Which is correct about influenza? Antigenic shift is a minor change in the viral strain. The virus binds to the intestinal mucosa. The virus is grown in poultry eggs for vaccines. The virus is found in swine and cats. Influenza A has a mortality rate of close to 35%.
The virus is grown in poultry eggs for vaccines.
Which of the following is correct about polio? The oral polio vaccine (OPV) is not responsible for causing any polio. The disease is still affecting millions of people worldwide, mainly in Africa and India. The disease is spread by the respiratory route. The virus multiplies in the mucosa of the intestines and is shed in feces. The Sabin vaccine is preferred over the Salk vaccine in the United States today.
The virus multiplies in the mucosa of the intestines and is shed in feces.
Which is incorrect about measles? Humans are the sole reservoir. Koplik's spots appear before the characteristic rash. It is also known as rubeola. It is one of the most contagious infectious diseases. Vaccination is with an attenuated oral vaccine.
Vaccination is with an attenuated oral vaccine.
Polyomavirus (check all that apply): cause diseases in cats, dogs, and humans. have a genome of double-stranded DNA. are the cause of erythema infectiosum. have a nucleocapsid surrounded by an envelope.
cause diseases in cats, dogs, and humans. are the cause of erythema infectiosum.
Classification of viruses into families involves determining all the following characteristics except: type of capsid. biochemical reactions. presence of an envelope. nucleic acid strand number. type of nucleic acid.
biochemical reactions.
Which of the following will not support viral cultivation? live lab animals continuous cell cultures primary cell cultures blood agar cultures embryonated bird eggs
blood agar cultures
The viral _____ is responsible for introducing the viral DNA or RNA into the cell. capsid DNA bacteria both capsid and envelope envelope
both capsid and envelope
How do enveloped animal viruses exit their host? budding or exocytosis rupturing the virus bursting the host cell endocytosis
budding or exocytosis
Coxsackieviruses: are paramyxoviruses. can cause hand-foot-mouth disease. replicate in helper T-cells. are the etiological agents of hairy-cell leukemia. are retroviruses.
can cause hand-foot-mouth disease.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): can cause high fever, pneumonia, respiratory distress. is not highly transmissible. is caused by the respiratory syncytial virus. All of the choices are correct. began with an initial outbreak in the United States and then spread to Canada and China.
can cause high fever, pneumonia, respiratory distress.
Helical and icosahedral are terms used to describe the shapes of a virus: capsid. envelope. spike. core. capsomere.
capsid.
Viral capsids are made from subunits called: capsomers. spikes. envelopes. prophages. peplomers.
capsomers.
