Microbiology Ch 14

_______________ analyzes a particular disease to determine its probably cause. It can use different variables to discover possible routes and rates of infection

analytical epidemiology

_______________ is a third type of contact transmission in which microbes are spread in droplet nuclei that travel only short distances

droplet transmission

Both waterborne and foodborne transmission also provide a transfer of microbes by _______________. In the cycle, some microbes are ingested contaminated in water or food

fecal oral transmission

Very often, agents of a local infection enter a blood or lymphatic vessel and spread to other specific parts of the body, where they are confined to specific areas of the body. This condition is called a _______________

focal infection

The general term for any nonliving object involved in the spread of an infection is a _______________

fomite

In _______________, pathogens are generally transmitted in foods that are incompletely cooked, poorly refrigerated, or prepared under unsantiary conditions

foodborne transmission

_______________ are infections patients acquire while receiving treatment for other conditions at a health care facility, such as a nursing home, hospital, same-day surgery center, outpatient clinic, or in-home health care environment. Traditionally these were called _______________

healthcare associated infections, nosocomial infections

If most people in a population are immune to a particular disease, this form of immunity is referred to as _______________

herd immunity

The _______________ began in 2007 to analyze microbial communities called microbiomes that live in and on the human body

human microbiome project

The _______________ of a disease is the number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular time period

incidence

The _______________ is the interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs or symptoms

incubation period

_______________ occurs when the agent of disease is transmitted from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of a nonliving object

indirect contact transmission

_______________ is the invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms

infection

A _______________ is one in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease; an example is shingles

latent disease

A _______________ is one in which the invading microorganisms are limited to a relatively small area of the body

local infection

_______________ is the passive transport of the pathogens on the insect's feet or other body parts

mechanical transmission

Once established, the normal microbiota can benefit the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms. This phenomenon is called _______________

microbial antagonism

The CDC issues a publication called the _______________ which is read by microbiologists, physicians, and other hospital and public health professionals

morbidity and mortality weekly report

_______________ is the number of people affected by a disease in a given period of time in relation to the total population

morbidity rate

MMWR contains data on _______________, the incidence of specific notifiable diseases, and _______________, the number of deaths from these diseases

morbidity, mortality

_______________ is the number of deaths resulting from a disease in a population in a given period of time in relation to the total population

mortality rate

_______________ is a type of symbiosis that benefits both organisms

mutualism

A _______________ is not spread from one host to another

noncommunicable disease

The microorganisms that establish more or less permanent residence but that do not produce disease under normal conditions are members of the body's _______________

normal microbiota

_______________ are diseases for which physicians are required by law to report cases to the US public health service

notifiable infectious diseases

Microbes such as E.coli are called _______________. They don't cause disease in their normal environment in a healthy person but may do so in a different environment

opportunistic pathogens

An epidemic disease that occurs worldwide is called a _______________

pandemic disease

In still another kind of symbiosis, one organism benefits by deriving nutrients at the expense of the other; this relationship is called _______________

parasitism

Second, pathology deals with _______________, the manner in which a disease develops

pathogenesis

_______________ is the scientific study of disease

pathology

During the _______________, the person regains strength and the body returns to its predeceased state

period of convalescence

During the _______________, the signs and symptoms subside

period of decline

During the _______________, the disease is most severe

period of illness

A _______________ makes the body more susceptible to a disease and may alter the course of the disease

predisposing factor

The _______________ of a disease is the number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared

prevalence

A _______________ is an acute infection that causes the initial illness

primary infection

The _______________ is a relatively short period that follows the period of incubation in some diseases

prodromal period

This source can be either a living organism or an inanimate object that provides a pathogen with adequate conditions for survival and multiplication and an opportunity for transmission. Such a source is called a _______________

reservoir of infection

A _______________ is one caused by an opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has weakened the body's defenses

secondary infection

_______________ is a toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

sepsis

_______________, also called blood poisoning, is a systemic infection arising from the multiplication of pathogens in the blood

septicemia

The patient can also exhibit _______________, which are objective changes, the physician can observe and measure

signs

If a particular disease occurs only occasionally, it is called a _______________; typhoid fever in the US is such a disease

sporadic disease

_______________ are basic, minimum practices designed to prevent transmission of pathogens from one person to another and are applied to every person every time

standard precautions

A disease that is intermediate between acute and chronic is described as a _______________; an example is subacute sclerosis panencephalitis

subactue disease

A _______________, also called inapparent infection, is one that doesn't cause any noticeable illness

subclinical infection

The relationship between the normal microbiota and the host illustrates _______________, a relationship between two organisms in which at least one organism is dependent on the other

symbiosis

For example, the patient may experience certain _______________, or changes in body function, such as pain and malaise

symptoms

A specific group of symptoms or signs may always accompany a particular disease; such a group is called a _______________

syndrome

In a _______________, microorganisms or their products are spread throughout the body by the blood or lymph

systemic infection

_______________ refers to the presence of toxins in the blood

toxemia

Others, called _______________, may be present for several days, weeks, or moths and then disappear

transient microbiota

_______________ are procedures designed to supplement standard precautions in individuals with known or suspected infections that are highly transmissible or epidemiologically important pathogens

transmission based precautions

_______________ are employed to reduce the transmission of microbes in health care and residential settings

universal precautions

_______________ is the transmission of disease agents by a medium, such as air, water, or food

vehicle transmission

_______________ refers to the presence of viruses in blood

viremia

In _______________, pathogens are usually spread by water contaminated with untreated or poorly treated sewage

waterborne transmission

Diseases that occur primarily in wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans are called _______________

zoonoses

Today, we refer to Koch's experimental requirements as _______________: the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease, the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture, the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it's inoculated into a healthy susceptible laboratory animal, the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism

Koch's postulates

_______________ refers to the spread of agents of infection by droplet nuclei in dust that travel more than 1 meter from the reservoir to the host

airborne transmission

_______________ occurs when an infection results in any change from a state of health

disease

_______________ begins with a hypothesis about a particular disease; experiments to test the hypothesis are then conducted

experimental epidemiology

An _______________ is one that develops rapidly but lasts only a short time; a good example is influenza

acute disease

The presence of bacteria in the blood is known as _______________

bacteremia

_______________ is an active process and is more complex. The arthropod bites an infected person or animal and ingests some of the infected blood

biological transmission

_______________, the use of pathogens or toxins to produce death and disease in humans, animals, or plants as an act of violence and intimidation, is another factor that could affect the occurrence of emerging infectious diseases

bioterrorism

These people, called _______________, are important living reservoirs of infection

carriers

The _______________, a branch of the US Public Health Service located in Atlanta, Georgia, is a central source of epidemiological information in the US

centers for disease control and prevention

A _______________ develops more slowly. The body's reactions may be less severe, but the disease is likely to continue to recur for long periods

chronic disease

Testing on humans is called a _______________

clinical trial

In the symbiotic relationship called _______________, one of the organisms benefits, and the other is unaffected

commensalism

A _______________ is a disease in which an infected person transmits an infectious agent, either directly or indirectly, to another person who in turn becomes infected

communicable disease

A _______________ is one whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns

compromised host

_______________ is the transmission of diseases from mother to fetus or newborn at birth

congenital transmission

_______________ is the spread of a disease agent by direct contact, indirect contact, or droplet transmission

contact transmission

Chickenpox and measles are also examples of _______________, that is, diseases that are very communicable and capable of spreading easily and rapidly from one person to another

contagious diseases

Foodborne transmission frequently occurs because of _______________, the transfer of pathogens from one food to another

cross contamination

_______________ entails collecting all data that describe the occurrence of the disease under study

descriptive epidemiology

_______________, also known as person-to-pseron transmission, is the direct transmission of an agent by physical contact between its source and a susceptible host; no intermediate object is involved

direct contact transmission

_______________ are diseases that are new or changing, are showing an increase in incidence in the recent past, or show a potential to increase in the near future

emerging infectious diseases

A disease constantly present in a population is called an _______________; an example of such a disease is the common cold

endemic disease

If many people in a given area acquire a certain disease in a relatively short period, it is called an _______________; influenza is an example

epidemic disease

The science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations is called _______________

epidemiology

Pathology is first concerned with the cause, or _______________, of disease

etiology