Microbiology Chapter 1 Microbes shape our history

Endosymbiont

An organism that lives as a symbiont inside another organism.

He Noted a mold growing in one of his cultures killed bacteria growing around it. a. Alexander Fleming b. Carl Woese c. John Tyndall d. Anton van Leeuwenhoek

a. Alexander Fleming

Discovery of the structure and function of DNA in the 1950s transformed the fields of medicine and biotechnology. a. Francis Crick & James Watson b. Florex & Chain (Chemist) c.Sergei Winogradsky d.Anton van Leeuwenhoek

a. Francis Crick & James Watson

Chlorine as antiseptic wash for doctor's hands decreases pathogens. a. Ignaz Semmelweis b. Edward Jenner c. Anton van Leeuwenhoek d. Robert Koch

a. Ignaz Semmelweis

the structure of DNA was discovered using a. X-ray crystallography b. mass spectometry c. DNA sequencing d. growth in pure culture

a. X-ray crystallography

Environment free of microorganisms are known as environments. a. aseptic b. vaccinated c. hygienic d. antiseptic

a. aseptic

the process by which microbes gain energy by converting sugars to alcohol is known as a. fermentation b. spoilage c. spontaneous generation d. respiration

a. fermentation

The letters at the top of the figure shown represent CTTAGCCTAGATTCTGAT a. nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule. b. nitrogenous bases in an RNA molecule. c. sugars in a DNA molecule. d. sugars in an RNA molecule.

a. nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule.

The use of on various types of HIV patients has allowed for optimization of treatment. a. Penicillin b. DNA sequencing c. recombinant DNA d. X-ray crystallography

b. DNA sequencing

Which of the following correctly explains how archea differ from bacteria and eukaryotes a. Archea contain a nucleus. b. No archea are currently known to be capable of pathogenesis. c. Archea are currently known to be capable pathogensis. d. Archaea are only capable of growth in the human intestine.

b. No archea are currently known to be capable of pathogenesis.

Species

A single, specific type of organism, designated by a genus and species name.

Colony

A visible cluster of microbes on a plate, all derived from a single founding microbe.

What are Koch's postulates?

1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. 2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. 3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal. 4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.

Antibiotic

A molecule that can kill or inhibit the growth of selected microorganisms.

When John Tyndall attempted to repeat Louis Pasteur's experiment using the flask shown below, he found that microbial growth sometimes occurred even when the growth medium was boiled for an extended time. Explain why he obtained results that conflicted with Pasteur's results.

John Tyndall discovered bacterial spores boiling but are killed by cyclic boiling and cooling. When Tyndall repeated Pasteur's experiment, he found growth still occurred after boiling hay infusions. The hay infusions contained endospores, which are heat resistant. Repeated cycles of heating and cooling or the use of pressure in an autoclave is required to eliminate endospores. See Section 1.2 in your text for more information.

An Italian priest, Lazzaro Spallanzani, sealed flasks of broth and then sterilized the broth by boiling it; he was attempting to disprove the idea of spontaneous generation. The flask shown in the image below is similar to the flasks Louis Pasteur used later. Explain the argument supporters of the idea of spontaneous generation put forth, which led to Pasteur's experiment.

Spontaneous generation is the theory that earth life conditions life can arise spontaneously from nonliving matter. Paster proved bacteria were living thing cable of reproducing and potentially acting as a cause of disease.

Nitrogen fixation

The ability of some prokaryotes to reduce inorganic diatomic nitrogen gas (N2) to two molecules of ammonium ion (NH4+).

Genome

The complete genetic content of an organism; the sequence of all the nucleotides in a haploid set of chromosomes.

Germ theory of disease

The theory that specific diseases are caused by specific microbes.

Spontaneous generation

The theory, much debated in the nineteenth century, that under current Earth conditions life can arise spontaneously from nonliving matter.

all of the following statement explain how viruses differ from he three domains of life EXCEPT: a. Viruses are noncellular microbes. b. Viruses contain genetic material. c. Viruses are very small compared to the three domains of life. d. Viruses take over the metabolism of a host cell to generate more viral particles.

b. Viruses contain genetic material.

Through history, more soldiers have died from than anything else. a. atomic bombs b. microbial infections c. battle wounds d. starvation

b. microbial infection

According to the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells, the ancestor of the chloroplast is a a. protoza b. photosynthetic bacterium c. respiring bacterium d. virus

b. photosynthetic bacterium

DNA sequencing method, which revealed the nucleotide sequences of a virus. a. Carl Woese b.Frederick Sanger c.Louis Pasteur d.Edward Jenner

b.Frederick Sanger

Antisepsis during surgery prevents patient death. Used chemical treatment of surgical instruments to prevent transmission. a. James Watson b. Joseph Lister c. John Tyndall d.Louis Pasteur

b.Joseph Lister

First proposed that the energy converting organelles of eukaryotic cells (mitochondria and chloroplasts) evolved because of endosymbiosis. a.Alexander Fleming b. Francis Crick c. Lynn Margulis d. John Snow

c. Lynn Margulis

The first scientists to study microbes in their natural habitats is a. Robert Koch b. Ignaz Semmelweis c. Sergei Winogradsky d. Robert Hooke

c. Sergei Winogradsky

Bacteria that fix nitrogen can sometimes live as inside plant cells. a. parasites b. lithotrophs c. endosymbionts d. pure cultures

c. endosymbionts

Bacterial spores survive boiling but are killed by cyclic boiling and cooling. a. John Snow b. Frederick Sanger c.John Tyndall d. Francis Crick

c.John Tyndall

In addition to her work as a famous nurse. Florence Nightingale also contributed to the filed of microbiology by a. using scientific method to establish the microbial cause of disease. b. developing techniques to isolate a pure culture of microorganisms. discovering the use of vaccinations to prevent disease. d. founding the science of medical statistics.

d. founding the science of medical statistics.

He Proved bacteria were living thing capable of reproducing & potentially acting as a cause of disease. a.Joseph Lister b.Frederick Sanger c. Florence Nightingale d.Louis Pasteur

d.Louis Pasteur