Microbiology ch 24,25

Describe why long term immunity to influenza is virtually impossible.

Because of frequent recombination of the viral genome and subsequent changes the composition of envelope spikes.

Describe how dental caries(tooth decay) develop.

Caries are produced when enamel is dissolved (decalacification) as a result of direct contact with accumulated acids.

Differentiate b/w hepatitis A and hepatitis B regarding primary mode of transmission and long term effects.

Heptatis A- spread via fecal oral route. Heptatis B- transmission is parenteral and sexual contact. long term is serious chronic disease develops.

Identify Helicobacter pylori as the causative agent of peptic and duodenal ulcers

Identify Helicobacter pylori as the causative agent of peptic and duodenal ulcers

Identify Pneumocytis jiroveci as a primary indicator of AIDS

Identify Pneumocytis jiroveci as a primary indicator of AIDS

Define intoxication, dysentery, hepatitis.

Intoxication- ingestion of a preformed toxin. Dysentery- severe dirrhea accompanied by blood and or mucus. hepatitis-inflammation of the liver

Define otitis media and identify the most common causative agent.

Middle ear infection, causative agent is Streptococcus pneumonia.

Identify the most common causative agent and second most common causative agent of common cold and identify the primary mode of transmission.

Most causative agent are species of Rhinovirus and Coronavirus. Transmitted by respiratory secretions.

Differentiate between laryngitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, and epiglottis.

Pharyngitis- Inflammation of the pharynx (throat) Laryngitis-Inflammation of the larynx (voice box) Tonsilitis-Inflammation of the tonsils Sinusitis- Inflammation or swelling of the tissues lining the sinus. Epiglotitis-Inflammation of the epiglottis (cartilage flap that covers the larynx)

Identify the causative agents, primary mode of transmission, and symptoms of staphylococcal food poisoning, shigellosis, samonellosis, typhoid fever, cholera, Campylobacter gastroenteritis, Yersina gastroenteritits, Clostridum perfringens gastroenteritis, Bacillus cereus gastreoentitis, mumps, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, giardisis, cryptosporidiosis, amoebic dysentery.

Staphycoccal food poisoning- causative agent is Staphylococcus aureus. Transmission is foodborne temp abuse, symptoms are acute nausea, vomiting, diarrhea with a rapid onset of 2-6 hours. Shigellosis- causative agent is 4 species of Shigella all of which cause a type of dysentery of varying severity. Most severe form is caused by S. dysenteria. Transmission is via fecal oral route. Symptoms are severe abdominal pain, and dirrhea with a blood mucoid stool. Samonellosis-caused by various types of Salmonella enterica. transmission is via fecal oral route. Usually contaminated food or water, and direct transmission from infected animals. Symptoms are diarrhea, fever, nausea, and sometimes vomiting. typhoid fever-causative agent is Salmonella enterica, serotype typhi. Transmission is via fecal oral route. Often spread via fecal contaminated water and food. Symptoms are high fever, headache, malaise, and abdominal pain. Cholera-causative agent is Vibro cholerae. transmission is via contaminated food or water. May also be transmitted via contaminated shellfish. Symptoms is copious watery feces that contain flecks of mucus and sloughed epithelial cells called "rice water stools" because of their apperance. Campylobacter gastroenteritis-causative agent is Campylobacter jejuni. Transmission is fecal oral. Typically via consumption of contaminated food or beverage. Symptoms include headache, fever, abdominal pain, and watery or bloody diarrhea. Yersina gastroenteritits-causative agent is Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis. Transmission via fecal oral route in meat and milk. Symptoms are dirrhea, fever, severe abdominal pain that mimics appendicitis. Clostridum perfringens gastroenteritis- causative agent Clostridum perfringens. Transmission is food borne infection. Associated with inadequately heated food products that allow spores to survive and multiply. Symptoms are nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Mild and self limiting. Bacillus cereus gastreoentiti- causative agent is a commom microbe, present in soil and vegetation. Causes a food borne intoxication. Grows readily in certain types of food like rice potatoes and meats. Symptoms 2 forms depending on type of toxin produced EMETIC form is nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea form. mumps-causative agent is mumps virus. transmission is via salivary and respiratory secretions (droplet transmission). Symptoms are swollen parotid gland, fever, nasal discharge, muscle pain, difficult swallowing, malaise. hepatitis A-causative agent hepatitis A virus. Transmission via fecal oral route. Symptoms are sub clinical mild flu like in children. overt symptoms are anorexia, headache, malaise, nausea, diarrhea, fever, abdominal discomfort, darkened urine. live is involved so jaundice is present sometimes. hepatitis B- causative agent is hepatitis B virus. Transmission is primarily parenteral and sexual contact. Symptoms are fever, jaundice, and abdominal discomfort. giardaisis-causative agent is Giardia lamblia. Tramsmission is fecal oral, often contaminated water. Cysts are shed in feces. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and flatulence. Greasy stools may also accompy infection. cryptosporidiosis- causative agent is Cryptosporidium parvum. Transmission is via fecal oral route, via contaminated recreational and drinking water. In healthy people symptoms are asymptomatic. Symptomatic infections include diarrhea (possible watery and profuse) abdominal cramps, and vomiting. amoebic dysentery-causative agent is Entamoeba histolytica. Transmission is via fecal oral route. Symptoms are prolonged with fever, fatigue, abdominal pain, and weight loss.

Be familar with the link b/w environmental growth of Histoplasma capsulatum and accumulations of bird and or bat droppings.

This is a dimorphic fungus. The fungus grows well in moist soil with high nitrogen content.

identify suspect food for Vibro vulnificus infection and know that is can cause fatal sepsis in people with liver disease and or compromised immunity.

This organism is typically transmitted in raw or undercooked shellfish. can cause fatal sepsis in people with liver disease and or compromised immunity.

Identify the primary suspect food and mode of transmission of Vibrio parahemolyticus gastroenteritis.

Typical mode of transmission is via consumption of raw, inadequately cooked, or recontaminated cooked, seafood.

Identify the toxin that causes the symptoms of scarlet fever.

erythtogenic toxin

Define gingivitis, periodontitis. identify normal mouth flora as the causative agents of these conditions.

gingivitis-inflammation of the gums. (gingiva) periodontitis-inflammation involving the periodontal membrane and cemetum. Chronic gingivitis forms periodontal pockets around the base of the tooth.

identify Roatvirus and Norovirus as causative agents of viral gastroenteritis.

identify Roatvirus and Norovirus as causative agents of viral gastroenteritis.

Identify the population most affected by Respiratory Syncytial Virus and describe the signs and symptoms.

those most affected are infants and the elderly. signs and symptoms are coughing and wheezing.

List and describe the 3 stages of pertussis.

1-Catarrhal Stage-Period of mild, cold like symptoms. 2-Paroxysmal Stage-Progressive stage of recurrent bouts of persistent coughing. Air passing through produces a Whooping sound. 3-Convalescence Stage- Recovery period, often prolonged.

List and describe the two clinical forms of legionellosis.

1-Legionnaires Pneumonia- serious form of atypical pneumonia (bronchopneumonia) 2-Pontiac Fever- milder, flu like symptoms. Typically self limiting.

List the 3 types of E coli gastroenteritis.

1. Enterotoxigenic E. coli 2. Enteroinvasive E. coli 3. Enterohemorragic E. Coli

Know the primary causative agents of Subacute and Acute forms of Endocarditis.

Acute-staphlycoccus aureus subacute-streptococci

Describe miliary tuberculosis.

Drainage of tubercles can result in dissemination of the organism into other organs and tissues, it often produces a distinct pattern of widely disseminated, tiny, seed like lesions. Infected areas include long bones, genetial tract, brain.

Identify the causative agent, primary mode of transmission, and characteristics/primary symptoms of streptococcal pharyngitis, scarlet fever, diphtheria, pertussis, tuberculosis, pneumococcal pneumonia, mycoplasmal pneumonia, legionellosis, influenza, histoplasmosis, pneumocytosis pneumonia.

Streptococcal Pharyngitis (strep throat)- Causative agent is Streptococcus pyogenes, transmitted via respiratory secretions (droplet), infection of the mucous membranes of the throat and tonsils causing inflammation and pain often with a purulent discharge. Scarlet Fever- Causative agent is Streptococcus pyogenes, transmitted via respiratory droplets or direct contact with individuals who have strep throat or with carriers of the bacteria, Produces erythtogenic toxin and the toxin causes high fever and a red/pink, diffuse rash. and strawberry tongue (very red and inflammed) Diphtherai-causative agent is Corynebacterium diptheriae, transmitted via droplet contact, symptoms start as nonspecific such as fever, nausea, vomiting, sore throat, swollen neck, but as it progresses the characteristic symptom develops: A TOUGH, GRAYISH GREEN PSEUDO MEMBRANE FORMS AT THE SITE OF INFECTION. Pertussis (whooping cough)- causative agent is Bordetella pertussis, transmission via aerosol and droplet contact, symptoms recurrent bouts of persistent coughing. Tuberculosis- causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, transmitted from infected host via aerosol, 5% of infected develop symptoms, productive coughing, bloody sputum, fever, loss of vigor, and fatigue. Pneumococcal pneumonia-causative agent is Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus), transmitted via inhalation of aerosols, symptoms lobar pnuemonia characterized by overwheling inflammation leading to accumulation of exudate that is continuous within one or more lobes of the lungs. Mycoplasmal pneumonia (walking pneumonia)-causative agent is Mycoplasma pneumonia, transmitted via respiratory aerosols, symptoms are low grade fever, non productive cough, sore throat, headache, wheezing. Legionellosis or Legionnaires disease- causatie agent is Legionella pneumophilia, transmission occurs via aerosol contact with environment source. It DOES NOT occur person to person, mild fly like symptoms typically self limiting. Influenza-Causative agent is Influenzavirus, transmission is via inhalation of respiratory aerosols and droplets, symptoms include severe inflammation and irritation of the infected respiratory tissue accompanied by fever, headache, myalgia, sore throat, coughing, and shortness of breath. histoplasmosis- causative agent is Histoplasma capsulatum, transmission inhalation of spores from soil with accumulated bird or bat droppings, symptoms can be mild respiratory symptoms and serious ones can develop such as night sweats, fever, weight loss. pneumocystis pneumonia- causative agent is Pnuemocistis jiroveci, transmission through air, disease usually occurs in people with AIDS causes inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs.