Microbiology CH 15 and Ch 14

Which process involves a more rapid synthesis and greatly increased titer of antibody when the immune system is subsequently exposed to the same antigen? A.Neutralization B.Opsonization C.Complement fixation D.Agglutination E.Anamnestic response

Anamnestic response

You cut your finger dicing chicken for dinner. Which of the following is nota source of chemicals that stimulate the inflammatory response that results from the injury? A. Bacterial cells that infect the wound B. Antibody-producing plasma cells C. Localized leukocytes D. Host tissues damaged by the knife

Antibody-producing plasma cells

Vaccinia virus is often used in the technique to make A.Adjuvant B.Booster C.Antibodies to toxin D.Gamma globulin E."Trojan horse" recombinant vaccine

"Trojan horse" recombinant vaccine

Superantigens are A.Body tissues that the immune system mistakes as foreign B.Cell markers found in some member of a species but not in other members C.Bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens D.Those that evoke allergic reactions E.None of the choices are correct

C.Bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens

Which of the following is not a property of B cells? A.Produce plasma cells and memory cells B.Low numbers circulating in the blood C.Require antigen presented with MHC proteins D.Receptors called immunoglobins E.Mature in the bone marrow

C.Require antigen presented with MHC proteins

An example of natural active immunity would be A.Chickenpox infection is followed by lifelong immunity B.Chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox C.Giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease D.A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta E.None of the choices are correct

Chickenpox infection is followed by lifelong immunity

An example of artificial active immunity would be A.Chickenpox infection is followed by lifelong immunity B.Chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox C.Giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease D.A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta E.None of the choices are correct

Chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox

The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus, saliva, colostrum and other body secretions is A.IgA B.IgD C.IgE D.IgG E.IgM

A IGA

The main function of the mononuclear phagocyte system is to provide A. surveillance cells. B. a connection between tissues and organs. C. filtration of extracellular fluid. D. filtration of blood.

A connection between tissues and organs

An example of natural passive immunity would be A.Chickenpox infection is followed by lifelong immunity B.Chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox C.Giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease D.A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta E.None of the choices are correct

A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta

Which of the following is not an event of phagocytosis? A. Ingestion B. Destruction C. Diapedesis D. Chemotaxis E. Phagolysosome formation

Diapedesis

Each _____ fragment of an antibody molecule contains the variable regions of a heavy and light chain that folds into a groove for one epitope. A.Variable B.Fab C.Fc D.Terminal E.Hinge

FAB

Which is incorrect about the Fc region of an immunoglobulin? A.Is called the crystallizable fragment B.Forms the antigen binding sites C.Contains an effector molecule that can bind to cells such as macrophages and mast cells D.Contains an effector molecule that can fix complement E.Determines the class to which the immunoglobulin belongs

Forms the antigen binding sites

The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as A.Lymph nodes B.Thymus C.Spleen D.GALT E.Tonsils

Galt

An example of artificial passive immunity would be A.Chickenpox infection is followed by lifelong immunity B.Chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox C.Giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease D.A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta E.None of the choices are correct

Giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease

Small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response are termed A.Epitope B.Hapten C.Antigen binding site D.Variable region E.None of the choices are correct

Hapten

The immunoglobulin/s found on the surface of B cells is/are A.IgM only B.IgG only C.IgD only D.IgM and IgD E.IgD and IgE

IgD and IgE

The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells is A.IgA B.IgD C.IgE D.IgG E.IgM

IgE

The immunoglobulin class that is the only one capable of crossing the placenta is A.IgA B.IgD C.IgE D.IgG E.IgM

IgG

_____ is the most abundant class of antibodies in serum. A.IgG B.IgM C.IgA D.IgD E.IgE

IgG

Which immunoglobulin class/es can fix complement? A.IgM only B.IgG only C.IgD only D.IgM and IgG E.IgE and IgA

IgM and IgG

Edward Jenner's work involved A.Inoculation of dried pus from smallpox pustules into a person to stimulate immunity B.Development of passive immunotherapy C.Development of an immunization to protect people against cowpox D.Immunization using a related, less pathogenic organism to give protection against a more pathogenic one E.All of the choices are correct

Immunization using a related, less pathogenic organism to give protection against a more pathogenic one

55. Which of the following is incorrect about complement? A. It acts in a cascade reaction. B. It is composed of at least 20 blood proteins. C. It involves a classical pathway. D. It only appears in the blood during a response to a pathogen. E. It involves an alternate pathway.

It only appears in the blood during a response to a pathogen

Properties of effective antigens include all the following except A.Foreign to the immune system B.Molecular complexity C.Large molecules with a minimum molecular weight of 1,000 D.Large polymers made up of repeating subunits E.Cells or large, complex molecules

Large polymers made up of repeating subunits

The membrane attack stage of the complement cascade involves A.Initiation of the cascade B.Production of inflammatory cytokines C.A ring-shaped protein that digests holes in bacterial cell membranes and virus envelopes D. Cleaving of C3 to yield C3a and C3b E.C1q binds to surface receptors on a membrane

A ring-shaped protein that digests holes in bacterial cell membranes and virus envelopes

The major histocompatability complex is: A.Glycoproteins, called MHC antigens, found on all body cells B.A set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins C.Found on the third chromosome D.Located in the thymus gland E.ALL of the choices are correct

A set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins

Which of the following is mismatched? A.Interferon alpha and beta-inhibits viral replication B.Interleukin-2-stimulate T cell mitosis and B cell antibody production C.Serotonin-causes smooth muscle contraction D.Prostaglandins-activate eosinophils and B cells E.Tumor necrosis factor-increases chemotaxis and phagocytosis

Prostaglandins-activate eosinophils and B cells

Cytotoxic T cells A.Are activated by antigens B.Lack specificity for antigen C.Secrete granzymes and perforins that damage target cells D.Secrete interleukin-2 to stimulate B and T cells E.All of the choices are correct

Secrete granzymes and perforins that damage target cells

A patient visits your clinic often with recurrent respiratory infections. Based upon their medical history, it appears they have been an active smoker for over 40 years. Select the statement that most accurately reflects how this information may reveal why the patient is highly susceptible to respiratory pathogens. A. Smoking can paralyze the ciliary escalator. B. Smoking decreases the formation and effectiveness of complement proteins. C. Smoking directly inhibits B- and T-cell action. D. Smoking decreases the activity of neutrophils.

Smoking can paralyze the ciliary escalator.

High titers of specific antibodies are components of A.Specific immune globulin (SIG) B.Gamma globulin C.Immune serum globulin (ISG) D.Attenuated vaccines E.Toxoids

Specific immune globulin (SIG)

Killed or inactivated vaccines are prepared by A.Removal of virulence genes from the microbe B.Treatment with formalin, heat or radiation C.Passage of the pathogen through unnatural hosts or tissue culture D.Long-term subculturing of the microbe E.All of the choices are correct

Treatment with formalin, heat or radiation

Lymphocytes A. possess MHC antigens for recognizing self. B. have membrane receptors that recognize foreign antigens. C. gain tolerance to self by destruction of lymphocytes that could react against self. D. develop into clones of B and T cells with extreme variations of specificity. E. All of the choices are correct.

all of the choices

T cell response to T-cell-dependent antigens requires A.Typically a protein antigen B.Binding of T cell to a Class II MHC receptor on a macrophage C.Binding of T cell to a site on the antigen D.Interleukin-1 activating the T helper cell E.All of the choices are correct

all of the choices

A properly functioning immune system is responsible for A.Surveillance of the body B.Recognition of foreign material C.Destruction of foreign material D.Only B & C are correct E.All of the choices are correct

all of the choices are correct

Monoclonal antibodies A.Originate from a single B cell clone B.Have a single specificity for antigen C.Are secreted by hybridomas D.Are used in immunology lab tests and cancer therapy E.All of the choices are correct

all of the choices are correct

Nonspecific chemical defenses include A. lysozyme. B. lactic acid and electrolytes of sweat. C. the skin's acidic pH and fatty acids. D. stomach hydrochloric acid. E. All of the choices are correct.

all of the choices are correct

Plasma A.Is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended B.Is mostly water C.Contains albumin and globulins D.Contains fibrinogen E.All of the choices are correct

all of the choices are correct

The reticuloendothelial system A.Is a support network of connective tissue fibers B.Originates in the cellular basal lamina C.Provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs D.Is heavily populated with macrophages E.All of the choices are correct

all of the choices are correct

Which of the following is a chemical used by phagocytes to destroy ingested foreign substances? A. Hydrogen peroxide B. Nitric oxide C. Lactic acid D. Superoxide anion E. All of these are used.

all of these

Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called A.Superantigens B.Heterophilic antigens C.Allergens D.Autoantigens E.None of the choices are correct

allergens

All of the following comprise the second line of defense except ______. A. phagocytosis B. fever C. inflammation D. antibody production E. complement proteins

antibody production

A foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response is a(n) A. PAMP B. marker C. antigen D. hapten E. antibody

antigen

The term _____ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response. A.Antibody B.Allergen C.Antigen D.Foreign body E.None of the choices are correct

antigen

Which of the following is not a target for TCcells? A.Bacteria B.Virus infected cells C.Cancer cells D.Human transplanted liver E.Pig transplanted heart

bacteria

The least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are A. eosinophils B. lymphocytes C. neutrophils D. monocytes E. basophils

basophils

Which of the following is not a chief function of inflammation? A. Cause a fever B. Start tissue repair C. Block further invasion D. Mobilize and attract immune components to injury site E. Destroy microbes

cause a fever

A person will typically experience the sensation of _____ when fever is starting to occur in the body. A. pain B. chills C. sweating D. heat

chills

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except A.Redness B.Warmth C.Swelling D.Pain E.Chills

chills

When antibody is covering the foreign microorganism then complement may be activated via this___ pathway. A.Classical B.Lectin C.Alternative D.Interleukin

classical

What process provides many B cells and T cells that are activated against specific antigens? A.Antigen expression B.Antibody production C.Clonal expansion D.Antigen presentation E.Opsonization

clonal expansion

Microbial antagonism is the A. prevention of immune responses by the resident microbiota. B. suppression of the complement cascade by microbes. C. competition for nutrients, oxygen, and space between the resident microbiota and potential pathogens. D. inhibition of T cell binding to microbes.

competition for nutrients, oxygen, and space between the resident microbiota and potential pathogens

The _____ system of blood proteins act to lyse foreign cells and viruses. A.Humoral immunity B.Cell mediated C.Complement D.Lymphoid E.None of the choices are correct

complement

Antitoxins A.Contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules B.Are always genetically engineered C.Contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses D.Confer passive immunity E.Utilize DNA strands that will produce the antigen

confer passive immunity

The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) is an intricate network throughout the body that comprises A. connective tissue and monocytes. B. connective tissue and lymphocytes. C. connective tissue fibers and phagocytic white blood cells. D. connective tissue fibers, mast cells, and basophils.

connective tissue fibers and phagocytic white blood cells.

All of the following pertain to platelets except A.Contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide B.They function primarily in hemostasis C.Originate from giant multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes D.Function in blood clotting and inflammation E.They are not whole cells but are pieces of cells

contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

A type of monocyte that has long, thin processes to trap pathogens are A.Dendritic cells B.Eosinophils C.Macrophages D.Platelets E.Mast cells

dendritic cells

The granules of neutrophils contain A.Antibodies B.Antigens C.Digestive enzymes D.Histamine E.Peroxidase

digestive enzymes

The leakage of vascular fluid into tissues is called ______. A. pus B. chemotaxis C. edema D. vasoactivity E. diapedesis

edema

The blood cells that function in allergic reactions and inflammation, contain peroxidase and lysozyme, and particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are ______. A. basophils B. lymphocytes C. eosinophils D. monocytes E. neutrophils

eosinophils

Which type of white blood cells are particularly attracted to sites of parasitic worm infections? A.Monocytes B.Eosinophils C.Basophils D.Neutrophils E.Lymphocytes

eosinophils

The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a/an A.Epitope B.Hapten C.Antigen binding site D.Variable region E.None of the choices are correct

epitope

Monocytes are the mature form of macrophages; they are found in tissues.

false

T/F: The alternate complement pathway uses complement proteins C1, C2, and C4.

false

T/F: 80. Despite not being a physical barrier, the resident microbiota are considered part of the first line of defense since they stimulate inflammation and fever, enhancing pathogen removal.

false

T/F: A low to moderate fever in an otherwise healthy person should be treated immediately with antipyretic drugs.

false

T/F: After secreting antibodies during an immune response, plasma cells then differentiate into memory cells.

false

T/F: Antibodies directed to alloantigen from one organism often cross-react with an alloantigen from another organism.

false

T/F: B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland.

false

T/F: Complement proteins are produced by the spleen.

false

T/F: During phagocytosis, intracellular digestion begins as soon as the phagosome is formed

false

T/F: Human B lymphocytes mature in an intestinal region called the bursa.

false

T/F: Inflammatory responses are orchestrated by the immune system and are part of the body's third line of defense.

false

T/F: Plasma is also called lymph

false

T/F: The hinge region of an antibody has a hypervariable amino acid region where the antigenic determinant fits.

false

T/F: The production of interferon will protect the host cell from a viral infection.

false

The monomer subunit of immunoglobulin molecules has all of the following except A. two identical light polypeptide chains. B. two identical heavy polypeptide chains. C. four antigen binding sites. D. disulfide bonds between polypeptide chains. E. a variable and constant region on each polypeptide chain.

four antigen binding sites.

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are called _____ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that, in a stained blood smear, appear with identifying, characteristic colors. A.Leukocytes B.Granulocytes C.Agranulocytes D.Monocytes E.None of the choices are correct

granulocytes

Zoonotic pathogens A.Infect only humans B.Infect only mammals C.Have a broad host range D.Have a narrow host range E.None of the choices are correct

have a broad host range

The granules of basophils contain A.Antibodies B.Antigens C.Digestive enzymes D.Histamine E.Lysozyme

histamine

Destruction of lymphocytes with self-specificity is called A.Immune tolerance B.Proliferation C.Clonal selection D.Differentiation E.Hypersensitivity

immune tolerance

Which of the following is incorrect about blood cells? A. After birth produced in red bone marrow sites B. Develop from undifferentiated stem cells C. Include mast cells/gillial cells D. Include leukocytes that are either granulocytes or agranulocytes E. Include erythrocytes that, when mature, lose their nuclei

include mast cells/ Gillian cells

Each of the following are benefits of fever except A. it increases the availability of iron. B. it increases metabolism. C. it stimulates hematopoiesis. D. it increases phagocytosis. E. it reduces the ability of temperature-sensitive organisms to multiply.

increases the availability of iron

What is the first step in the major events of the inflammation process? A.Formation of pus and edema B.Scar formation and/or resolution C.Vascular reactions D.Injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators

injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators

Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins? A.Complement B.Albumin C.Interferon D.Histamine

interferon

Which of the following fluid compartments is not a partner in immune function? A.Blood stream B.Extracellular fluid C.Lymphatic system D.Intracellular fluid E.Reticuloendothelial system

intracellular fluid

All of the following are characteristics of IgM except A.Has 10 antigen binding sites B.Contains a central J chain C. Is the first class synthesized by a plasma cell D.Can serve as a B-cell receptor E.Is a dimer

is a dimer

Keratin is an important aspect of non-specific defense because A.It is toxic to pathogens B.It creates a physical barrier against pathogens C.It destroys pathogens D.It physically restricts pathogens to a specific region E.None of the choices are correct

it creates a physical barrier against pathogens

All of the following pertain to interferon except A. it inhibits viruses, tumors, and cancer gene expression. B. it increases capillary permeability and vasodilation. C. it is produced by certain white blood cells and tissue cells. D. it includes alpha, beta, and gamma types. E. it is a protein.

it increases capillary permeability and vasodilation

What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin and neck? A.Lymph nodes B.Thymus C.Spleen D.GALT E.Tonsils

lymph nodes

Which of the following is not a type of phagocyte? A. Monocyte B. Lymphocyte C. Macrophage D. Neutrophil E. Kupffer cell

lymphocyte

Each of the following are granulocytes except A.Neutrophils B.Eosinophils C.Lymphocytes D.Basophils E.All of the choices are granulocytes

lymphocytes

Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBC's and are the cells that function in the body's immune system? A.Basophils B.Eosinophils C.Neutrophils D.Monocytes E.Lymphocytes

lymphocytes

The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is A. lactic acid B. bile C. histamine D. hydrochloric acid E. lysozyme

lysozyme

When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into A. Primary phagocytes B.Neutrophils C.Killer T cells D.Cytotoxic T cells E.Macrophages

macrophages

All of the following are events of early inflammation except A. macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis. B. chemical mediators and cytokines are released. C. brief vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation. D. exudate and pus can accumulate. E. capillaries become more permeable, resulting in edema.

macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis

Place the following in order of greatest to least phagocytic activity: neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages A.Neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages B.Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils C.Eosinophils, macrophages, neutrophils D.Macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils E.Macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils

macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils

Immune system cells differentiate between self and foreign cells by their A.Cell walls B.Biota C.Markers D.Skin E.Cell processes

markers

The beauty of specific immunity is the production of ____ that provides long-lasting protection A.Antibodies B.Plasma cells C.T helper cells D.Memory cells E.Phagocytotic cells

memory cells

The normal human microbiota is considered part of the 1st line of defense because A. microbial antagonism keeps potential pathogens in check. B. microbiota cause an inflammatory response, eliminating pathogens. C. pathogens and normal biota cannot exist in the same location. D. resident bacterial cells stimulate phagocytosis of pathogens.

microbial antagonism keeps potential pathogens in check.

Diapedesis is the A.Loss of blood due to hemorrhaging B.Production of only red blood cells C.Production of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets D.Plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding E.Migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues

migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues

Which white blood cells comprise 3-7% of circulating WBC's, are phagocytic and can migrate out into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages? A.Basophils B.Eosinophils C.Neutrophils D.Monocytes E.Lymphocytes

monocytes

Which process involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule thereby disrupting their activity? A.Neutralization B.Opsonization C.Complement fixation D.Agglutination E.Anamnestic response

neutralization

The most numerous WBC's, that have multi-lobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are A.Basophils B.Eosinophils C.Neutrophils D.Monocytes E.Lymphocytes

neutrophils

After loading wood into a fireplace, you realize you have gotten a splinter in your finger. Within a short period of time, your finger is painful, red, and swollen, and is warm to the touch. This is an example of ______. A. nonspecific resistance B. specific resistance C. acquired immunity D. adaptive immunity

nonspecific resistance

Which process involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis? A.Neutralization B.Opsonization C.Complement fixation D.Agglutination E.Anamnestic response

opsonization

The granules of eosinophils contain A.Antibodies B.Antigens C.Serotonin D.Histamine E.Peroxidase

peroxidase

Components of the first line of defense include all of the following, except A. the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin. B. the flushing action of tears and blinking. C. nasal hairs. D. phagocytic white blood cells. E. the flushing action of urine.

phagocytic white blood cells

During what process are hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication? A.Inflammation B.Phagocytosis C.Interferon production D.Complement production

phagocytosis

Each of the following is involved in the migration of white blood cells except A.Chemotaxis B.Diapedesis C.Motility D.Vasodilatation E.Phagocytosis

phagocytosis

What type of cells secrete antibodies? A. Antigen-presenting cells B. Cytotoxic T cells C. Helper T cells D. Plasma cells E. Memory B cells

plamsa cells

During which response to the antigen do we display a latent period of no secretory antibody synthesis? A.primary B.secondary C.tertiary D.quaternary

primary

Plasma cells A.Function in cell-mediated immunity B.Are derived from T-lymphocytes C.Function in blood clotting D.Produce and secrete antibodies E.All of the choices are correct

produce and secrete antibodies

Hematopoiesis is the A. Loss of blood due to hemorrhaging B. Production of only red blood cells C. Production of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets D. Plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding E. Migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues

production of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets

Genetic markers that distinguish a self cell from a foreign invader are typically ______. A. DNA or RNA B. lipids or lipoproteins C. proteins or glycoproteins D. polysaccharides

proteins or glycoproteins

The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are ______. A. interferons B. lysozymes C. complement D. leukotrines E. pyrogens

pyrogens

Which of the following is incorrect about inflammation? A.Can last hours to years B.Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability C.Serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction D.Fever could be beneficial to inhibiting the pathogen E.Basophils and mast cells release histamine

pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Class II MHC genes code for A. certain secreted complement components. B. self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes. C. all HLA antigens. D. receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells. E. All of the choices are correct.

receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells.

The histocompatibility complex proteins function in A.Recognition of self B.Antibody proliferation C.B-cell maturation D.T-cell maturation E.None of the choices are correct

recognition of self

MHC molecules are found on all of the following cells except ______. A. red blood cells B. epithelial cells C. eosinophils D. islet of Langerhans cells E. leukocytes

red blood cells

The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the ______. A. digestive tract B. eyes C. skin D. respiratory tract E. urinary tract

respiratory tract

Lysozyme is found in A.Mucous membranes of the respiratory tract B.Mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract C.Salivary secretions D.Sweat from sweat glands E.All of the choices are correct

salivary secretions

Plasma cells A. function in allergic reactions. B. secrete antibodies. C. directly destroy target cells. D. activate B cells and other T cells. E. suppress immune reactions.

secrete antibodies

Class I MHC genes code for A. self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes. B. all HLA antigens. C. receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells. D. certain secreted complement components.

self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes.

This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota? A. Eyes B. Skin C. Urinary tract D. Digestive tract E. Respiratory tract

skin

Which of the following lymphoid organs or tissues has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood? A.Lymph nodes B.Thymus C.Spleen D.GALT E.Tonsils

spleen

The embryonic yolk sac, the liver, and the bone marrow are sites where A. T lymphocytes complete maturation. B. immune responses to antigen occur. C. stem cells give rise to immature lymphocytes. D. antigen is filtered from the blood. E. antigen is filtered from tissue fluid.

stem cells give rise to immature lymphocytes.

Each of the following are physical barriers to pathogens except A.Unbroken skin B.Mucous C.Hairs D.Tears E.T-cells

t cells

One of the major differences between the first and second line of defense is that A. the first line defenses involve complement proteins whereas the second line defenses involve antibodies. B. the first line defenses involve the respiratory tract whereas the second line defenses involve the gastrointestinal tract. C. the first line defenses are mechanisms whereas the second line defenses are physical barriers to infection. D. the first line defenses are anatomical barriers whereas the second line defenses are mechanisms.

the first line defenses are anatomical barriers whereas the second line defenses are mechanisms.

Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood and has hormones that function in maturation of T-lymphocytes? A.Lymph nodes B.Thymus C.Spleen D.GALT E.Tonsils

thymus

You have severe itching problems when bitten by an insect. Your friend gives you an ointment to spread on your skin around the bite so that the redness and itching do not bother you. The likely mechanism of this medication would be A. the inactivation of neutrophils. B. the destruction of phagocytic cells. C. to act as an antagonist of histamine. D. the inhibition of lysozyme.

to act as an antagonist of histamine.

T/F: The second line of defense includes inflammation, phagocytosis, fever, and antimicrobial proteins.

true

T/F: Activation of B cells occurs when antigen binds to B cell surface immunoglobulin receptors.

true

T/F: Antibody molecules circulate in lymph, blood and tissue fluids.

true

T/F: Certain complement components stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis

true

T/F: Clonal selection requires the presence of foreign antigens.

true

T/F: During inflammation, a high neutrophil count is a common sign of bacterial infection

true

T/F: Endotoxin is an exogenous pyrogen.

true

T/F: Gamma globulin can be given as immunotherapy to confer artificial passive immunity.

true

T/F: Genetic differences among species and within a species can convey genetic immunity to certain diseases.

true

T/F: Interferons do not protect the cell that secretes them.

true

T/F: Monocytes and lymphocytes are agranular leukocytes

true

T/F: One plasma cell will secrete antibodies of various classes but the antibodies will all have the same specificity.

true

T/F: The secondary response to an antigen is faster and bigger than the primary response.

true

T/F: The structural and functional differences that distinguish immunoglobulin isotypes are due to variations associated with their Fc fragments.

true

Which of the following is mismatched in relation to inflammation? A. Tumor - cancer B. Rubor - redness C. Dolor - pain D. Calor - warmth

tumor-cancer

The region of each antibody molecule where amino acid composition is highly varied from one clone of B lymphocytes to another is the A.Variable region B.Joining region C.Constant region D.Light region E.Hinge region

variable region

Histamine, serotonin and bradykinin are all A.Vasoactive mediators B.Mediators of B cell activity C.Mediators of T cell activity D.Mediators that increase chemotaxis E.Fever inducers

vasoactive mediators

Acquired specific immunity involves the response of A.Skin barriers B.B and C lymphocytes C.Lysozyme D.Mucus membranes E.Interferon

B and C lymphocytes

A hybridoma results from the fusion of a myeloma cell with a normal _____ cell. A.B cell B.Cytotoxic T cell C.Natural killer T cell D.Helper T cell E.None of the choices are correct

B cell

_____ function in humoral immunity, while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity. A.B cells, T cells B.T cells, B cells C.Monocytes, Basophils D.Basophils, T cells E.B cells, neutrophils

B cells, T cells

All nucleated cells contain___. A.Class I MHC B.Class II MHC C.Secretory antibodies D.IgE receptors

Class I MHC

Acellular vaccines and subunit vaccines A.Contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules B.Are always genetically engineered C.Contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses D.Confer passive immunity E.Utilize DNA strands that will produce the antigen

Contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses

The most significant cells in graft rejection are A.Helper T cells B.Suppressor T cells C.Cytotoxic T cells D.Delayed hypersensitivity T cells E.Natural killer (NK) cells

Cytotoxic T cells

Which of the following represents the correct order of activity in the complement cascade? A. Amplification, initiation, membrane attack, and polymerization B. Polymerization, initiation, membrane attack, and amplification C. Initiation, membrane attack, polymerization, and amplification D. Membrane attack, initiation, polymerization, and amplification E. Initiation, amplification, polymerization, and membrane attack

Initiation, amplification, polymerization, and membrane attack

During presentation of APC-bound antigen, macrophages and dendritic cells secrete the cytokine, _____, that activates T helper cells. A.Interferon B.Interleukin 1 C.Interleukin 2 D.Histamine E.None of the choices are correct

Interleukin 1

An activated THcell produces ___ which is a growth factor for T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells. A.Interleukin-1 B.Interleukin-2 C.Interleukin-12 D.Antiserum E.Complement

Interleukin-2

Which of the following is not true of the antigen-independent period of lymphocyte development? A. Many lymphocytes with different specificities are formed. B. Random genetic rearrangements occur to produce different surface protein receptors. C. Lymphocytes with specificity for self are destroyed. D. Lymphocytes form from stem cells in the bone marrow. E. Mature lymphocytes populate lymphatic organs and encounter antigens.

Mature lymphocytes populate lymphatic organs and encounter antigens.

Which lymphocytes lack specificity for antigen and attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells? A. Delayed hypersensitivity T cells B. Natural killer (NK) cells C. Suppressor T cells D. Helper T cells E. Cytotoxic T cells

Natural killer (NK) cells

What type of molecules act to draw phagocytes to foreign substances? A. PAMPs B. IFNs C. BALTs D. RES E. MALTs

PAMPS

The progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called A.Antibodies B.Sensitized T cells C.Activated macrophages D.Plasma cells E.Bursa cells

Plasma cells

Live, attenuated vaccines A.Include the Sabin polio vaccine B.Include the measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR) C.Contain viable microbes that can multiply in the person D.Require smaller doses and fewer boosters compared to inactivated vaccines E.All of the choices are correct

all of the choices

74. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has chemicals in its cell wall that inhibit the fusion of phagocytic vacuoles withlysosomes. Which statement is true? A. Complement proteins will take over to destroy the bacteria. B. Antibodies produced by the cells can more effectively kill the bacteria. C. The bacterium can survive and replicate inside of the phagocytic cell. D. The bacterium can produce chemicals which can destroy the macrophage housing the bacterium.

The bacterium can survive and replicate inside of the phagocytic cell.

Your 81-year old grandfather has been diagnosed with cancer of the thymus. The doctor is urging surgical removal of the cancer, but you and the family are worried about the consequences of removing an entire organ such as the thymus. Which statement is correct? A. Your grandfather would not be able to produce complement proteins necessary for pathogen control and inflammation. B. Your grandfather will have a loss of T lymphocytes and will have an immune deficiency. C. Your grandfather would not have sufficient phagocytic cells and would not be able to contain bacterial infections. D. There is nothing to worry about; thymus removal will not affect your grandfather's immune status at his age.

There is nothing to worry about; thymus removal will not affect your grandfather's immune status at his age.

Lymphocyte maturation involves A. hormonal signals that initiate development. B. B cells maturing in bone marrow sites. C. T cells maturing in the thymus. D. release of mature lymphocytes to begin migration to various lymphoid organs. E. All of the choices are correct.

all of the choices

The main function of the reticuloendothelial system is to provide A.Surveillance cells B.A connection between tissues and organs C.Filtration of extracellular fluid D.Filtration of blood E.All of the choices are correct

a connection between tissues and organs

If an individual has a genetic disorder whereby they lack the ability to make complement protein C3, the likely consequence is A. excessive fever development. B. enhanced inflammation. C. a higher incidence of bacterial and viral infections. D. an inability to synthesize antibodies.

a higher incidence of bacterial and viral infections.

Helper T cells A. activate B cells and other T cells. B. suppress immune reactions. C. function in allergic reactions. D. directly destroy target cells. E. secrete antibodies.

activate B cells and other T cells

Which of the following is a special binding substance that enhances immunogenicity and prolongs antigen retention at the injection site? A.Adjuvant B.Booster C.Antibodies to toxin D.Gamma globulin E."Trojan horse" recombinant vaccine

adjuvant

Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates? A.Neutralization B.Opsonization C.Complement fixation D.Agglutination E.Anamnestic response

agglutination

Antigen presenting cells A.Include dendritic cells B.Include macrophages C.Engulf and modify antigen to be more immunogenic D.Hold and present processed antigen on their cell membrane surface E.All of the choices are correct

all of the choices

Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions A. are the result of genetic expression. B. function in recognition of self molecules. C. receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system. D. aid in cellular development. E. All of the choices are correct.

all of the choices

Immunotherapy is the A.Use of antitoxins B.Use of immune serum globulin C.Conferring of passive immunity D.Administering of preformed antibodies E.All of the choices are correct

all of the choices