Microbiology 1420, Test 1

Microbe

referring to any microscopic agent, both living and non living

Without microorganisms, required substances such as O2 and organic nitrogen would _________?

run out

What is the shared feature of all microbes?

small size

characteristics of virus

Acellular, smaller than most bacteria, non living

Three domains of life

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

designing organisms that can provide human products through genetic engineering or clean up environmental waste through bioremediation is part of the broader field of ________?

Biotechnology

From the name Streptococcus pyogenes, the first part, Streptococcus, indicates the ?

Genus

The principle that microorganisms cause certain diseases is called the _____ Theory of disease?

Germ

Name 2 long standing microbial diseases?

Malaria Tuberculosis

Microbes serve as important modesl for study of higher organisms for what reason?

Microbes have the same fundamental genetic properties as other organims

Which of the following are classified as acellular infetious agents?

Prions Viroids Viruses

Algae and Protozoa are catagorized as?

Protist

Characteristics of archaea that are not similar to bacteria _________?

Ribosomal RNA sequences

In the name Escherichia coli K12, the part that names the species is the ________designation

Strain K12

Non living examples

Viruses, Prion, viroid

What is a difference between archaea and bacteria?

bacteria possess peptidoglycan in their cell walls archaea does NOT have peptidoglycan in the cell walls

using microorganisms to degrade toxic chemical spills is and example of _______?

bioremediation

Roles of microbes: decay

break down of material in decomposition *Essential for cycle of nutrients *recycling N2 (nitrogen) *break down of cellulose

Joseph Lister

developed use of antiseptic to stop wound infections by applying chemicals to disinfect the skin

Prions are _______?

infectious proteins

True or FAlse: Normal microbiota damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of all microbes

FALSE

True of False: most bacteria cause serious disease?

False

True or False: Microorganism, we could survive without them?

False

When extensive amounts of expermental evidenced supports a hypothesis the explanation may be a scientific__________?

Theory

______ is a mcirobial process used in the manufacture of yogurt and cheese?

fermentation

Does a prokaryote have or not have a nucleus

lacks a nucleus

Louis Pasteur

*1864 - disproved the idea of spontaneous generation of life from nonliving materials in his "swan neck" flask experiment *proved that microbes and living organisms came from other organisms

Roles of microbes: production

used for industrial chemicals (Acetone, isopropanol)

Semmelweis

*Austria - invented hand washing *discovered transmission between corpses + women in childbirth = high death rates in mothers and babies *dirty hands transmitted microbes

Unlike the term microorganism, the word microbe also includes_____?

viruses

Anton van Leevwenhoek

*1670's *Dutch, self taught *used homemade/handheld microscope *developed microscope techniques for use in future

Virus

*DNA or RNA in a protein coat *can only reproduce inside a host cell

Characteristics of a virus

*viruses can only multiply within a host cell *outside of a host cell, viruses are inactive

The scientific process involves a series of steps...

1. make an observation about something and ask a question about the situation 2. develop an explanation and then devise an experiment to test this explanation 3. collect data from this experiment 4. draw a conclusion

Golden Age of Microbiology

17th century *1860's-1918 *pasturization *small pox vaccine

All algae have_______, which contain chlorophyll (green pigment)

Chloroplasts

Technically speaking, viruses are not microorganisms because they are not ________?

Composed of cells

When scientist share their work in scientific journals, they are communicating the ______________?

Conclusions Methods Results

A scientific experiment includes a component that rules out alternative explanation of the results by showing that the only feature that varied in the experiment was the characteristic being tested. The component that does this is called the ....

Control

John Tyndall's experiment in 1800;s showed that live microorganisms remained in some broths even after they had been boild for 5 hours. This observation can be explained by the presence of a heat resistant form of bacteria called an ________?

Endospore

Charachteristics of Protozoa

Microscopic single celled eukaryote

the cells of Eukaryotic organisms can be _______ or ________?

Multi celled or Single celled

Organisms that populate the human body and which protect it from diseases are termed?

Normal flora

A __________ is a term used for any disease causing microorganism?

Pathogen

True or False: Does a prokaryotic cell have a nucleoid region?

True

What is a Heliminth?

worm, some of which are parasitic

Roles of Microbes

*O2 production *Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by other organism *breakdown of organic molecules in wastes and dead organism *production of beer, wine, cheese, bread *microbiome of human body - provide vitamins, out compete pathogens *synthesis of antibiotics, insulin, ethanol fuel *degradation: of environmental pollutants *laboratory studies of biochemistry, genetics, evolution

Bacteria

*are all microbes, but only some cause diease as pathogens *single celled *prokaryotic (lacking nuclear membrane) *peptidoglycan in cell walls *ubiquitous - can survive and thrive in the most extreme environments *with OUT true nucleus

Describe a viroid

*can infect plants *contains RNA *contains a single short piece of RNA

Roles of microbes: bioremediation

*cleaning up of environment *cleaning toxic chemical spills

Archaea

*described by Carl Woese at UofI 1977 *prokaryotic (lacking peptidoglycan) *bacterial in appearance *often found in extreme environments (Temps/pH/Salinity) *Unicellular *WithOUT true nucleus *NO known human pathogens

Robert Koch

*developed pure culture techniques *agar suggested by wife of collegue (developed from seaweed) *Kocks Postulates: series of conditions when satisfied would determine pathogen to disease *aseptic technique to maintain pure cultures

Roles of microbes: Fermentation

*foods (bread /yeast) *beverages (beer/wine)

Prion

*infectious agents made of abnormal cellular proteins *no genetic material

Unlike newspaper or blog articles, communications about scientific discoveries in respected scientific journals include?

*information about the methods used inthe experiment *a pre publication review process

Roles of microbes: photosynthesis

*replenishes O2 levels in atmosphere

Which type of microorganism have cells that typically lack membrane bound organelles

Archaea & Bacteria

What cells have a defined nucleus and various organelles?

Eukaryotic cell

Microbial world

Everything considered microbes

Which type of microorganism cells typically lack membrane bound organelles?

Bacteria & Archaea

LIving examples

Bacteria, archaea, algae microscopic fungi, yeast, small protozoans

What is the name of the process of decomposing harmfull pollutants by microbes?

Biodegradation

If you discover a single celled organism that is 50 micrometers wide and has a nucleus it is most likely to belong to which domain?

Eukarya

Roles of microbes: interaction

animal immune system

What are the significant difference in which Archaea and Bacteria are seperated into two different domains?

*Cell Wall composition *Ribosomal DNA sequence

Pathogen

*Disease causing microbe (bacteria or viruses) or parasite, multicellular *microbe that can cause disease *microorganisms that are harmful

Naming bacteria and archaea

*Genus species Genus species underlined

Microorganisms on body

*Normal flora of body *microbiome

Prokaryotes characteristics

*most cannot be cultured in a lab *most species of BActeria and Archaea and viruses, still have yet to be discovered *Most do not interact with humans but are fundamental to every ecosystem

Charachteristics of Archaea similar to Bacteria are:

*prokaryotic cell structure *energy sources used *shapes *method of multiplication

Spallanzani

*proved if you boil (sanitize broth) then plug up with sanitized seal, microbes wouldn;t form

Eukarya

*single cell or multicell *complex intracellular structure *nuclear membrane enclosed chromosomes *NO peptidoglycan

Current developments in field

*technology *tools (electron microscope) *stem cell work *greater push of education STEM *genetic research (human DNA mapping) *genetic mapping of pathogens and microorganisms

Descriptions of BActeria

*they multiply by binary fission *shapes include rod, spherical & spiral *some obtain energy from foods similar to what humans eat *some obtain energy from sunlight

Roles of microbes: Water

*treatment plants use for cleaning water, sewage

Viroid

*uncoated segments of RNA *Incfectious (plants)