Microbiology Chapter 19

Clostridial diseases are often caused by the release of potent ....?

exotoxins

Which are NOT characteristics of most Mycobacterium species?

extensive capsule, endospore-forming, gram-negative

The major clinical manifestations of tuberculosis include ______ tuberculosis.

extrapulmonary, primary, latent

The signs and symptoms of all three forms of botulism are ______.

flaccid paralysis, double vision, difficulty swallowing

Which poses the highest risk for botulism?

home - processed foods

The tuberculin reaction is read by measuring the ____ that occurs on the skin.

induration

Food-borne botulism is caused by the ingestion of pre-formed botulinum toxin while ____ botulism is caused by ingestion of the C. botulinum spores.

infant

The most common form of botulism in the United States is ...?

infant botulism

Botox

is a medical form of the botulin toxin used therapeutically to target unwanted muscle contractions, which reduces the appearance of facial wrinkles.

Tetanus

is a neuromuscular disease that results in the uncontrolled contraction of skeletal muscles.

Tetanospasmin

is a potent neurotoxin that binds to target sites on spinal neurons that are responsible for inhibiting skeletal muscle contraction.

antitoxin

is a serum globulin that neutralizes a specific toxin.

Fluorescent acid-fast stain

is becoming the method of choice for detecting M. tuberculosis because it provides increased contrast between the microbe and the background.

Botulism

is caused by a species of Clostridium and causes flaccid muscle paralysis.

Tetanus is also known as _______ because it causes uncontrolled contraction of the muscles in the face.

lockjaw

Which are characteristics of most Mycobacterium species?

long, slender rods, resistant to a variety of germicides, acid-fastness, strict aerobes

Treatments for tetanus include all of the following except ______.

muscle stimulants

If a patient shows clinical signs of tetanus, they can be given _______ to counteract the immediate and long-term effects of the tetanus toxin.

post-exposure vaccination, tetanus immune globulin

Which of the following represent characteristics of Mycobacteria?

resistant to acids, resistant to many germicides, resistant to drying, acid-fast

Most endospore-forming bacteria are also ______.

rod-shaped, motile, gram-positive

Acid-fast staining of ____ or other specimens can be conducted to verify positive skin tests or chest X-rays in the diagnosis of TB.

sputum

Babies are susceptible to infant botulism because ______.

their intestinal tract is immature

The vaccination for tetanus consists of _____.

toxoid

Pulmonary TB is indicated when ____ are seen on a chest T-ray.

tubercles

The substance used in the skin tests for TB infection is known as

tuberculin

Compared to other bacteria, the growth rate of the genus Mycobacterium is fairly slow ranging from ______ per generation.

two hours to several days

Most cases of tetanus enter the body through _____.

umbilical stumps, accidental puncture, wounds, crushed body parts, burns, frostbite

Treatment for TB requires drug therapy for...?

6-24 months

Untreated secondary tuberculosis has a _______% mortality rate. Multiple choice question.

60%

Which of the following apply to Tuberculosis?

About five to ten percent of those infected develop TB disease. Humans are easily infected. Approximately one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

What is used to subdivide the gram-positive bacilli into three general groups?

Acid-fast staining properties, presence of endospores

Most endospore-forming bacteria are members of which two genera?

Bacillus, Clostridium

Which of the following are NOT symptoms of reactivated TB?

Clear sputum, Weight gain, Nausea/vomiting, High fever

Which are not signs and symptoms of tetanus?

Double vision, Flaccid paralysis

Tetanus usually results in permanent damage to the muscles.

False

Which of the following represent the two major categories of clostridial disease?

Food intoxications, Wound/tissue infections

Which of the following are events in the pathogenesis of botulinum food poisoning?

Ingested toxin enters small intestine, Absorption of toxin into lymphatics and circulation, Arrival of toxin at neuromuscular junction

Infant botulism usually presents with which of the following signs/symptoms?

Loss of muscle tone, Weak suckling, Respiratory issues, Flaccid paralysis

Which are the main signs and symptoms of tetanus?

Respiratory muscle paralysis, Clenching of the jaw, Spastic paralysis

Why does improper food processing often lead to food-borne botulism?

The spores are highly resistant to heat, The spores thrive in the anaerobic conditions of canned foods.

The granulomatous lung lesion seen in TB that can serve as a focus for latent infection is called a

Tubercle

Which of the following are reasons why a false positive TB skin test may occur?

Vaccination with BCG vaccine, Infection with another species of Mycobacterium

The botulinum toxin prevents the release of ________ at the neuromuscular junction, thus preventing muscle contraction.

acetylcholine

Mycobacteria are ______.

acid fast

tb test

also known as the Mantoux test, is a valuable diagnostic tool used for TB that involves the injection of a M. tuberculosis protein into the dermis and observation for the visual sign of a cell-mediated response.

The signs and symptoms of reactivated TB include ______.

anorexia, violent coughing, low-grade fever, night sweats, bloody/green sputum, chest pain, fatigue, weight loss

Botulism may be treated with ______.

antitoxin therapy, cardiac support care, respiratory support care

Which of the following are pathogens belonging to the genus Clostridium?

botulinum, perfringens, difficile

Tuberculosis in normal, untreated cases ______.

can persist for a lifetime, will have alternating periods of illness and health, progresses slowly

Necrotic areas within the centers of tubercles that resemble cheese or curds and that heal by calcification are called

caseous lesions

Which of the following describe the characteristics of Clostridium?

catalase-negative, rods, gram-positive

In infected tissue, Mycobacterium tuberculosis appears as a grouping of massed filaments called ____ that are red in color due to _____-fast staining.

cords and acid

Tuberculosis is transmitted primarily through ____ of respiratory mucus.

droplets