Microbiology- Chapter 15
Cluster of differentiation receptors are known by the abbreviated "BLANK receptors."
CD
Proteins protruding from the cell membrane of a variety of cells involved in the immune response are termed ____ molecules. -antigen -lymph -CD -cytokine
CD
Which set of MHC molecules found on macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells is involved in presenting antigens to T cells during immune system reactions?
Class II MHC proteins
BLANK is the ability of certain T cells to kill a specific target cell such as an infected cell or a cancer cell.
Cytotoxicity
A given host cell can express ______. -only receptors involved in nutrient acquisition -only nonreceptor proteins -several types of receptors -only one type of receptor
-several types of receptors
IgM has ________ antigen binding sites.
10
BLANK classes of MHC genes have been identified.
3
MHC class II molecules are found on which of the following host cells? Dendritic cells Erythrocytes B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Macrophages
Dendritic cells B lymphocytes Macrophages
Which of the following is NOT a function of Regulatory T cells? Controlling the inflammatory response Preventing autoimmunity Destruction of virus infected cells Preventing the targeting of normal biota
Destruction of virus infected cells
Haptens include such molecules as ______. Drugs Large proteins Innocuous chemicals Lipopolysaccharides Metals
Drugs Innocuous chemicals Metals
A significant decrease in the number of helper T cells with CD4 receptors is found in patients with ______. autoimmune diseases psoriasis Crohn's disease AIDS
AIDS
BLANK is the abbreviation for the antigen binding fragment of an antibody molecule.
Fabs
True or false: A given host cell can express only one type of receptor.
False
True or false: T cells, but not B cells constantly recirculate in blood and lymphatics.
False
True or false: Vaccines are only indicated for use in infants and children.
False
BLANK is the fragment of an antibody that binds to receptors on the membranes of many different cells.
Fc
Which portion of an antibody binds to receptors on the membranes of many different cells? Fi Fab Fum Fc Fe Fo
Fc
BLANK are molecules that can be seen and identified by the immune system and that may or may not provoke an immune response.
Antigens
Specific immunity is the product of a dual system composed of BLANK and BLANK lymphocytes.
B and T
Which cells carry antigen-specific receptors and are stimulated when antigens bind to those receptors? (select all that apply) NK cells B cells Monocytes T cells Phagocytes Erythrocytes
B cells T cells
A good antigen must meet certain requirements in ______. -foreignness -size -entry portal into host -chemical composition -context as ins the presence of certain cytokines
foreignness size chemical composition context as ins the presence of certain cytokines
A BLANK is an incomplete or partial antigen that must be attached to a carrier to elicit an immune response.
hapten
A(n) ________ is a molecule that cannot stimulate a full immune response without being attached to a larger protein molecule called a carrier.
hapten
AIDS patients are lacking one class of T cells, the _____ cells, and this contributes significantly to the pathology of this disease. regulatory T cells helper T cells cytotoxic T cells memory T cells
helper T cells
The more closely related two individuals are, the BLANK the probability that they will share more MHC class I molecules in common.
higher
T cell maturation is directed by ______. (select all that apply) thylakoid cells antigen presenting cells hormones stromal cells the thymus gland
hormones the thymus gland
A person displays BLANK if they have the ability to react to antigen and form a protective immune response even without previous exposure.
immunocompetence
The ability of the body to recognize and react with multiple foreign substances is _____.
immunocompetence
B cells recognize antigen using their specific B cell receptor, which is the BLANK it will secrete once clonal selection has taken place.
immunoglobulin, or antibody
The use of vaccines has greatly reduced the prevalence and impact of many deadly BLANK diseases.
infectious
When a phagocytic cell encounters pathogens, it ______.
ingests the pathogen
To make up an antibody molecule, which two of the following choices are required? two identical heavy chains two identical light chains two different heavy chains two different light chains two different medium chains two identical medium chains
two identical heavy chains two identical light chains
The basic immunoglobulin molecule is composed of ______ identical heavy chains and ______ identical light chains.
two, two
Immunoglobulins exist as structural and functional classes called ______.
isotypes
A BLANK or BLANK vaccine is one in which the entire pathogen is given but it has been treated in such a way that it can no longer multiply.
killed or inactivated
Mature B and T lymphocytes migrate in and out of BLANK organs
lymphatic
After the development process, mature lymphocytes populate the BLANK BLANK
lymphatic system
The clonal selection theory states that during stem cell differentiation, there are trillions of unique BLANK created, each with it's own unique antigen-specific receptor.
lymphocytes
Adjuvants work by gradually releasing antigen in the tissues which facilitates contact with ______ and ______.
lymphocytes antigen presenting cells
Antigen-presenting cells that both process and present antigenic determinants on their surfaces include B-cells, BLANK, and dendritic cells.
macrophages
One set of genes that codes for human cell receptors and plays a role in recognition of self by the immune system is the BLANK BLANK BLANK (MCH)
major histocompatibility complex
Like B cells, T cells also form BLANK cells which can quickly respond upon secondary exposure to the eliciting antigen.
memory
Mature B cells and T cells ______. -migrate in and out of lymphoid tissues -can only migrate within the lymphatic system -can only migrate in the blood -cannot leave the lymphoid tissues
migrate in and out of lymphoid tissues
In the blood, IgA circulates in the ______ form. dimer monomer
monomer
BLANK BLANK cells are a type of lymphocyte with many similarities to T cells but the big difference is that they are NOT antigen specific.
natural killer
IgM is a BLANK and thus has 10 antigen binding sites.
pentamer
CD8 T cell cytotoxicity involves the secretion of ______. endotoxins and exotoxins polysaccharides and lipids cytokines and hormones perforins and granzymes
perforins and granzymes
Due to hypersensitivity reactions to antibodies from horse serum, antibodies for artificial passive immunity are derived from ______. antibodies from mouse hybridomas pooled human serum from donor blood antibodies from human hybridomas antibodies pooled from human breast milk
pooled human serum from donor blood
An antigen-_______ cell is a cell that ingests and degrades an antigen and subsequently places the antigenic determinant molecules on its surface for recognition by CD4 T lymphocytes.
presenting
Closely related individuals will express MHC profiles that are ______ as compared to unrelated individuals. -less similar -probably greater in similarity -usually identical -always almost identical
probably greater in similarity
Requirements for an effective vaccine include ______. -stimulates a B or a T cell response, but not both -requires a regular booster dose schedule -produces a memory response -has a low level of toxicity or adverse side effects
produces a memory response has a low level of toxicity or adverse side effects
Antigen receptor diversity in lymphocytes is due to ______. -predetermined genetic rearrangement events -inherited, predetermined genes -an unlimited number of genes -random genetic rearrangement events
random genetic rearrangement events
Lymphocyte antigen receptor diversity is due to random genetic BLANK events.
rearrangement
Microbes enter the body most frequently through the BLANK tract or the BLANK track.
respiratory, gastrointestinal
IgA is in dimeric form in mucus and secretions and is often referred to as BLANK IgA.
secretory
Pooled human BLANK from donor blood is now used for immunotherapy.
serum
All lymphocytes arise from a common lymphocyte BLANK cell.
stem
Secretory IgA is NOT found in which of the following fluids? Colostrum Saliva Mucus Sweat Tears
sweat
The overall structure of an antibody is a(n) ______ shape.
symmetrical Y
Secretory IgA coats the surface of mucous membranes and is found in _____. Select all that apply tears mucus sweat saliva
tears mucus saliva
Class BLANK MHC proteins are found on the surfaces of cells that present BLANK to T cells during cooperative immune system reactions.
II and antigens
Complement proteins are encoded by genes in the MHC class BLANK gene complex.
III
The gastrointestinal tract of nursing infants has a protective coating of this immunoglobulin that is contained in colostrum and breast milk. IgD IgE IgM IgA IgG
IgA
Which of the following is NOT a classes of antibodies found in humans? IgM IgD IgG IgE IgA IgB
IgB
The classes of antibodies found in humans are ______.
IgD IgA IgG IgM IgE
BLANK is the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta.
IgG
What type of receptors do B cells utilize to recognize their specific antigen?
Immunoglobulin
The great majority of vaccines are administered by the following routes.
Intradermal injection Subcutaneous injection Intramuscular injection
Which of the following molecules would most likely NOT display the properties of a hapten? Metals Drugs Industrial chemicals Lipopolysaccharides Environmental chemicals Household chemicals
Lipopolysaccharides
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that defines passive immunity? Long-term effectiveness Lack of antibody production to pathogen Lack of memory cells Immediate onset of protection Short-term effectiveness
Long-term effectiveness
Exposing a person to the antigenic components of a microbe without its pathogenic effects for the purpose of inducing a future protective response is called ________.
vaccination
What is the set of genes that encodes human cell receptors that play a role in recognition of self by the immune system called?
MHC
________ can quickly respond upon secondary exposure to the eliciting antigen. Cytotoxic T cells Memory T cells T helper cells
Memory T cells
Which of the following lymphocytes is not antigen specific? T memory Cytotoxic T T helper B memory Natural killer
Natural killer
Which of the following is not a common route of vaccine administration? Intradermal injection Intramuscular injection Subcutaneous injection Orally
Orally
The term BLANK originated from the Latin word for cow because the cowpox virus was used against smallpox as a preparation for active immunization.
vaccination
Which of the following is NOT a requirement that a substance must meet in order to be perceived as an antigen? Nonself Portal of entry Size Context, as in the presence of certain cytokines Chemical composition
Portal of entry
Which of the following are functions of Regulatory T cells? select all that apply Preventing the targeting of normal biota Preventing autoimmunity Fixing complement Preventing the spread of cancer cells Controlling the inflammatory response
Preventing the targeting of normal biota Preventing autoimmunity Controlling the inflammatory response
During development, B and T lymphocytes arise from ______. -variable stem cell types -an undetermined precursor cell -a different stem cell type -the same basic stem cell type
the same basic stem cell type
When considering pathogenic microbes, ______. -there is a vaccine for all pathogens, but some are better than -others -all bacterial pathogens have an effective vaccine -almost all have an effective vaccine -there are many that lack a vaccine
there are many that lack a vaccine
T cell maturation is directed by the BLANK gland and the BLANK that it produces.
thymus, hormones
The use of ______ has greatly reduced the prevalence and impact of many deadly infectious diseases.
vaccines
Cell-mediated immunity is based on the activation of BLANK cells.
T
Cytotoxicity is the ability for this type of lymphocyte to kill specific target cells. T NK B
T
Most B cells must interact with cells that bear receptors for epitopes on the same antigen to become functional. What type of cell would this be? Dendritic Thrombocyte Natural killer T helper Cytotoxic T
T helper
Which of the following cell types does not express MHC class II molecules on its surface? Dendritic cells T lymphocytes Macrophages B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Which of the following cell types does not express MHC class II molecules on its surface? Macrophages B lymphocytes Dendritic cells T lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
In which of the following ways are gamma-delta T cells different from other T cells? They have T cell receptors that recognize a range of antigens. They respond to PAMPs on microbes. They produce memory cells when activated. They are rapidly responsive to phospholipids.
They respond to PAMPs on microbes. They are rapidly responsive to phospholipids.
True or false: After the development process, mature lymphocytes populate the lymphatic organs.
True
True or false: B cells and T cells undergo development and maturation in different locations.
True
A measure of antibody level in a patient's serum is called ________.
titer
The concentration of antibodies in serum is expressed as the BLANK.
titer
An antibody has a symmetrical BLANK shape.
Y
To which of the following does each individual mature B and T cell have the capacity to respond? -a single unique antigen -only bacterial antigens -a broad range of antigens -all antigens it encounters
a single unique antigen
To which of the following does each individual mature B and T cell have the capacity to respond? a broad range of antigens all antigens it encounters a single unique antigen only bacterial antigens
a single unique antigen
In cell-mediated immunity ______. activated T cells respond to antigen activated B cells respond to antigen plasma cells produce antibodies cytotoxic B cells become activated
activated T cells respond to antigen
Activated B cells (plasma cells) secrete immunoglobulins otherwise known as BLANK
antibodies
Plasma cells secrete immunoglobulins called ________. receptors antigens haptens immunogens antibodies
antibodies
Each antibody differs from other antibodies in its BLANK binding groove.
antigen
Each individual mature B and T cell has the capacity to respond to a single, unique BLANK
antigen
What is the term used to describe molecules that can be seen and identified by the immune system but that may or may not provoke an immune response?
antigens
CD molecules are components of the immune response that ______. -act as chemical messengers between different immune cells -are membrane receptors on the surface of immune cells -stimulate the immune system during a viral infection
are membrane receptors on the surface of immune cells
CD molecules are components of the immune response that ______. -stimulate the immune system during a viral infection -are membrane receptors on the surface of immune cells -act as chemical messengers between different immune cells
are membrane receptors on the surface of immune cells
According to the clonal selection theory, there are ______ of lymphocytes generated with unique antigen specific receptors.
trillons
B cell maturation occurs in the BLANK BLANK
bone marrow
Human B cells mature in the ________.
bone marrow
A colony of cells derived from a single cell that share identical characteristics are called a(n) ________.
clone
All cells in a BLANK share identical characteristics.
clone
The multiplication of lymphocytes upon encountering antigen results in production of a BLANK , or group of genetically identical cells.
clone
Upon encountering antigen, lymphocytes undergo differentiation and proliferation resulting in production of a group of genetically identical cells called ________. phagocytes haptens clones memory cells macrophages
clones
CD markers are important in immunity. "CD" stands for ______.
cluster of differentiation
BLANK is a very early thin yellow milk that is rich in secretory antibodies that form a protective coating in the gut of the nursing baby.
colostrum
MHC III genes encode proteins that are involved in the _____. proteolytic system specific immune response complement system clotting system
complement system
The ________ region of an antibody usually has one or more carbohydrate molecules attached to it. constant antigen binding variable
constant
After maturation, B cells and T cells ______. -constantly recirculate through blood and lymphatics -can only circulate through the blood -can no longer circulate -can only circulate through the lymphatics
constantly recirculate through blood and lymphatics
The term vaccination is derived from the Latin word for ______.
cow, because the cowpox virus was used against smallpox
T and B cells undergo the development and maturation process in ______. -the thymus only -the Bursa of fabricus only -the spleen only -different tissues -the bone marrow only
different tissues
In mucus and secretions IgA exists in the ________ form. trimeric tetrameric monomeric pentameric dimeric
dimeric monomeric Reason: IgA exists as a monomer in the blood.
Specific immunity is the product of a ______. -single system of B lymphocytes -single system of phagocytic cells -dual system of B and T lymphocytes -single system of T lymphocytes
dual system of B and T lymphocytes
A BLANK is the molecular fragment of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers an immune response.
epitope
The precise molecular portion of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers an immune response is called a(n) _____.
epitope
Antigens possess determinant groups called BLANK that are recognized by antigen-specific receptors on lymphocytes.
epitopes
Lymphocytes recognize and respond to specific portions of antigen molecules called ________.
epitopes
What is the abbreviation used to represent the antigen binding fragment of an antibody? Fc Heavy chain Light chain Fab
fab
One important characteristic of an antigen is that it be perceived as BLANK , meaning that it is not a normal constituent of the body.
foreign
Large, complex antigens such as whole microbes are ______. -the only antigen preparations used for vaccine production -very effective vaccine immunogens -not used for vaccine production -not very effective vaccine immunogens
very effective vaccine immunogens
Large, complex antigens such as ________ or ________ are very effective immunogens.
whole cells or viruses
