Microbio chp 1-9

chp 7 11. Active transport of a substance across a membrane requires a concentration gradient.梯度

F Active transport of a substance across a membrane requires energy

Chp 7 14. An obligae halophile专性嗜盐菌 is an organism that requires high osmotic pressure.

F An obligate halophile is an organism that requires high Salt concentration grow

chp 9 11. The DNA pairs are held together primarily by covalent bonds.

F The DNA (base) pairs are held together primarily by covalent (Hydrogen) bonds.

chp 10 15.Plasmids are the only vectors currently available for use in recombinant procedures.

F.Plasmids and bacteriophages are commonly used as cloning vectors.质粒和噬菌体通常用作克隆载体。

CHP7 15. A facultative兼性的 anaerobe can grow with or without oxygen.

T

chp 10 14.In order to detect recombinant cells, plasmids contain antibiotic-resistance genes.

T

chp 7 12. An organic nutrient essential to an organism's metabolism that it cannot synthesize is called a growth factor.

T

chp 10 12.A nucleic acid probe can be used to identify unknown bacteria or viruses in clinical samples

T.A nucleic acid probe can be used to identify unknown bacteria or viruses in clinical samples.

chp 7 26. binary fission二元裂变

The formation of two new cells of approximately equal size as the result of parent cell division.

chp7 13. Biofilms often consist of multiple species of bacteria.

T生物膜通常由多种细菌组成。

chp 7 6. Which of the following is true of passive transport? a. It requires a gradient. 梯度 b. It uses the cell wall. c. It includes endocytosis. d. It only moves water.

a. It requires a gradient. 梯度 passive transport :Nutrient transport method that follows basic physical laws and does not require direct energy input from the cell

MT CHP 1-9 20.A nutrient medium that contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically defined is termed ______. Select one: a. complex b. reducing c. enriched d. synthetic

a. complex

chp 4-6 test 11. The drug cytochalasin targets actin filaments in the cytoskeleton, preventing them from forming. Treatment of a cell with cytochalasin would result in its inability to ______. Select one: a. form cellular extensions b. transport substances within the cell c. form the nuclear envelope structure d. prevent mutations in its chromosome

a. form cellular extensions

MT CHP 1-9 3.Which of the following is a scientific name? Select one: a. Gram-positive streptococcus b. Streptococcus pyogenes c. Anthrax d. Streptobacilli

b. Streptococcus pyogenes

MT CHP 1-9 21Which scientific field is involved in the identification, classification, and naming of organisms? Select one: a. Nomenclature b. Taxonomy c. Phylogeny d. Pathology e. Epidemiology

b. Taxonomy

chp 7 7. A cell exposed to a hypertonic高渗 environment will ____ by osmosis. a. gain water b. lose water c. neither gain nor lose water d. burst

b. lose water

chp 1-3 test 1.Which method often results in colonies developing down throughout the agar along with some colonies on the surface? Select one: a. Streak plate b. Spread plate c. Pour plate d. Replica plate

c. Pour plate

chp 1-3 test 2. Analysis of the small subunit rRNAs from all organisms in the three current domains suggests that Select one: a. the eukaryotes arose from prokaryotes. b. the Archaea are more closely related to bacteria than eukaryotes. c. all modern and extinct organisms on earth arose from a common ancestor. d. the prokarytoes, archaea, and eukaryotes are not related.

c. all modern and extinct organisms on earth arose from a common ancestor.

MT CHP 1-9 13.Each of the following are true of enzymes except Select one: a. they can be used over and over. b. they may or may not require cofactors. c. their active site is specific to the substrate. d. they increase the activation energy of a reaction. e. their action may involve minerals.

d. they increase the activation energy of a reaction.

chp 4-6 test 16. The core of every virus particle always contains ______. Select one: a. DNA b. capsomeres c. enzymes d. DNA and RNA e. either DNA or RNA

e. either DNA or RNA

MT CHP 1-9 15.The valence number is the Select one: a. number of protons. b. number of neutrons. c. atomic weight. d. number of electrons in the innermost orbital.w e. number of electrons in the outermost orbital.

e. number of electrons in the outermost orbital. a valence electron is an outer shell electron that is associated with an atom,

MT CHP 1-9 14.A halophile would grow best in ______. Select one:嗜盐菌 a. acid pools b. fresh water ponds c. hot geyser springs d. arid, desert soil e. salt lakes

e. salt lakes

MT CHP 1-9 1.The lipid group that serves as energy storage molecules is the ______. Select one: a. prostaglandins b. waxes c. phospholipids d. steroids e. triglycerides

e. triglycerides甘油三酸酯

chp 7 20 Hypo-tonicity Hypotonic 低渗 low osmotic渗透压 pressure

the environment has a lower solute concentration than the cytoplasm.will force water to diffuse in of a cell

chp 7 21 Facultative anaerobe/Aerotolerant organisms兼性厌氧菌

with or without oxygen for its metabolism. eg., gram-negative intestinal bacteria and staphylococci革兰氏阴性肠细菌和葡萄球菌) with O2 product ATP no O2:Fermentation/anaerobic respiration

chp 7 25 nonsymbiotic relationships非共生 ~Antagonism对抗 ~Synergism(Synergy)协同作用。

~A:between free-living species,one secretes chemical substances into the surrounding environment that inhibit or destroy another microbe in the same habitat. ~S:is an interrelationship between two or more free-living organisms that benefits them but is not necessary for their survival. Together, the participants cooperate to produce a result that none of them could do alones (Synergy)eg. Biofilms

chp 6 hm 12.A viral capsid is composed of subunits called virions.

.(F) A viral capsid is composed of subunits called virions Capsomeres壳粒.

chp 6 hm 15.Viruses that persist in the (host) cell and cause recurrent disease are called latent.

.(T) Viruses that persist in the (host) cell and cause recurrent disease are called latent. 持续存在于（宿主）细胞中并引起复发性疾病的病毒称为潜伏性病毒

chp 1-3 test 19. strobiology is considered a sub-discipline of microbiology because Select one: a. life elsewhere in the universe is likely to be microbial. b. microbes are known to exist on other planets. c. all extraterrestrials known are microbial. d. only microbes can reproduce under the extreme conditions in outer space.

.a. life elsewhere in the universe is likely to be microbial.

chp 1 hm 11.Organisms in the same order are more closely related than those in the same family.

11.(F)Organisms in the same (family) are more closely related than those in the same (order).

chp 3 hm 14.Living specimens can be examined either by light microscopy or electron microscopy.

14(F).Living specimens can be examined either by light microscopy or electron microscopy. Living specimens can be examined with phase-contrast or differential interference microscopy.

chp 9 14.Messenger RNA is formed by translation of a gene on the DNA template strand.

14(F).Messenger RNA is formed by transcription转录 of a gene on the DNA template strand.

chp 2 hm 15.Membranes are mainly composed of macromolecules called carbohydrates.

15(F).Membranes are mainly composed of macromolecules calledphospholipids磷脂.

chp 3 hm 15. The best stain to use to visualize a microorganism with a large capsule is a simple stain

15(F).The best stain to use to visualize a microorganism with a large capsule is a simple (negative)stain.

chp 7 36.Thermophile

A microorganism that thrives at a temperature of 50°C or higher.

chp 5 hm 14.In humans, fungi can only infect the skin.

F In humans, fungi can infect skin, mucous membranes, lungs and other areas.

chp 5 hm 13.The infective stage of a protozoan is the trophozoite.

F Both the trophozoite and the cyst stages of protozoan life cycles can be infective. 原生动物生命周期的滋养体和囊肿阶段都可能具有感染性。

chp 5 hm 15.Fungi generally derive nutrients through photosynthesis

F Fungi generally derive nutrients by digesting organic substrates.

CHP 8 13 One cycle of fermentation yields more energy than one cycle of aerobic respiration.

F Much less energy than.

chp 4 hm 11.One major difference in the envelope structure between gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria is the presence or absence of a cytoplasmic membrane.

F One major difference in the envelope structure between gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria is the presence or absence of a cytoplasmic membrane(see question 5 an outer membrane).

chp 8 15 Exoenzymes are produced outside the cell.

F produced inside the cell the released to the outside

CHP8 12. An enzyme lowers the activation energy required for a chemical reaction.

T

Chp 8 11. All photosynthesis begins with light

T

chp 1 hm 13.Archaea have no nucleus.

T

chp 1 hm 14.In order to be called a theory, a scientific idea has to undergo a great deal of testing.

T

chp 1 hm 15.Microbes are ubiquitous.微生物无处不在

T

chp 3 hm 12. A subculture is a culture made from an isolated colony.

T

chp7 28 Exponential growth

The period of maximum growth rate in a growth curve. Cell population increases logarithmically.

chp 6 hm 4.The general steps in a viral multiplication cycle are a.adsorption, penetration, synthesis, assembly, and release. b.endocytosis, uncoating, replication, assembly, and budding. c.adsorption, uncoating, duplication, assembly, and lysis. d.endocytosis, penetration, replication, maturation, and exocytosis.

a. adsorption, penetration, uncoding, synthesis, assembly, and release.

chp 1-3 test 11. A recently-developed mnemonic for remembering the taxonomic levels from Domain to Species is "Dumb Kids Prefer Candy Over Fancy Green Salad." The word "candy" here is a reminder of the taxonomic level of ______. Select one: a. class b. category c. chain d. colony e. culture

a. class

Chp 7-9 test 11.Most electron carriers are ______. Select one: a. coenzymes b. enzymes c. hydrogen d. inorganic phosphate

a. coenzymes

chp 1-3 test 12.The subatomic particles that surround the nucleus are the ______. Select one: a. electrons b. protons c. neutrons d. protons and neutrons e. protons and electrons

a. electrons

chp 6 hm 8.Clear patches in cell cultures that indicate sites of virus infection are called a.plaques. b.pocks. c.colonies. d.prions.

a. plaques. 斑块 plaque In virus propagation methods, the clear zone of lysed cells in tissue culture or chick embryo membrane that corresponds to the area containing viruses. In dental application, the filamentous mass of microbes that adheres tenaciously to the tooth and predisposes to caries, calculus, or inflammation. 斑块在病毒繁殖方法中，组织培养或鸡胚膜中裂解细胞的透明区域，与含有病毒的区域相对应。在牙科应用中，微生物的丝状团块牢固地粘附在牙齿上，易患龋齿，牙结石或炎症。

chp 3 hm ext 1. Why do we use immersion oil with our 100x objective lenses? a. reduce light scatter b. reduce illumination c. reduce magnification d. reduce contrast

a. reduce light scatter

chp 1-3 test 20.What would be the valence number of electrons in the sulfur (S) atom? Its atomic number is 16. Select one: a. 2 b. 6 c. 8 d. 16 e. 32

b. 6

chp 4 hm 9.To which division of bacteria does E. coli belong? a.Tenericutes b.Gracilicutes c.Firmicutes d.Mendosicutes

b. Gracilicutes (gram-negative cell walls- thin-skinned) The (Gracilicutes/Firmicutes) divisions contain the greatest number of species. The 200 or so species that are so-far known to cause human and animal diseases can be found in four classes: the Scotobacteria, Firmibacteria, Thallobacteria, and Mollicutes

chp 5 hm 5.Algae generally contain some type of a.spore. b.chlorophyll. c.locomotor organelle. d.toxin.

b. chlorophyll. 叶绿素

Chp 7-9 test 2.In a close relationship, a change in one partner that results from a change in the other partner is termed ______. Select one: a. symbiosis b. coevolution c. antibiosis d. mutualism e. synergism

b. coevolution

chp 6 hm 6.In general, RNA viruses multiply in the cell ____, and DNA viruses multiply in the cell ____. a. nucleus, cytoplasm b. cytoplasm, nucleus c. vesicles, ribosomes d. endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus

b. cytoplasm, nucleus细胞质，细胞核

chp 5 hm 8.Parasitic helminths reproduce with a.spores. b.eggs and sperm. c.mitosis. d.cysts. e.all of these.

b. eggs and sperm.

Chp 7-9 test 1.Termites are insects that require the protozoan Trichonympha in their gut to synthesize the enzyme cellulase to degrade the cellulose in wood. The protozoan uses the end products of the cellulose breakdown (glucose). This is a(n) ______ relationship. Select one: a. commensualistic b. mutualistic c. parasitic d. antagonistic

b. mutualistic

chp 5 hm 1.1. Both flagella and cilia are found primarily in a. algae. b. protozoa. 原生动物 c. fungi. d. both b and c.

b. protozoa. 原生动物 The placement and number of flagella can be useful in identifying flagellated protozoa and certain algae.鞭毛的位置和数量可用于识别鞭毛原生动物和某些藻类。 Cilia are very similar in overall architecture to flagella, but they are shorter and more numerous (some cells have several thousand). They are found only on a single group of protozoa and certain animal cells.

chp 2 hm 10.RNA plays an important role in what biological process? a.replication b.protein synthesis c.lipid metabolism d.water transport

b.protein synthesis

chp 9 3.DNA replication is semiconservative because the _______ strand will become half of the _______ molecule. a.RNA, DNA b.template, finished c.sense, mRNA d.codon, anticodon

b.template, finished

chp 1-3 test 17. A microbiologist must culture a patient's feces for intestinal pathogens. Which of the following components would likely be present in a selective medium for this purpose? Select one: a. NaCl b. Sheep red blood cells c. Bile salts d. Thioglycolic acid e. Peptone

c. Bile salts

chp 4 hm 10.Which stain is used to distinguish differences between the cell walls of medically important bacteria? a.simple stain b.acridine orange stain c.Gram stain d.negative stain

c. Gram stain

Chp 7-9 test 19.Which of the following is not a type of bacterial DNA recombination? Select one: a. Transformation b. Conjugation c. Mitosis d. Transduction

c. Mitosis

Chp 7-9 test 12. Which of the following characterize the Calvin cycle? Select one: a. A process that requires light b. Nitrogen is fixed into an organic form c. Produces glucose as an end product d. Produces carbon dioxide and water e. Produces oxygen

c. Produces glucose as an end product

Chp 7-9 test 10. Which of the following is not true of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? Select one: a. They occur in thylakoid membranes. b. They generate NADPH. c. They generate glucose from CO2 and H2O. d. The photons cause magnesium to release electrons. e. ATP is generated by a chemiosmotic mechanism.

c. They generate glucose from CO2 and H2O.

MT CHP 1-9 19.Which of the following is incorrect about termination codons? Select one: a. They are also called nonsense codons. b. They are the location where the bond between the final tRNA and the polypeptide is broken. c. They include AUG. d. They are UAA, UAG, and UGA. e. They do not have corresponding tRNA.

c. They include AUG. The three chain-termination codons (in messenger RNA) are UAA, UAG, and UGA.

Chp 7-9 test 6. The movement of substances from lower to higher concentration across a semipermeable membrane via a specific protein carrier and cell expenditure of energy is called ______. Select one: a. facilitated diffusion b. diffusion c. active transport d. osmosis e. endocytosis

c. active transport

chp 7 9. Superoxide ion is toxic to strict anaerobes because they lack a. catalase. b. peroxidase. c. dismutase. d. oxidase.

c. dismutase.氧化物歧化酶

MT CHP 1-9 38.Newly inoculated cultures must be _____ at a specific temperature and time to encourage growth. Select one: a. streaked b. poured c. incubated d. spread

c. incubated

MT CHP 1-9 31.The chromosome in bacteria and archaea Select one: a. is located in the cell membrane. b. contains all the cell's plasmids. c. is part of the nucleoid. d. forms a single linear strand of DNA.

c. is part of the nucleoid.

Chp 7-9 test 9. Exergonic reactions Select one: a. include synthesis of large carbohydrates. b. only occur in heterotrophs. c. occur during aerobic cellular respiration. d. do not occur in anaerobic cellular respiration. e. occur when ADP binds to inorganic phosphate to form ATP.

c. occur during aerobic cellular respiration.

chp 3 hm 5.A microscope that has a total magnification of 1,500× when using the oil immersion objective has an ocular of what power? a.150× b.1.5× c.15× d.30×

c.15×

chp 2 hm 5. Hydrogen bonds can form between ____ adjacent to each other. a.two hydrogen atoms b.two oxygen atoms c.a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom d.negative charges

c.a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom

chp 1 hm 5. A hypothesis can be defined as a.a belief based on knowledge. b.knowledge based on belief. c.a scientific explanation that is subject to testing. d.a theory that has been thoroughly tested.

c.a scientific explanation that is subject to testing.

chp 1 hm 6.When a hypothesis has been thoroughly supported by long-term study and data, it is considered a.a law. b.a speculation. c.a theory. d.proved.

c.a theory.

chp 2 hm 1.The smallest unit of matter with unique characteristics is a.an electron. b.a molecule. c.an atom. d.a proton.

c.an atom.

chp 3 hm 10.A fastidious organism must be grown on what type of medium? a.general-purpose medium b.differential medium c.defined medium d.enriched medium

c.defined medium d.enriched medium

chp 10 7.Short sequences of RNA that are used in a wide variety of cells to regulate gene expression are called a.ribosomal RNAs. b.ribosomes. c.micro RNAs. d.messenger RNAs.

c.micro RNAs.

chp 10 6.A region of DNA in a plasmid that is recognized by a wide variety of restriction enzymes is called the a.origin. b.regulator. c.multicloning site. d.vector.

c.multicloning site Many vectors also have a site called a multicloning site (MCS), a region of DNA that is recognized by a wide variety of restriction enzymes.

chp 1 hm 10.How would you classify a virus? a.prokaryotic b.eukaryotic c.neither a nor b

c.neither a nor b

chp 3 hm 2. A mixed culture is a.the same as a contaminated culture. b.one that has been adequately stirred. c.one that contains two or more known species. d.a pond sample containing algae and protozoa.

c.one that contains two or more known species.

chp9 10.When genes are turned on differently under different environmental conditions, this represents a change in a.species. b.genotype.基因型 c.phenotype. d.growth rate.

c.phenotype.表型 All organisms contain more genes in their genotypes than are manifested as a phenotype at any given time (Insight 9.1). In other words, the phenotype can change depending on which genes are "turned on" (expressed).

chp 4 hm 4.Which of the following is a primary bacterial cell wall function? a.transport b.motility c.support d.adhesion

c.support

chp7 17 inorganic

compounds do not contain either of those two atoms.(H/C) ... Meanwhile, inorganic compounds include mineral deposits in the crust of the earth, bodies of water, and the atmosphere, the salts, metals, and other elemental compounds.

chp 1-3 test 13.Which of the following represents a reversible reaction? Select one: a. AB → A + B b. A + B → AB c. AB + XY → AY + XB d. AB + XY ↔ AY + XB

d. AB + XY ↔ AY + XB

MT CHP 1-9 16.Some animals can become infected with multiple influenza virus strains usually associated with other animals. Which statement below describes the result of these infections? Select one: a. A new novel strain of flu may be produced, for which the human population has no immunity. b. Major genetic variations in the flu viruses can be reproduced. c. The viral genomes within the host cells can become recombined. d. All of the choices are correct.

d. All of the choices are correct.

Chp 7-9 test 13.Often the mnemonic device "OIL RIG" is used to remember the principles of redox reactions. Oxidation Is Loss and Reduction Is Gain of what? Select one: a. Electrons only b. Hydrogen only c. Oxygen only d. Electrons and hydrogen e. Oxygen and electrons

d. Electrons and hydrogen

chp 4-6 test 13.Which pair is mismatched? Select one: a. Giardia - transmitted by feces in drinking water b. Histoplasma - causes Ohio Valley fever c. Trichomonas - sexually transmitted d. Plasmodium - causes Chagas disease e. Trypanosoma - causes African sleeping sickness

d. Plasmodium - causes Chagas disease

chp 5 hm 3.The cell wall is found in which eukaryotes? a.fungi b.algae c.protozoa d.a and b

d. a and b pg 127 Because protozoa lack a cell wall, they have a certain amount of flexibility. Their outer boundary is a cell membrane that regulates the movement of food, wastes, and secretions.

chp 4-6 test 3. Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease is Select one: a. caused by a chronic latent virus. b. initiated by an oncogenic virus. c. caused by a viroid. d. a spongiform encephalopathy of humans. e. also called "mad cow disease."

d. a spongiform encephalopathy of humans.

chp 5 hm 2. Features of the nuclear envelope include a.ribosomes. b.a double-membrane structure. c.pores that allow communication with the cytoplasm. d.b and c. e.all of these.

d. b and c. e. all of these.

Chp 7-9 test 7. Nutrient absorption is mediated by the ______. Select one: a. cell wall b. peptidoglycan layer c. proteins in the periplasmic space d. cell membrane

d. cell membrane

Chp 7-9 test 5.Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane is called ______. Select one: a. facilitated diffusion b. diffusion c. active transport d. osmosis e. endocytosis

d. osmosis

chp 4 hm 8.A bacterial arrangement in packets of eight cells is described as a ______. a.micrococcus b.diplococcus c.tetrad d.sarcina

d. sarcina sarcina A cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cells; the cellular arrangement of the genus Sarcina in the family Micrococcaceae. 一个8,16或更多细胞的立方包; Sarcina属在微球菌科中的细胞排列。

chp 5 hm 6.Almost all protozoa原生动物 have a a.locomotor organelle. b.cyst stage. c.pellicle. d.trophozoite stage.

d. trophozoite stage滋养体阶段.( active feeding stage)

chp 4 hm 1.Which of the following is not found in all bacterial cells? a.cytoplasmic membrane b.a nucleoid c.ribosomes d.actin-like cytoskeleton

d.actin-like cytoskeleton 所有细菌细胞总是有细胞膜，细胞质，核糖体和一条（或几条）染色体;大多数具有细胞壁和某种形式的表面涂层或糖萼。在一些但不是所有细菌中发现的特定结构是鞭毛，菌毛，菌毛，S层，细胞骨架，内含物，微室，内生孢子 和细胞内膜。 All bacterial cells invariably have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and one (or a few) chromosome(s) 染色体; the majority have a cell wall and some form of surface coating or glycocalyx. Specific structures that are found in some, but not all, bacteria are flagella, pili, fimbriae, an S layer, a cytoskeleton, inclusions, microcompartments, endospores细菌内生孢子(bacillus antrax (anthrax) 芽孢杆菌（炭疽） /clostridium tetani (tetanus)C破伤风梭菌（破伤风）. difficile pseudomembranous colitis) 艰难梭菌（假性膜性结肠炎）), and intracellular membranes.pg81

chp 8 3 An apoenzyme is where the ____ is located. a.cofactor b.coenzyme c.redox reaction d.active site

d.active site

chp 6 hm 2.Viruses are known to infect a.plants. b.bacteria. c.fungi. d.all organisms.

d.all organisms.

chp 6 hm 7.Viruses cannot be cultivated in/on a.tissue culture. b.bird embryos. c.live mammals. d.blood agar.

d.blood agar.

Chp 7-9 test 15.Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from bacterial chromosomes because only eukaryotes have Select one: a. histone proteins. b. chromosomes in a nucleus. c. several to many chromosomes. d. elongated, not circular, chromosomes. e. All of the choices are correct.

e. All of the choices are correct.

chp 4-6 test 4.Viral nucleic acid types include which of the following? Select one: a. Double-stranded DNA b. Single-stranded DNA c. Double-stranded RNA d. Single-stranded RNA e. All of the choices are correct.

e. All of the choices are correct.

MT CHP 1-9 35.Which of the following is not true about enzymes? Select one: a. Enzymes are found in all cells. b. Enzymes are catalysts. c. Enzymes participate in the cell's chemical reactions. d. Enzymes can be denaturated by heat and other agents. e. Enzymes have high-energy bonds between phosphates.

e. Enzymes have high-energy bonds between phosphates. Enzyme: a protein that increases the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy

MT CHP 1-9 36.When bacilli in a chain fold back upon each other like a hinge, this cellular arrangement is termed a ______. Select one: a. tetrad b. strep c. staph d. sarcina e. palisade

e. palisade Cells form a _____ arrangement when cells in a chain snap back upon each other forming a row of cells oriented side by side.

chp 1-3 test 15.The number one worldwide infectious diseases are ______. Select one: a. AIDS-related diseases b. diarrheal diseases c. malaria and other protozoan diseases d. measles and other rash diseases e. respiratory diseases

e. respiratory diseases

chp 7 30 Heterotroph异养菌

is an organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form.

chp 9 Eukaryotes Genetic recombination

occurs through ~sexual reproduction 有性繁殖 ~horizontal gene transfer.水平基因转移

chp7 16.organic

organic compounds will contain a carbon atom (and often a hydrogen atom, to form hydrocarbons),

chp 7 19. iso-tonicity等渗 isotonic

the environment has a euqal solute concentration than the cytoplasm.

chp7 18. Hyper-tonicity 张力 Hypertonic高渗 high osmotic渗透压 pressure

the environment has a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm.will force water to diffuse out of a cell eg. salted hams, food

chp 9 ~inducible genes诱导基因 eg. The lac (lactose) operon ~repressible genes抑制基因 eg. The arg (arginine) operon

~Nutrients can combine with regulator gene products to turn a set of structural genes on开启 inducible genes ~Turn off represible genes 关闭

chp 9 Changes in the genetic code can occur by two means:

~mutation突变:can be either spontaneous or induced by exposure to some external mutagenic agent. ~recombination重组

chp 4 hm 12.A research microbiologist looking at evolutionary relatedness between two bacterial species is more likely to use Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology than Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.

12(F). A research microbiologist looking at evolutionary relatedness between two bacterial species is more likely to use Bergey's Manual of (Systematic) Bacteriology than Bergey's Manual of (Determinative )Bacteriology. PG 101 The current version of the publication, called Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, presents a comprehensive view of bacterial and archaea relatedness, combining phenotypic information with rRNA sequencing information to classify them; it is now available online. (We need to remember that all classification systems are in a state of constant flux; no system is ever finished.) With the explosion of information about evolutionary relatedness among bacteria, the need for a Bergey's Manual that contained easily accessible information for identifying unknown bacteria became apparent. There is a separate book, called Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, based entirely on phenotypic characteristics. It is utilitarian in focus, categorizing bacteria by traits commonly assayed in clinical, teaching, and research labs. It is widely used by microbiologists who need to identify bacteria but need not know their evolutionary backgrounds. This phenotypic classification is more useful for students of medical microbiology, as well.

chp 2 hm 12.Covalent bonds are those that are made between two different elements.

12.(F) Covalent bonds are those formed when two elements share electrons

chp 1 hm 12. Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are organisms made up of cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles. Eukaryotes are organisms made up of cells that possess a membrane-bound nucleus that holds genetic material as well as membrane-bound organelles

12.(F) Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.( Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes emerged independently)

chp 3 hm 13.The factor that most limits the clarity of an image in a microscope is the magnification.

13(F).The factor that most limits the clarity of an image in a microscope is the magnification放大倍数.(resolution解析度) What is the importance of resolving power? shorter wavelength = better resolutioni.e. lower RP is betteradjusting amount of light through condenser using iris diaphragm or special dyes help increase resolution @ higher magnification

chp 6 hm 13.The envelope of an animal virus is derived from the peptidoglycan肽聚糖 of its host cell.

(F) The envelope of an animal virus is derived from the membrane or nuclear membrane of its host cell.

chp 6 hm 14.The nucleic acid of animal viruses enters the cell through a process called translocation.

(F) The nucleic acid of animal viruses enters the cell through a process called peneration.

CHP 9 12.Mutation usually has a negative outcome.

(F)Mutation usually has a negative outcome(Although some mutations are harmful, many are neutral or helpful).

chp 7 34 Psychrophile

A microorganism that thrives at low temperature (0°C-20°C), with a temperature optimum of 0°C-15°C.

chp 3 hm 11. Agar has the disadvantage of being easily decomposed by microorganisms.

11.(F)Agar has the disadvantage of being easily decomposed by microorganisms. 琼脂的缺点是容易被微生物分解。 Agar is not easily decomposed by microorganisms(although gelatin can be). 琼脂不易被微生物分解（尽管明胶可以分解）

MT CHP 1-9 33.A research laboratory that identifies the subspecies of bacterial isolates from a recent Salmonella epidemic would refer to Bergey's Manual of ______ Bacteriology for guidance in identification. A. Systematic B. Classical C. Evolutionary D. Determinative

A. Systematic go opposite, research lab, method is Systematic

chp 6 hm 10.Circle the viral infections from this list: cholera, rabies, plague, cold sores, whooping cough, tetanus, genital warts, gonorrhea, mumps, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, syphilis, rubella.

A: rabies狂犬病, was caused by a "living thing", smaller than bacteria, and in 1884 he was able to develop the first vaccine for rabies. Pasteur also proposed the term virus. cold sores,唇疱疹 /gential warts尖锐湿疣/mumps腮腺炎, /rubella.风疹 smallpox and polio天花和小儿麻痹症, plague瘟疫: was unknow cholera霍乱弧菌, Other bacteria that are made virulent by their prophages are Vibrio cholerae, the agent of cholera, and Clostridium botulinum, the cause of botulism通过其前噬菌体使其具有毒性的其他细菌是霍乱弧菌（霍乱的病原体）和肉毒杆菌的肉毒梭菌。 whooping cough百日咳, bacterium that causes whooping cough, Bordetella pertussis, is strictly aerobic and requires certain nutrients to grow. tetanus,破伤风 gonorrhea,淋病

chp 6 hm 9.Label the parts of this virus. Identify the capsid, nucleic acid, and other features of this virus.

Anser is right on Enveloped virus

chp 2 hm 8.Proteins are synthesized by linking amino acids with ____ bonds. a.disulfide b.glycosidic c.peptide d.ester

C. peptide(cysteine)

chp 2 hm 13. A compound is called "organic" if it is made of all-natural elements. (A compound is called "organic" if it contains both carbon and hydrogen bonded together in various combinations)

F. A compound is called "organic" if it contains both carbon and hydrogen bonded together in various combinations.

chp 10 13.A DNA fragment with 450 bp will be closer to the top (negative pole) of an electrophoresis gel than one with 2,500 bp.

F.A DNA fragment with 450 bp will farther toward to the positive pole(away from the origin) than one with 2,500 bp. (The larger fragments move more slowly and remain nearer the top of the gel, whereas the smaller fragments migrate faster and are positioned farther from the wells.)

chp 8 4 Krebs cycle/ TCA((tricarboxylic acid cycle) cycle(citric acid cycle (CAC)

It takes place in the mitochondria, most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration, derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP(adenosine triphosphate) to energy-rich ATP.

chp 7 35 Mesophile

Microorganisms that grow at intermediate temperatures

chp 8 2 Coenzyme carriers:辅酶载体 1) NAD烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸 2)FAD黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸

NAD:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide FAD:flavin adenine dinucleotide

chp 8 1.Redox reactions ~Oxidized:The compound that loses the electrons ~Reduced:The compound that receives the electrons

Oxidation-reduction: call redox reactions, are common in the cell.Oxidoreductases remove electrons from one substrate and add them to another.

chp 2 hm 11.Elements have varying numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

T

chp 4 hm 13.Nanobes may or may not actually be bacteria.

T

chp 4 hm 14. Both bacteria and archaea used to be known as prokaryotes.

T

chp 4 hm 15.A collection of bacteria that share an overall similar pattern of traits is called a species.

T

chp 5 hm 11.Bacteria and eukaryotes arose from the same kind of primordial cell.原始

T

chp 6 hm 11.In lysogeny溶源性, viral DNA is inserted into the host chromosome.

T

chp 9 13.The lagging strand of DNA is replicated in short pieces because DNA polymerase聚合酶 can synthesize in only one direction.

T

chp 9 15.A nucleotide is composed of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

T

chp.8 14 Energy in biological systems is primarily chemical.

T

chp 5 hm 12.Hyphae that are divided into compartments by cross walls are called septate hyphae.

T Hyphae菌丝 that are divided into compartments by cross walls are called septate hyphae

chp 2 hm 14.Cysteine胱氨酸 is the amino acid that participates in disulfide二硫键 bonds in proteins.

T Cysteine胱氨酸 is the amino acid that participates in disulfide bonds二硫键 polypeptide多肽链 in proteins.

chp 8 3.Glycolysis

The energy-yielding breakdown (fermentation) of glucose to pyruvic丙酮酸 or lactic acid. It is often called anaerobic glycolysis because no molecular oxygen is consumed in the degradation.

chp7 27. Generation: Generation time

The time required for a complete fission cycle—from parent cell to two new daughter cells—is called the generation, or doubling, time. The length of the generation time is a measure of the growth rate of an organism.

MT CHP 1-9 17.Eukaryotic cells are larger than bacterial or archaeal cells; all cells are larger than macromolecules. Where do viruses fit on this scale? Select one: a. Viruses are larger than eukaryotic cells. b. Viruses are smaller than eukaryotic cells, but larger than bacterial or archaeal cells. c. Viruses are smaller than bacterial or archaeal cells, but larger than macromolecules. d. Viruses are smaller than macromolecules.

Viruses are smaller than bacterial or archaeal cells, but larger than macromolecules. 病毒小于细菌或古细菌细胞，但大于大分子。

chp 1 hm 9. Order the following items by size, using numbers: 1 = smallest through 8 = largest. ___ adenovirus;___ helminths ___ amoeba;___ coccus-shaped bacterium ___ rickettsia;___ white blood cell ___ protein;___ atom

_3__ adenovirus腺病毒 _8__ helminths __7_ amoeba;_5__ coccus-shaped bacterium __4_ rickettsia; _6__ white blood cell Is bacteria found in ticks, lice, fleas, mites, chiggers, and mammals. They include the genera Rickettsiae, Ehrlichia, Orientia, and Coxiella. These zoonotic pathogens cause infections that disseminate in the blood to many organs. __2_ protein; __1_ atom

chp 1-3 test 9.Table 3.6 in your textbook uses Paramecium to illustrate several types of light microscopy. Each image is magnified 230X and measures about 4 cm. The actual size of a Paramecium is about ______. Select one: a. 175 μm b. 0.2 μm c. 4,000 μm d. 920 μm e. 57.5 μm

a. 175 μm 4cm=4,000um, 4000/230=173.9um

chp 4-6 test 10.Sterilizing filters have a pore size of 0.22 μm. Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. Bacterial cells are typically between 1-10 μm and are blocked by the filter, whereas most viruses are between 20 and 200 nm and therefore pass through. b. Bacterial cells are typically between 1-10 nm and are blocked by the filter, whereas most viruses are between 20 and 200 μm and therefore pass through. c. Bacterial cells are typically between 1-10 μm and pass through the filter, whereas most viruses are between 20 and 200 nm and are therefore blocked. d. Bacterial cells are typically between 1,000-10,000 nm and pass through the filter, whereas most viruses are between 20 and 200 nm and are therefore blocked.

a. Bacterial cells are typically between 1-10 μm and are blocked by the filter, whereas most viruses are between 20 and 200 nm and therefore pass through.

MT CHP 1-9 2.Which of the following organisms has a cell wall? Select one: a. Candida albicans b. Trypanosoma cruzi c. Entamoeba histolytica d. Enterobius vermicularis

a. Candida albicans

chp 4-6 test 8.A clinical laboratory that identifies the bacterial agents that cause human disease would refer to Bergey's Manual of ______ Bacteriology for guidance in identification. Select one: a. Determinative b. Systematic c. Evolutionary d. Classical

a. Determinative

MT CHP 1-9 32.A clinical laboratory that identifies the bacterial agents that cause human disease would refer to Bergey's Manual of ______ Bacteriology for guidance in identification. Select one: a. Determinative b. Systematic c. Evolutionary d. Classical

a. Determinative go opposite, if clinical lab, method is determinatve.

MT CHP 1-9 5.The space between the cell membrane and the cell wall is important during aerobic respiration. Why? Select one: a. Hydrogen ions are transported out into the space to set up a hydrogen gradient. b. Cytochrome electron carriers are located in the space. c. Oxygen combines with electrons in that space to form water. d. Pyruvate is transported into the space to be converted into acetyl coenzyme A to enter the Krebs cycle.

a. Hydrogen ions are transported out into the space to set up a hydrogen gradient.建立氢梯度

chp 4-6 test 5.Which of the following statements regarding chemotaxis is incorrect? Select one: a. In a cell with peritrichous flagella, each flagellum moves individually but in a coordinated direction during a run. b. In a tumble, the flagellum reverses direction, causing the cell to stop moving and change course. c. When a cell detects a nutrient gradient, it will increase the frequency of runs to move toward the nutrient. d. The fuel for flagellar motion is not ATP, but a proton gradient.

a. In a cell with peritrichous flagella, each flagellum moves individually but in a coordinated direction during a run.

MT CHP 1-9 27.Which of the following pairs of career descriptions and work tasks is not correctly matched? Select one: a. Industrial microbiologist -- manipulate bacterial strains to be less pathogenic b. Agricultural microbiologist -- identify bacterial causes of crop disease c. Public health microbiologist -- track the incidence of AIDS in a population d. Medical microbiologist -- identify the cause of a bladder infection at a hospital lab

a. Industrial microbiologist -- manipulate bacterial strains to be less pathogenic

MT CHP 1-9 18.A microbiology student with a visual disability is viewing a sample of Bacillus endospores in a phase contrast microscope that is linked to an iPad. By "stretching" the image on the iPad screen, the student can increase the apparent size of the endospores. How does this manipulation affect resolution and contrast? (No software is being used to alter the image!) Select one: a. Only the magnification can be increased; resolution and contrast are unchanged. b. Both magnification and resolution increase; contrast is unchanged. c. Contrast will improve because the microscope is phase-contrast. d. Resolution and magnification will decrease because the screen is not as good as the human eye.

a. Only the magnification can be increased; resolution and contrast are unchanged. 只能放大倍率；分辨率和对比度不变

chp 1-3 test 10.Humans can see objects as small as 0.1 mm. Leeuwenhoek's best microscope could magnify objects to 300X. Which of the following would be invisible using Leeuwenhoek's microscope? Select one: a. Poliovirus, 30 nm b. Red blood cell, 8 μm c. Pandora virus, 0.5 mm X 1 mm d. Escherichia coli, 1 μm X 4 μm

a. Poliovirus, 30 nm

Chp 7-9 test 4. Endospore-forming bacteria like Bacillus species begin the sporulation process with an asymmetric cell division to produce two cells with different fates. One will differentiate into the endospore, and the other is the sporangium that will ultimately lyse to release the mature endospore. (Review Process Figure 4.24.) During this asymmetric cell division, one of the compartments does not receive an intact copy of the chromosome. Which compartment can function with only part of the genome and why? Select one: a. The sporangium; it supports endospore development and then lyses. b. The sporangium; much of the genome is "junk DNA" and not required for endospore maturation. c. The endospore; it is a dormant stage and requires very little to maintain its dormancy. d. The endospore; the endospore is built from the outside via the sporangium and not from the inside.

a. The sporangium; it supports endospore development and then lyses.

Chp 7-9 test 3.As described in "A Note About Bacterial Reproduction -- and the "Culture Bias,"" the organism Epulopiscium does not divide by binary fission. Rather, each cell increases in size and divides to produce multiple daughter cells that are held within the original cell well. After lysis, those daughters are released to repeat the process. Assuming Epulopiscium could be grown in pure culture in the laboratory in broth and on solid media (it currently cannot), which method would be best for measuring the increase in biomass during growth? Select one: a. Turbidity readings from a spectrophotometer; the increase in biomass will directly vary with the turbidity of the culture. b. The viable plate count; each colony derives from a single cell and the number of colonies equals the number of cells. c. Direct microscopic count; the experimenter can directly count the number of cells and extrapolate to the biomass. d. Chemostat growth; it will prevent the culture from entering the death phase.

a. Turbidity readings from a spectrophotometer; the increase in biomass will directly vary with the turbidity of the culture.

MT CHP 1-9 26.The electrons of an atom are Select one: a. always equal to the number of protons. b. used to determine the atomic weight. c. carrying a positive charge. d. used to determine the atomic number. e. always in full orbitals.

a. always equal to the number of protons.

chp 7 1.The source of the necessary elements of life is a. an inorganic environmental reservoir. b. the sun. c. rocks. d. the air.

a. an inorganic environmental reservoir.

Chp 7-9 test 14The formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to build a polypeptide is an example of ______. Select one: a. anabolism b. phosphorylation c. fermentation d. catabolism e. glycolysis

a. anabolism

chp 5 hm 10.Most helminth infections a.are localized to one site in the body. b.spread through major systems of the body. c.develop within the spleen. d.develop within the liver.

a. are localized to one site in the body.

chp 6 hm 5.A prophage is a stage in the development of a/an a.bacterial virus. b.poxvirus. c.lytic virus. d.enveloped virus.

a. bacterial virus.

MT CHP 1-9 8.Persistent viruses that can reactivate periodically are ______. Select one: a. chronic latent viruses慢性潜伏病毒 b. oncoviruses湾癌病 c. syncytia合胞体 d. inclusion bodies包涵体 e. cytopathic细胞病变

a. chronic latent viruses A latent viral infection is a type of persistent viral infection which is distinguished from a chronic viral infection. Latency is the phase in certain viruses' life cycles in which, after initial infection, proliferation of virus particles ceases. However, the viral genome is not fully eradicated.

chp 4-6 test 20. Lipopolysaccharide is an important cell envelope component of ______. Select one: a. gram-negative bacteria b. gram-positive bacteria c. acid-fast bacteria d. mycoplasmas e. protoplasts

a. gram-negative bacteria

MT CHP 1-9 29.The specimen preparation technique that is best for viewing cell motility is the ______. Select one: a. hanging drop b. fixed, stained smear c. Gram stain d. negative stain e. flagellar stain

a. hanging drop

chp 1-3 test 6.Trees of life that illustrate the phylogenetic relationships of all organisms were traditionally based on ______; newer methods for determining phylogeny rely on ______. Select one: a. morphology; nucleic acid sequences b. nucleic acid sequences; morphology c. morphology; virology d. morphology; nutritional requirements e. nucleic acid sequences; microbiomes

a. morphology; nucleic acid sequences

chp7 5. A pathogen would most accurately be described as a a. parasite.(Utilizing the tissues, fluids of a live host Various parasites and pathogens; can be bacteria, fungi, protozoa, animals b. commensal. c. saprobe.(Metabolizing the organic matter of dead organisms:Fungi, bacteria) d. symbiont.

a. parasite. it likely to be living in isotonic habitats 等渗的栖息

chp 7 2. An organism that can synthesize all its required organic components from CO2 using energy from the sun is a a. photoautotroph. 光能自养 b. photoheterotroph. c. chemoautotroph. d. chemoheterotroph.

a. photoautotroph. 光能自养

chp 4-6 test 2.Cilia are exhibited by certain ______. Select one: a. protozoa b. algae c. fungi d. bacteria e. viruses

a. protozoa

chp 4-6 test 19. Serological analysis for bacterial identification typically involves using Select one: a. specific antibodies to the bacterial cell antigens. b. methods to identify cell enzymes. c. the analysis of the appearance of colonies. d. a microscope to determine cell morphology. e. the determination of guanine + cytosine base concentrations.

a. specific antibodies to the bacterial cell antigens.

MT CHP 1-9 30.Which of the following is not a type of microRNA? Select one: a. tRNA b. miRNA c. Antisense RNA d. Riboswitch e. siRNA(small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)

a. tRNA The initiator tRNA that binds to the P site has the anticodon UA

Chp 7-9 test 17.The fundamental difference between an organism's genotype and its phenotype is that Select one: a. the genotype refers to all of the genetic material in the organism, whereas the phenotype represents only the genetic material that is expressed into proteins. b. the phenotype refers to all of the genetic material in the organism, whereas the genotype represents only the genetic material that is expressed into proteins. c. the genotype refers to the organism's genes and the phenotype refers to the non-coding segments of DNA. d. the genotype refers to eukaryotic genes that contain both introns and exons, whereas phenotype refers to bacterial DNA that has only exons.

a. the genotype refers to all of the genetic material in the organism, whereas the phenotype represents only the genetic material that is expressed into proteins.

Chp 7-9 test 20.The field of genomics refers to Select one: a. the study of an organism's complete genome, including plasmid, mitochondrial, and chloroplast DNA. b. the study of an organism's plasmids. c. the study of cellular, but not viral, genomes. d. the study of chromosomal DNA.

a. the study of an organism's complete genome, including plasmid,

chp 8 7. A product or products of glycolysis is/are a.ATP. b.H2O. c.CO2. d.both a and b.

a.ATP. the process of glycolysis produces a net gain of (1)two pyruvate丙酮酸 molecules,(2) two ATP molecules, and(3) two NADH molecules for the cell to use for energy.

chp 10 9.Single nucleotide polymorphisms多态性 are found in a.DNA. b.RNA. c.plasmids. d.siRNA.

a.DNA Discuss the significance of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA analysis.

chp 9 6.As a general rule, the template strand on DNA will always begin with a.TAC. b.AUG. c.ATG. d.UAC

a.TAC. DNA:2 base Purine: A+T, Pyrimidine G+C; RNA:3 base Purine: A Pyrimidine G+C Uracil:U

chp 4 hm 3.An example of a glycocalyx is a.a capsule. b.a pilus. c.an outer membrane. d.a cell wall.

a.a capsule.

chp 2 hm 9.DNA is a hereditary molecule that is composed of a.deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogen bases. b.deoxyribose, a pentose, and nucleic acids. c.sugar, proteins, and thymine. d.adenine, phosphate, and ribose.

a.deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogen bases.

7.Motility is best observed with a a.hanging drop preparation. b.negative stain. c.streak plate. d.flagellar stain. motility Self-propulsion运动自推进chp 3 hm

a.hanging drop preparation. motility Self-propulsion运动自推进chp 3 hm

chp 8 1.Catabolism is a form of metabolism in which ____ molecules are converted into ____ molecules. a.large, small b.small, large c.amino acid, protein d.food, storage

a.large, small

chp 10 2.Which of the following is the closest synonym to contig? a.nucleotide sequence b.restriction enzyme c.library d.primer

a.nucleotide sequence A computer program takes all the sequence data and is able to find where the sequence overlaps. This automated process results in a larger, contiguous set of nucleotide sequences called contigs.

chp 10 3.The function of ligase is to a.rejoin segments of DNA. b.make longitudinal cuts in DNA. c.synthesize cDNA. d.break down ligaments.

a.rejoin segments of DNA. Enzyme, called a ligase, is necessary to seal the sticky ends together by rejoining the phosphate-sugar bonds cut by endonucleases. Its main application is in final splicing of genes into plasmids and chromoso

chp 1 hm 4.Abiogenesis refers to the a.spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter. b.development of life forms from preexisting life forms. c.development of aseptic technique. d.germ theory of disease.

a.spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter.

chp 3 hm 9.Multiple Matching. For each type of medium, select all descriptions that fit. For media that fit more than one description, briefly explain why this is the case. ____ mannitol salt agar; a.selective medium ____ chocolate agar; b.differential medium ____ MacConkey agar; c.chemically defined (synthetic) medium ____ nutrient broth ____ Sabouraud's agar; d.enriched medium ____ triple-sugar iron agar; e.general-purpose medium ____ nutrient agar; f.complex medium ____ SIM medium; g.transport medium

ab, df, abf, ef, af, bc, ef, bf

MT CHP 1-9 39.An organism that can use gaseous oxygen in metabolism and has the enzymes to process toxic oxygen products is a(n) ______. Select one: a. aerobe b. facultative anaerobe c. microaerophile d. obligate anaerobe

aerobe

chp 7 33 Saprobe, rotten, dead organic

an organism that lives on dead organic matter

chp 7 32.Phototroph

an organism that uses light as an energy source

chp 9 rifamycins, 利福霉素 tetracyclines, 四环素 aminoglycosides氨基糖苷类抗生素

are classes of antibiotics that interfere with transcription and translation processes in microorganisms.

chp 9 Transposable elements (TEs)

are genes that can relocate from one part of the genome to another, causing rearrangement of genetic material.

chp 4-6 test 15. In which situation would a bacterium most likely have cytoplasmic inclusions? Select one: a. When producing an endospore b. In a habitat abundant in nutrients c. When the cell is starved for nutrients d. When the cell is synthesizing flagella

b. In a habitat abundant in nutrients

MT CHP 1-9 7.Looking at your results of the Ames test using bacteriological agar medium plates lacking the amino acid histidine, you find that there are many colonies growing on the agar. How do you interpret this result? Select one: a. The bacterium has turned its operon genes on, producing proteins necessary for growth. b. The chemical being tested is mutagenic. c. The bacterium does not have any plasmids, so it cannot grow on the medium. d. The drug being tested has no inhibitory effect on the bacterium; therefore, it is not a good antibiotic to give for treatment of disease.

b. The chemical being tested is mutagenic. 被测试的化学物质是致突变的

chp7 4. Which of the following statements is true for all organisms? a. They require organic nutrients. b. They require inorganic nutrients. c. They require growth factors. d. They require oxygen gas.

b. They require inorganic nutrients.

chp 4-6 test 9. Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages except ______. Select one: a. flagella b. cilia c. fimbriae d. periplasmic flagella (axial filaments) e. pili

b. cilia

chp 7 10. In a viable plate count, each ____ represents a ____ from the sample population. a. cell, colony b. colony, cell c. hour, generation d. cell, generation

b. colony, cell

chp 4-6 test 6. During unfavorable growth conditions, many protozoa can convert to a resistant, dormant stage called a(n) ______. Select one: a. endospore b. cyst c. seed d. trophozoite e. sporozoa

b. cyst

MT CHP 1-9 24.The term obligate refers to Select one: a. the ability to exist in a wide range of conditions. b. existing in a very narrow niche. c. using chemicals for energy production. d. using light for energy production. e. using oxygen for metabolism.

b. existing in a very narrow niche.

chp 4-6 test 14. T-even phages ______. Select one: a. include the poxviruses b. infect Escherichia coli cells c. enter host cells by engulfment d. have helical capsids

b. infect Escherichia coli cells

chp 4 hm 5.Which of the following is present in both gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls? a.an outer membrane b.peptidoglycan c.teichoic acid d.lipopolysaccharides

b. peptidoglycan肽聚糖 The structural differences denoted by the designations gram-positive and gram-negative lie in the cell envelope (figure 4.16). In gram-positive cells, a microscopic section reveals two layers: 1)the thick cell wall, composed primarily of peptidoglycan (defined later in this section), 2)and the cytoplasmic membrane. The bulk of the gram-positive cell wall is a thick, homogeneous sheath of peptidoglycan ranging from 20 to 80 nm in thickness. A similar section of a gram-negative cell envelope shows three layers: 1)an outer membrane, 2)a thin cell wall, a single, thin (1-3 nm) sheet of peptidoglycan 3)and the cytoplasmic membrane.

chp 4 hm 7.Bacterial endospores usually function in a.reproduction. b.survival. c.protein synthesis. d.storage.

b. survival.

MT CHP 1-9 37.The jumping of a gene from one location to another is done by ________. Select one: a. conjugation b. transposons c. transformation d. transduction e. transmission

b. transposons

chp 5 hm 4. Yeasts are _____ fungi, and molds are _____ fungi. a.macroscopic, microscopic b.unicellular, filamentous c.motile, nonmotile d.water, terrestrial

b. unicellular, filamentous单细胞，丝状

chp 4-6 test 7. Compared to bacteria that have a typical size range between 1-10 μm, Select one: a. viruses range in size between 20-200 nm and are much larger than bacterial cells. b. viruses have a much greater size range; between 22 nm and 1000 nm. c. all viruses are 22 nm. d. viruses are larger and are blocked by sterilizing filters.

b. viruses have a much greater size range; between 22 nm and 1000 nm.

chp.8 8 Fermentation of a glucose molecule has the potential to produce a net number of ____ ATPs. a.4 b.2 c.40 d.0

b.2

chp10 5.Which of the following sequences, when combined with its complement, could be clipped by an endonuclease? a.ATCGATCGTAGCTAGC b.AAGCTTTTCGAA c.ACCATTGGTA

b.AAGCTT TTCGAA

chp 2 hm 6.An atom that can donate electrons during a reaction is called a.an oxidizing agent. b.a reducing agent. c.an ionic agent. d.an electrolyte.

b.a reducing agent.

chp9 5.Transfer RNA is the molecule that a.contributes to the structure of ribosomes. b.adapts the genetic code to protein structure. c.transfers the DNA code to mRNA. d.provides the master code for amino acids.

b.adapts the genetic code to protein structure.

chp 3 hm 8.Bacteria tend to stain more readily with cationic (positively charged) dyes because bacterial surfaces a.contain large amounts of alkaline substances. b.contain large amounts of acidic substances. c.are neutral. d.have thick cell walls.

b.contain large amounts of acidic substances.

chp 9 2.The nitrogen bases in DNA are bonded to the a.phosphate. b.deoxyribose. c.ribose. d.hydrogen.

b.deoxyribose.

chp 8 5 To digest cellulose in its environment, a fungus produces a/an a.endoenzyme. b.exoenzyme. c.catalase. d.polymerase.

b.exoenzyme An extracellular enzyme chiefly for hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules that are otherwise impervious to the cell membrane. It functions in saprobic decomposition of organic debris and can be a factor in invasiveness of pathogens. endoenzyme An intracellular enzyme, as opposed to enzymes that are secreted.

chp 9 1 What is the smallest unit of heredity? a.chromosome b.gene c.codon密码子 d.nucleotide

b.gene

chp 2 hm 7.A solution with a pH of 2 ____ than a solution with a pH of 8. a.has less H+ b.has more H+ c.has more OH- d.is less concentrated

b.has more H+

chp 8 6.Energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic reactions in the form of a.ADP. b.high-energy ATP bonds. c.coenzymes. d.inorganic phosphate.

b.high-energy ATP bonds.

chp 3 hm 1.The term culture refers to the ____ growth of microorganisms in ____. a.rapid, an incubator b.macroscopic, media c.microscopic, the body d.artificial, colonies

b.macroscopic, media culture The visible accumulation of microorganisms in or on a nutrient medium. Also, the propagation of microorganisms with various media. 微生物在营养培养基中或营养培养基上的可见积累。 此外，微生物与各种培养基的繁殖。

chp 3 hm 4.A real image is produced by the a.ocular. b.objective. c.condenser. d.eye.

b.objective. real image An image formed at the focal plane of a convex lens凸透镜. In the compound light microscope, it is the image created by the objective lens.

chp9 7.The lac operon is usually in the _______ position and is activated by a/an _______ molecule. a.on, repressor b.off, inducer c.on, inducer d.off, repressor

b.off, inducer

chp 2 hm 3.Electrons move around the nucleus of an atom in pathways called a.shells. b.orbitals. c.circles. d.rings.

b.orbitals

chp 9 9. Which of the following would occur through specialized transduction? a.acquisition of Hfr plasmid b.transfer of genes for toxin production c.transfer of genes for capsule formation d.transfer of a plasmid with genes for degrading pesticides

b.transfer of genes for toxin production

chp 8 4.Many coenzymes are a.metals. b.vitamins. c.proteins. d.substrates.

b.vitamins.

chp 3 hm 3. Resolution分辨率 is ____ with a longer wavelength of light. a.improved b.worsened恶化 c.not changed d.not possible

b.worsened恶化 Shorter wavelengths (400-500 nm) will provide better resolution...i.e. blue filter

chp 4-6 test 12. Which is the correct order for the application of reagents in the Gram stain? Select one: a. Crystal violet, safranin, iodine, alcohol/acetone b. Crystal violet, alcohol/acetone, iodine, safranin c. Crystal violet, iodine, alcohol/acetone, safranin d. Iodine, safranin, crystal violet, alcohol/acetone e. Safranin, crystal violet, alcohol/acetone, iodine

c. Crystal violet, iodine, alcohol/acetone, safranin

MT CHP 1-9 22.An organelle that is a stack of flattened, membranous sacs and functions to receive, modify, and package proteins for secretion is the ______. Select one: a. mitochondrion b. lysosome c. Golgi apparatus d. chloroplast e. endoplasmic reticulum

c. Golgi apparatus

chp 1-3 test 4.Which of the following historical microbiologists is incorrectly paired with his contribution to the science? Select one: a. Francesco Redi: tested spontaneous generation with meat exposed to the air or covered with cloth b. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: made and used quality magnifying lenses to observe and record microorganisms c. Louis Pasteur: demonstrated that anthrax was caused by a bacterium d. Joseph Lister: promoted disinfecting hands and air prior to surgery

c. Louis Pasteur: demonstrated that anthrax was caused by a bacterium

MT CHP 1-9 23.Which of the following is not a characteristic of bacteria? Select one: a. DNA is free in the cytoplasm. b.Its DNA is not encased in a membrane. c. The cell wall is made of peptidoglycan or other distinct polysaccharides. d. Ribosomes are present as the site of protein synthesis. e. Organelles termed mitochondria are the site of ATP production. f.. It does not have membrane-bound organelles. g. Its DNA is wrapped around histones.

c. Ribosomes are present as the site of protein synthesis.d. Organelles termed mitochondria are the site of ATP production. g. Its DNA is wrapped around histones组蛋白

Chp 7-9 test 16.Replication of DNA begins at a/an _______ rich area. Select one: a. guanine-cytosine b. uracil-adenine c. adenine-thymine d. adenine-cytosine e. guanine-adenine

c. adenine-thymine

chp 1-3 test 16.A reducing medium is used to culture ______ organisms. Select one: a. fastidious b. aerobic c. anaerobic d. pathogenic

c. anaerobic

chp 1-3 test 3.Starch is the primary storage food for all of the following except ______. Select one: a. green plants b. algae c. animals d. some fungi

c. animals

chp 7 8. Psychrophiles嗜冷者 would be expected to grow a. in hot springs. b. on the human body. c. at refrigeration temperatures. d. at low pH.

c. at refrigeration temperatures.

chp 5 hm 9.Mitochondria likely originated from a.archaea. b.invaginations of the cell membrane. c.bacteria. d.chloroplasts.

c. bacteria./ purple bateria In many ways, the mitochondrion of eukaryotic cells is something like a tiny cell within a cell. It is capable of independent division, contains a circular chromosome that has bacterial DNA sequences, and has ribosomes that are clearly bacterial.

MT CHP 1-9 40.The cell's metabolic reactions involve the participation of ______ that lower the activation energy needed for the initiation of a reaction. Select one: a. cofactors b. vitamins c. enzymes d. ATP e. coenzymes

c. enzymes

chp 1-3 test 5.Bacteria that require special growth factors and complex nutrients are termed ______. Select one: a. aerobic b. anaerobic c. fastidious d. fermentative e. hemolytic

c. fastidious挑剔

chp 4 hm 2. Pili(a pilus-single hair-like) are tubular shafts(small proteinaceous appendages) in ______ bacteria that serve as a means of ______. a. gram-positive, genetic exchange b. gram-positive, attachment c. gram-negative, genetic(DNA) exchange d. gram-negative, protection pilus: an appendage which forms a channel during bacterial conjugation

c. gram-negative, genetic(DNA) exchange

MT CHP 1-9 4.Larvae and eggs are developmental forms of ______. Select one: a. protozoa b. algae c. helminths d. fungi e. yeasts

c. helminths

MT CHP 1-9 11.The Five I's of studying microorganisms include all of the following except ______. Select one: a. inoculation b. incubation c. infection d. isolation e. identification

c. infection

chp 7 3. Chemoautotrophs can survive on ____ alone. a. minerals b. CO2 c. minerals and CO2 d. methane

c. minerals and CO2

chp 6 hm 1.A virus is a tiny infectious a.cell. b.living thing. c.particle. d.nucleic acid.

c. particle.

chp 1-3 test 18.Disease-causing microorganisms are called ______. Select one: a. decomposers b. bacteria c. pathogens d. eukaryotes e. fermenters

c. pathogens

chp 1-3 test 14.The lipid group that is the major component of cell membranes is the ______. Select one: a. prostaglandins b. waxes c. phospholipids d. steroids e. triglycerides

c. phospholipids

chp 4-6 test 1.The passageways in the nuclear envelope for movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm are called nuclear ______. Select one: a. histones b. chromatin c. pores d. endoplasmic reticulum e. inclusions

c. pores

MT CHP 1-9 28.Infectious protein particles are called ______. Select one: a. viroids类病毒 b. phages噬菌体 c. prions病毒 d. oncogenic viruses致癌病毒 e. spikes

c. prions

Chp 7-9 test 18.The transfer of DNA fragments from a dead cell to a live, competent recipient cell that results in a changed recipient cell is termed ________. Select one: a. transduction b. conjugation c. transformation d. transmission e. mitosis

c. transformation

chp. 8 10 ATP synthase complexes can generate ____ ATP(s) for each NADH that enters electron transport. a.1 b.2 c.3 d.4

c.3 This coupling of ATP synthesis to electron transport is termed oxidative phosphorylation.

chp 8 9.Complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration can yield a net output of ____ ATPs. a.40 b.6 c.38 d.2

c.38 (36 No O2 + 2 with O2)

chp 10 1.Which of the following is/are not essential to carry out the polymerase chain reaction? a.primers b.DNA polymerase c.gel electrophoresis d.high temperature

c.gel electrophoresis凝胶电泳 polymerase chain reaction:(PCR) 1.primers 2.DNA polymerase Enzyme responsible for the replication of DNA. 3.high temperature

chp 3 hm 6.The specimen for an electron microscope is always a.stained with dyes. b.sliced into thin sections. c.killed. d.viewed directly.

c.killed. Electron microscopes use a beam of electrons电子束 instead of 光束或光线. Living cells cannot be observed using an electron microscope because samples are placed in a vacuum.

chp 2 hm 2. The ____ charge of a proton is exactly balanced by the ____ charge of a(an) ____. a.negative, positive, electron b.positive, neutral, neutron c.positive, negative, electron d.neutral, negative, electron

c.positive, negative, electron

chp 1 hm 7. Which is the correct order of the taxonomic categories, going from most specific to most general? a.domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species b.division, domain, kingdom, class, family, genus, species c.species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain d.species, family, class, order, phylum, kingdom

c.species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

chp 9 4.In DNA, adenine is the complementary base for _______, and cytosine is the complement for _______. a.guanine, thymine b.uracil, guanine c.thymine, guanine d.thymine, uracil

c.thymine, guanine

chp7 22. Aerobe 需氧菌 Anaerobe:厌氧菌 eg Tetanus(lockjaw锁爪), is caused by an anaerobic bacterium(Clostridium tetani破伤风梭状芽胞杆菌),

can use gaseous oxygen in its metabolism and possesses the enzymes needed to process toxic oxygen products. must no oxygen, lacks the metabolic enzyme systems for using oxygen in respiration

chp7 29 Phases of growth

cycles in a growth curve consist of four phases: lag, exponential (log), stationary, and death.

MT CHP 1-9 9.Which organism has a challenge to maintain cellular electrolyte and fluid balance in its environment? Select one: a. A protozoan in a fresh water lake b. A bacterium in a fresh-water lake c. A bacterium in Great Salt Lake d. All of the above have problems in maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance within the cell.

d. All of the above have problems in maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance within the cell.

chp 1-3 test 8.Characteristics shared by all cells include Select one: a. a membrane serving as a cell boundary. b. the possession of genetic information. c. the presence of cellular fluid. d. All of the choices are correct.

d. All of the choices are correct.

MT CHP 1-9 34.Which of the following statements is false regarding amphibolic pathways? Select one: a. Metabolic pathways are amphibolic, that is, catabolism and anabolism are intertwined in order to conserve energy in the cell. b. Glucose is broken down in glycolysis; however, not all of the intermediates in the pathway are utilized as an energy source. Many leave the pathway to serve as precursors for complex molecules. c. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is used as a precursor for amino acid, lipid, and carbohydrate synthesis. d. All organisms use metabolic pathways to synthesize the 20 amino acids necessary for protein synthesis using precursors from catabolic processes. e. Glucose is broken down during glycolysis to pyruvate; however, when glucose is in short supply, pyruvate is used as a precursor in the process of gluconeogenesis. f. shared metabolic pathways g. Feedback inhibition can help regulate rates of reactions h. both types of reactions are necessary but do not occur simultaneously

d. All organisms use metabolic pathways to synthesize the 20 amino acids necessary for protein synthesis using precursors from catabolic processes. h. both types of reactions are necessary but do not occur simultaneously

chp 4 hm 6.Darkly stained granules are concentrated crystals of ______ that are found in ______. a.fat, Mycobacterium b.dipicolinic acid, Bacillus c.sulfur, Thiobacillus d.PO4, Corynebacterium

d. PO4 polyphosphate聚磷酸盐, Corynebacterium棒状杆菌 A unique type of inclusion found in some aquatic bacteria is gas vesicles that provide buoyancy and flotation. Other inclusions, also called granules, are crystals of inorganic compounds and are not enclosed by membranes. Sulfur granules of photosynthetic bacteria光合细菌 and polyphosphate granules of Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium分枝杆菌, are of this type. The latter represent an important source of building blocks for nucleic acid and ATP synthesis. They have been termed metachromatic granules because they stain a contrasting color (red, purple) in the presence of methylene blue dye.(page 96)

chp 4-6 test 17. Which of the following occurs during assembly? Select one: a. The nucleocapsid is formed. b. New viral nucleic acid is formed. c. Viral spikes insert in host cell membrane. d. The nucleocapsid is formed and viral spikes insert in host cell membrane. e. The viral envelope and the host cell membrane fuse.

d. The nucleocapsid is formed and viral spikes insert in host cell membrane.

chp 5 hm 7.All mature sporozoa are a.parasitic. b.nonmotile. c.carried by vectors. d.both a and b.

d. both a and b. Examples of the four types of locomotion in protozoa. (a) Using flagella: Giardia, displaying flagella. (b) Using amoeboid motion变形虫运动: Amoeba变形虫, with pseudopods假足. (c) Using cilia: Stentor, displaying cilia. (d) Sporozoan: Cryptosporidium隐孢子虫. Sporozoa have no specialized locomotion organelles细胞器.

MT CHP 1-9 6.Growth factors Select one: a. are inorganic. b. are synthesized by the organism. c. contain elemental oxygen. d. cannot be synthesized by the organism. e. All of the choices are correct.

d. cannot be synthesized by the organism. An organic nutrient essential to an organism's metabolism that cannot be synthesized itself is termed a/an:c) growth factor

Chp 7-9 test 8. Sulfa drugs like Bactrim, given for bacterial infections, inhibit bacteria by blocking folic acid synthesis. The precursor molecule of folic acid is para-amino benzoic acid (PABA). Interestingly, PABA has a structure very similar to a sulfa drug. If a sulfa drug is present, the bacterial enzyme will bind the sulfa drug because of structural similarity. This is an example of ______. a. enzyme induction b. enzyme repression c. noncompetitive inhibition d. competitive inhibition e. catabolite repressionSelect one:

d. competitive inhibition

chp 3 hm ext 2 What sort of microscopes do we commonly use in laboratory? a. simple b. electron c. phase contrast d. compound

d. compound

MT CHP 1-9 10.The endosymbiotic theory has been developed to explain the emergence of ______. Select one: a. archaea b. bacteria c. prokaryotes d. eukaryotes e. viruses

d. eukaryotes

chp 4-6 test 18.The endosymbiotic theory has been developed to explain the emergence of ______. Select one: a. archaea b. bacteria c. prokaryotes d. eukaryotes e. viruses

d. eukaryotes

MT CHP 1-9 25.The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms is called ______. Select one: a. biotechnology b. genetics c. recombinant DNA d. phylogeny e. taxonomy

d. phylogeny系统发育

chp 10 8.Which of the following is a primary participant in cloning an isolated gene? a.restriction endonuclease b.vector c.host organism d.all of these

d.all of these Cloning requires that the desired donor gene first be selected, excised by restriction endonucleases, and isolated. The gene is next inserted into a vector (usually a plasmid or a virus) that will insert the DNA into a cloning host. The cloning host is usually a bacterium or a yeast that can replicate the gene and translate it into the protein product for which it codes. In the next section, we examine the elements of gene isolation, vectors, and cloning hosts and show how they participate in a complete recombinant DNA procedure.

chp 1 hm 8. Which of the following are not eukaryotic? a.bacteria b.archaea c.protozoa d.both a and b

d.both a and b

chp 1 hm 3. .Which of the following parts was absent from Leeuwenhoek's microscopes? a.focusing screw b.lens c.specimen holder d.condenser

d.condenser

chp 2 hm 4. Bonds in which atoms share electrons are defined as ____ bonds. a.hydrogen b.ionic c.double d.covalent

d.covalent

chp 9 8.Which genes can be transferred by all three methods of horizontal gene transfer? a.capsule production b.toxin production c.F factor d.drug resistance

d.drug resistance

chp 6 hm 3.The nucleic acid of a virus is a.DNA only. b.RNA only. c.both DNA and RNA. d.either DNA or RNA.

d.either DNA or RNA.

chp 8 2.An enzyme a.becomes part of the final products. b.is nonspecific for substrate. c.is consumed by the reaction. d.is heat and pH labile.

d.is heat and pH labile. A protein biocatalyst that facilitates metabolic reactions eg. Thermolabile enzyme; pH will also denature the enzyme by changing the shape of the enzyme.

chp 1 hm 1.Which of the following is not considered a microorganism? a.alga b.bacterium c.protozoan d.mushroom

d.mushroom

chp 1 hm 2. Which process involves the deliberate alteration of an organism's genetic material? a.bioremediation b.biotechnology c.decomposition d.recombinant DNA technology

d.recombinant DNA technology

chp 10 4.The creation of biological molecules entirely from chemicals is called a.recombination. b.bioremediation. c.sequencing. d.synthetic biology. e.artificial biology.

d.synthetic biology. Researchers have staked out entirely new territory in genetic manipulation: They are trying to create new biological molecules and organisms from scratch. This field is called synthetic biology

chp 10 10.Microarrays are used to monitor a.the rate of DNA replication. b.the presence of particular genes in DNA. c.antisense DNA. d.which genes are being expressed.

d.which genes are being expressed Possible uses of microarrays include developing extraordinarily sensitive diagnostic tests that search for a specific pattern of gene expression.

MT CHP 1-9 12.The primary purpose(s) of viral cultivation is/are to Select one: a. isolate and identify viruses in clinical specimens. b. prepare viruses for vaccines. c. do detailed research on viral structure, lifestyle, genetics, and effects on host cells. d. perform wide-scale harvesting of viruses. e. All of the choices are correct.

e. All of the choices are correct.

chp 1-3 test 7.The electrons of an atom are Select one: a. always equal to the number of neutrons in an atom. b. found in the nucleus. c. used to determine atomic number. d. positively charged. e. moving in pathways called orbitals.

e. moving in pathways called orbitals.

chp7 31.Autotroph

is an organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source, not nutritionally dependent on other living things

chp 8 1.Metabolism ~anabolism合成代谢 ~catabolism分解代谢

is the sum of cellular chemical and physical activities. it consists of : ~energy-requiring reactions that convert small molecules into large molecules ~large molecules are degraded and energy is produced.

Chp 7 24 Symbiotic共生relationships: ~mutualism,(ecology) 涉及物质或服务的交换 ~commensalism, ~parasitism

only survive with each other. ~M:both partners benefit (involves the exchange of substances or services) eg.between insects that pollinate plants and the plants that provide those insects with nectar or pollen ~C:unequal only one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed. ...egspider may build a web on a plant and benefit substantially, while the plant remains unaffected. ~P:One organism (the parasite) gains, while the other (the host) suffers.

chp 7 23 obligate aerobe 专心的好氧 with O2: ATP No O2:cann't make ATP obligate anaerobes

organism that cannot grow without oxygen(Most fungi and protozoa, as well as many bacteria) die in the presence of oxygen

chp 9 bacteria recombination: only through horizontal gene transfer.

three main types: ~transformation转化indirect,Polysaccharide capsule/unlimited with cloning techniques ~conjugation结合direct:Drug resistance; resistance to metals; toxin production; enzymes; adherence molecules; degradation of toxic substances; uptake of iron ~ transduction.转导:indirect, cloning tech: Toxins/enzymes for sugar fermentation/drug resistance