Microbiology Chapter 12

Core body temperature is typically ______.

98.6 degrees Fahrenheit

Which of the following are normal body temperature?

98.6 degrees Fahrenheit 37 degrees Celsius

Although all blood cells originate in the bone marrow, only the _____ complete their maturation process there.

B lymphocytes

Which cell types are produced in the red bone marrow? -thymus cells -B-lymphocyte precursors -red blood cells -heart muscle cells -spleen cells -T-lymphocyte precursors

B-lymphocyte precursors red blood cells T-lymphocyte precursors

How does lymphatic fluid differ from blood?

Does not contain red blood cells

Which is Latin for pain during inflammation? -Calor -Rubor -Tumor -Dolor

Dolor

Which fluid moves in and out of tissues, but does not contain red blood cells?

Lymph

Interferon gamma is derived from which cells?

T lymphocytes

The fluid that is carried by the lymphatic circulation is called ______.

lymph

Bean-shaped organs in clusters situated along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels are __________.

lymph nodes

Which term refers to bean-shaped organs in clusters situated along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels?

lymph nodes

A compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized accessory organs that renders surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials is the ______ system.

lymphatic

A plasma-like liquid that moves in and out of tissues, but does not contain red blood cell, is called ________ fluid.

lymphatic

The ________ system is a system of vessels and organs that serve as sites for the development of immune cells, immune surveillance, and immune reactions.

lymphatic

The spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and GALT are all components of the ______ system.

lymphatic

The spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and GALT are all components of the _________ system.

lymphatic

B cells and T cells belong to a group of leukocytes called ______.

lymphocytes

The 3 main types of phagocytes are ______. -macrophages -eosinophils -NK cells -basophils -dendritic cells -neutrophils

macrophages dendritic cells neutrophils

Complement primarily targets pathogen _____.

membranes

The agranulocytic leukocytes are include two general types, the _________ and _______.

monocytes lymphocytes

A network of fibers and macrophages that permeates the tissues of the body is called the _________ _________ system.

mononuclear phagocyte

All organs and tissues contain a network of fibers and macrophages called the ________ system.

mononuclear phagocyte

Which of the following are sites of major lymph nodes? -neck -knee -groin -armpit -wrist

neck armpit groin

Essential leukocytes found in the blood that act as active phagocytes that can kill engulfed bacteria are called _________.

neutrophils

Essential leukocytes found in the blood that act as active phagocytes that can kill engulfed bacteria are called ___________.

neutrophils

Essential leukocytes of the blood that act as active phagocytes and killers of bacteria are called ______.

neutrophils

General-purpose phagocytes that engulf and kill bacteria but are themselves killed during the process are ______.

neutrophils

The 3 main types of phagocytes are ________, __________, and _________ cells.

neutrophils macrophages dendritic

The first and second lines of host defense are ________ protections.

nonspecific

Which of the following processes are components of the second line of defense? -phagocytosis -sneezing -apoptosis -fever -inflammation -antimicrobial proteins -antibodies

phagocytosis fever inflammation antimicrobial proteins

The skin-associated lymphoid tissue and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue function to ______. -store red blood cells -allow maturation of B-lymphocytes -protect against foreign materials in food -protect against the influx of microbes -remove worn-out red blood cells

protect against foreign materials in food protect against the influx of microbes

The skin-associated lymphoid tissue and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue function to ______. -remove worn-out red blood cells -store red blood cells -protect against the influx of microbes -allow maturation of B-lymphocytes -protect against foreign materials in food

protect against the influx protect against foreign materials in food

Produced during inflammation, a substance composed mainly of white blood cells and the debris generated by phagocytosis is called ______.

pus

B-lymphocytes mature in the _____.

red bone marrow

Generalized lymph node enlargement may indicate _____.

a systemic illness

Communication between separate fluid compartments of the body is conducted primarily through _____.

capillaries

Which of the following is NOT a trigger for inflammation? -infection -fever -trauma -immune response

fever

Which of the following is part of the body's second line of defense? -mucous membranes -skin -intestinal enzymes -fever

fever

The production of blood cells is called ______.

hematopoiesis

Interferons are produced and secreted only by virally- ________ cells.

infected

Which cell types are produced in the red bone marrow? -T-lymphocyte precursors -red blood cells -spleen cells -thymus cells -B-lymphocyte -heart muscle cells

t-lymphocyte precursors red blood cells b-lymphocyte precursors

Naive T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow and migrate to the _______ to complete their maturation.

thymus

T-lymphocytes mature in the _____.

thymus

Which of the following is not a major function of the lymphatic system? -transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide to tissues throughout the body -acting as a drain-off system for the inflammatory response -providing a route to return extracellular fluid to the circulatory system -supporting surveillance through lymphocytes, phagocytes and antibodies

transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide to tissues throughout the body

The flow of lymph in lymphatic vessels is ________.

unidirectional

Interferons stimulate uninfected host cells to produce proteins that inhibit _____ multiplication.

viral

Which type(s) of host cells produce interferon in the case of a viral infection?

virally infected cells only

Interferons primarily target _____.

viruses

Which is NOT a second line host defense mechanism?

vomiting

The lymph nodes are located in the groin are called the _______ nodes.

inguinal

Which of the following are host products that target infecting microbes? -lymphatic fluid -interferons -PAMPs -complement -virulence factors -antimicrobial peptides

interferons complement antimicrobial peptides

Red bone marrow is found in the internal matrix of _____.

long bones

Which are agranulocytic white blood cells? -eosinophils -basophils -neutrophils -lymphocytes -monocytes

lymphocytes monocytes

A large, phagocytic white blood cell, derived from a monocyte, that leaves the circulation and has a high capacity for killing microbes is called a(n) ______.

macrophage

Which of the following is a large phagocytic cell that has a high capacity for killing microbes and cleaning up dead cells?

macrophage

The acronym MALT stands for _________ - associated __________ tissue.

mucosa lymphoid

Which of the following materials are not transported by lymphatic fluid? -cellular debris -infectious agents -oxygen and CO2 -normal microbiota -clotting factors -white blood cells

oxygen and CO2 normal microbiota clotting factors

Which of the following processes are components of the second line of defense? -phagocytosis -inflammation -antibodies -fever -antimicrobial proteins -sneezing -apoptosis

phagocytosis inflammation fever antimicrobial proteins

nonspecific host defense mechanisms include chemical barriers and _________ barriers.

physical

Interferons are small ______.

proteins

A host barrier with an acidic pH and high fatty acid content that is inhibitory to many microbes is the ________.

skin

Which host barrier offers protection against microorganisms due to the presence of sebum, which has a high fatty acid content and acidic pH?

skin

The acronym SALT stands for ____________ - associated ___________ tissue.

skin lymphoid

In order to remove worn-out red blood cells and pathogens, the _________ filters blood, but not lymph.

spleen

Granulocytes differ from agranulocytes by ______.

staining pattern in microscopy

Which of the following is NOT a lymphoid organ? -spleen -stomach -thymus

stomach

A triangular structure in the lower neck region that serves as a maturation site for T lymphocytes is the ______.

thymus

Under the influence of hormones, cells from the _____ develop specificity and are released into circulation as mature T cells.

thymus

The mononuclear phagocyte system functions as a passageway within and between ______.

tissues and organs

Which is a main function of inflammation? -to prevent microbes from entering the body -to mobilize and attract immune components to the injury site -to polymerize components of membrane attack complexes -to stimulate antiviral protein production in uninfected cells

to mobilize and attract immune components to the injury site

Inflammation may be triggered by the immune response or by ________ due to tissue infection or tissue injury.

trauma

A liquid connective tissue consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma is called _______ ________.

whole blood

The liquid substance that moves through the arteries, veins, and capillaries is called ______.

whole blood

________ allow for a close association between the fluid compartments of the body, an important part of effective immune responses.

Blood vessels

Select the nonspecific host defenses. -third line -second line -all lines -first line

First line Second line

Which of the following apply to the cell shown here? -granulocyte -leukocyte -agranulocyte -stem cell -non-leukocyte

Granulocyte Leukocyte

Which of the following is NOT a main function of inflammation?

Lead to allergic response

Where are cervical lymph nodes located?

Neck

Which of the following are considered gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)? -Peyer's pathces -tonsils -lactating breast -the appendix -small intestine

Peyer's patches the appendix

The enlargement of an individual lymph node may indicate _____.

a localized infection

Major functions of the lymphatic system include ______. -transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide to tissues throughout the body -acting as a drain-off system for the inflammatory response -supporting surveillance through lymphocytes, phagocytes and antibodies -providing a route to return extracellular fluid to the circulatory system -maintaining a constant temperature and regulating fever responses

acting as a drain-off system for the inflammatory response supporting surveillance through lymphocytes, phagocytes and antibodies providing a route to return extracellular fluid to the circulatory system

Which of the following do not apply to the cell shown here? -leukocyte -granulocyte -agranulocyte -non-leukocyte -stem cell

agranulocyte non-leukocyte stem cell

Monocytes and lymphocytes can be described as ______.

agranulocytes

Granulocytes are different from agranulocytes in that ______. -agrnaulocytes have large nuclei -granulocytes are smaller cells -agranulocytes do not have nuclei -granulocytes have dark staining granules

agranulocytes have large nuclei granulocytes have dark staining granules

Which of the following are host products that target infecting microbes? -lymphatic fluid -virulence factors -antimicrobial peptides -PAMPs -complement -interferons

antimicrobial peptides complement interferons

Which of the following processes are components of the second line of defense? -antimicrobial proteins -inflammation -phagocytosis -antibodies -apoptosis -sneezing -fever

antimicrobial proteins inflammation phagocytosis fever

The lymph nodes located in the armpits are called ________ nodes.

axillary

Hematopoiesis is the process by which all ________ cells are formed in bone marrow.

blood

With respect to inflammation, _______ is Latin for pain.

dolor

True or false: Antiviral proteins produced by uninfected cells stimulate virally infected cells to produce interferon.

false

Which of the following is part of the body's second line of defense?

fever

Which lines of host defense are nonspecific? -second line -first line -third line

first line second line

The flow of lymph is ______.

from the extremities to the heart

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are categorized as ______.

granulocytes

The ______ response is a reaction to any traumatic event in the tissues.

inflammatory

Which of the following materials are transported by lymphatic fluid? -cellular debris -normal microbiota -infectious agents -clotting factors -white blood cells -oxygen and CO2

cellular debris infectious agents white blood cells

Lymph nodes are located in the neck are called ________ nodes.

cervical

Identify the three main types of phagocytes. -basophils -dendritic cells -neutrophils -eosinophils -macrophages

dendritic cells neutrophils macrophages

Which of the following are not host products that target infecting microbes? -Interferons -Complement -Virulence factors -PAMPs -Lymphatic fluid -Antimicrobial peptides

Virulence factors PAMPs Lymphatic fluid

Which of the following are not host products that target infecting microbes? -virulence factors -interferons -PAMPs -lymphatic fluid -complement -antimicrobial peptides

Virulence factors PAMPs Lymphatic fluid