Microbiology 2420- Chapter 1

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are about how many infections of all types across the world every year?

10 billion

Prokaryotic organisms have been around for about how long?

3.5 billion years

Anton van Leeuwenhoek designed single-lens microscopes that could magnify a specimen up to how many times?

300

Which photosynthetic single-felled or multicellular microorganisms are often found in aquatic environments?

Algae

______ is the study of simple polysynthetic eukaryotic organisms, the algae.

Algology or phycology

Who was the first to use a single-lens and observe "animalcules" in collected rainwater and in the plaque scraped from teeth?

Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek

Who developed the first single-lens microscope?

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Robert Koch demonstrated in 1875 that _______ , _________ is the causative agent of anthrax

Bacillus anthracis

Which of the following are prokaryotic microorganisms?

Bacteria and Archaea

The major types of microorganisms or agents include which of the following?

Bacteria, algae, fungi, Protozoa, viruses

The study of small, single-cells prokaryotic organisms is called ________.

Bacteriology

Which of the following are major branches of study in microbiology?

Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology

Humans belong the the Phylum _____ and Class _____

Chordata, Mammalia

Chlamydia infections has been linked to which of the following conditions?

Female infertility

Which scientist discovered heat-resistant endospores?

Ferdinand Cohn

Which type of organism can derive all of the nutrients and factors it requires from the environment in order to reproduce?

Free-living organism

____ are heterotrophic unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms in luring yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.

Fungi

____ are heterotrophic unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.

Fungi

"Greenhouse _______" such as carbon dioxide and ______ are produced by microbes.

Gases methane

Which of the following genera of microbes has been associated with gastric ulcers?

Helicobacter

The term_____ refers to a parasitic invertebrate such as a worm.

Helminth

Which group of microorganisms include parasitic worms?

Helminths

Which group of microorganisms include the parasitic worms?

Helminths

Which of the following microorganisms are made up of eukaryotic cells?

Helminths, Protozoans, and Fungi

In the deductive process, the statement " if the ______ is valid, then certain specific ______ can be expected to occur."

Hypothesis, events

____ diseases, causes by microorganisms, are among the most common causes of death in much of the world's population.

Infectious

Which describes a good hypothesis?

It must be able to be supported or rejected by experimentation.

List these levels in the hierarchy of classification from most general to most specific

Kingdom Class Family Genus Species

The formal system of organizing, classifying, and naming living things was started by which of the following scientists?

Linnaeus

Who first promoted the use of disinfecting agents in surgical operating rooms?

Lister

______ is a specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification.

Microbiology

Which of the following derives benefits from its host and harms it's host in the process?

Parasite

Microbiology has many branches of study, including ______ which is the study of pathogenic Protozoa, helminth worms, and certain insects.

Parasitology

Which of the following diseases has almost been eradicated?

Polio

Proteinacious infectious particles are called _______.

Prions

Which type of microorganism lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and most membrane-bound organelles?

Prokaryotic

_____ are the group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms that lack a cell wall.

Protists or Protozoa

Microbiology includes the study of microscopic organisms or agents, including which if the following?

Protozoa, fungi, viruses, bacteria, helminths

__________ is the study of protozoa.

Protozoology

Tuberculosis, influenza and malaria are older diseases that have been known for a long time, but they are now increasing in occurrence; diseases with this pattern of occurrence are specifically referred to as____ diseases.

Re-emerging

Which of the following could be considered identification?

Recognizing Salmonella species based on their ability to produce hydrogen sulfide

Which of the following is true regarding scientific names?

Scientific names are italicized in printed documents.

Which scientist established a connection between infections in the maternity ward and physicians with unwashed hands coming directly from autopsies?

Semmelweis

dr. ignaz ____ promoted hand washing before Lister introduced disinfection during surgery.

Semmelweis

MRSA is a drug-resistant strain of which of the following bacteria?

Staphylococcus aureus

Which is correct regarding the writing of an organism's name?

Staphylococcus aureus (first letter of the name is always capitalized or italicized)

A ____ environment is free of actively growing cells, microorganisms, viruses and endospores.

Sterile

Some strand of mycobacterium tuberculosis are resistant to so many antibiotics that it has become known as a(n) "________".

Superbug

Which event helped establish the science of microbiology?

The development of the microscope

Which of the following is an example of the natural world that has been repeatedly tested and verified using the scientific method?

Theory

True or False: Microorganisms are found in all natural habitats, such as deep beneath the polar ice caps, and hot springs, as well as, in most habitats including toxic waste dumps.

True

True or false: Microbes can be found in the Antarctic.

True

____ is the study of viruses

Virology

When people travel disease can spread. Which is the current mode of travel that is likely to be a big factor in the next pandemic?

airplane

Which microbes do not have a true nucleus ?

bacteria

Which of the following microorganisms represent prokaryotic cell types?

bacteria

Which two of the following groups of organisms arguably play the greatest role in biological decomposition?

bacteria and fungi

A _____ is a complex network of microbes and their secretions that form in most natural environments.

biofilm

Certain microbes can break down heavy metals and pesticides contaminating soils by a process called

bioremediation

Which of the following processes is the decomposition of harmful chemicals by microbes?

bioremediation

Which of the following is the orderly arrangement of organisms into groups that indicate evolutionary relationships and history?

classification

______ is the breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be directed back into the natural cycle of living things.

decomposition

A(n) ______ disease, such as SARS or viral encephalitis, is a newly identified infectious disease that is becoming more prominent.

emerging

______ diseases are those which are newly identified and becoming more prominent.

emerging

Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells through the process of _________.

endosymbiosis

Microbes are involved in the flow of which of the following?

energy

Thinking of the two major cell types in the world: a(n) _____ cell contains organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria. However, these organelles are not found in _____ cells.

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

Which cell type is generally larger in size?

eukaryotic cells

What technology involves the deliberate modification of the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products?

genetic engineering

Work by Robert Koch and other scientists to show that human diseases could arise from infection led to the ___ theory of disease.

germ

Which of the following diseases have emerged due to human encroaching into new territory and wild habitats?

hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, ebola fever, lyme disease

Which term defines the organism in/on which smaller organisms ( or viruses) live, feed, and reproduce?

host

A(n) _______ is a tentative explanation of an observation.

hypothesis

Before ___________ may be tested using the deductive approach of the scientific method, events that will happen must be predicted by the scientist.

hypothesis

With ___ reasoning, one applies specific observations to develop a general explanation

inductive

It is observed that several family members have a blood condition called hemophilia. This may lead to the general idea that this condition is inheritable. This is an example of which of the following?

inductive reasoning

All members of a family belong to which of the following levels of classification?

kingdom

All members of the same phylum must also be members of which of the following?

kingdom

In the levels of classification, which is the level just below domain?

kingdom

The germ theory of disease has been so thoroughly tested that it has become a ____ or principle.

law

When a theory is supported by compelling evidence that it is correct, it becomes known as which of the following?

law

The unit of measurement for most bacterial cells is ______ and most viruses is ______.

micrometers and nanometers

_____ is the study of fungi.

mycology

A(n) _______ is any small, membrane-bound component found inside of a eukaryotic cell.

organelle

A microbial pathogen is considered a(n) _____ because it derives benefits from its host and harms its host in the process.

parasite

What is a helminth?

parasitic worm

A(n) ______ is the term used for any infectious agent that causes disease, such as parasites, bacteria, and viruses.

pathogen

Joseph Lister typically used the disinfectant ______________, prior to performing surgery.

phenol

Which process uses the suns energy to produce organic compounds accompanied by the formation of oxygen?

photosynthesis

Mad cow disease and Creutzfeld-Jakob disease are caused by which of the following?

prions

_____ DNA technology is used to switch genetic material from one organism to another in order to produce desirable proteins.

recombinant

Viral particles are usually _____ than prokaryotic cells.

smaller

Which of the following diseases has been eradicated?

smallpox

_____ is the science of organizing, classifying and naming living things.

taxonomy

A scientific _______ is a collection of statements, propositions, or concepts developed through experimentation that explain or account for a natural event.

theory

Microorganisms are _______, meaning they are found in all natural habitats as well as in most artificial habitats created by humans.

ubiquitious

What microbe is not cellular (acellular) and is composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat?

virus

The common cold and AIDS are caused by which type of microbe?

viruses

Which of the following is not able to replicate on its own?

viruses

Which microbe(s) have a true nucleus?

yeast and protists