Microbiology - Chapter 22

Most forms of periodontal disease result from colonization by which of the following?

Bacteria

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Traveler's Diarrhea?

Blood stools

Which of the following conditions permit the survival of Ascaris eggs?

Chemical disinfectants, Cold temperature, Warm, moist soil

Which of the following causes pseudomembranous colitis?

Clostridioides difficile

Which of the following organisms produce exotoxins that can cause food poisoning?

Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus

Which of the following is the major cause of acute diarrhea in the US?

Contaminated food

Which of the following is the most common infectious disease of humans?

Dental caries

Which of the following are characteristics of Opisthorchis sinensis and Clonorchis sinensis?

Develop in fish or crustaceans, Snails involved in life cycle, Complete life cycle in intestines

What is the term for loose watery stool containing blood and/or mucus?

Dysentery

__ is the proper term for a diarrheal illness in which stools contain blood and/or mucus.

Dysentery

Which of the following is the best prevention of STEC in humans?

Eat only well cooked hamburger

Dental caries is a gradual decay of the tooth's __ that can lead to deeper, more serious infection.

Enamel

________ E. coli is a cause of chronic diarrhea in young children and AIDS patients.

Enteroaggregative

E. coli causes damage to the host by invading the intestinal (gut) tissues and producing a destructive protein.

Enteroinvasive

Which type of E. coli invades the intestinal (gut) tissues and produces a protein capable of destroying this host tissue?

Enteroinvasive

What type of toxin specifically targets intestinal mucous membrane cells?

Enterotoxin

Which of the following is not considered to be normal microbiota of the oral cavity?

Escherichia

True or false: The best prevention of shigellosis is the use of a vaccine.

False

True or false: Animal products are rarely contaminated with Salmonella before they reach the grocery store.

False, Reason: Processes such as slaughter, collection, and processing can easily contaminate animal products

In the technique of ___ ___, feces from a healthy person is transfered to the colon of a patient suffering from pseudomembranous colitis.

Fecal transplant

In a fecal transplant, which of the following from a healthy person is transplanted to the patient?

Feces

What statement accurately describes EPEC infections?

Fever and vomiting are common with these infections.

What is the recommended treatment for infections with ETEC, EIEC, and EPEC?

Fluid replacement

Which of the following farm products that may become contaminated by cattle feces is most likely to serve as a source of shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)?

Fruits and vegetables that are consumed raw

Campylobacter is found as part of the normal microbiota of which three areas?

Genitourinary tract, Oral cavity, Intestinal tract

___ beef, especially if undercooked, is more dangerous than steaks or other cuts of beef in the transmission of STEC.

Ground

Which is an viral inflammatory disease of the liver that is characterized by necrosis of hepatocytes and a disruption in liver structure?

Hepatitis

To which of the following conditions are Ascaris eggs sensitive?

High temperature, Sunlight, Desiccation

The damage that results from a helminth infection is very often the result of which of the following?

Host responses to pathogen invasion

A food ___ involves the ingestion of a preformed food-borne toxin, rather than an infection.

Intoxication

Which of the following are non-microbial forms of chronic diarrhea?

Irritable bowel syndrome, Ulcerative colitis

Which of the following is true of the shiga toxin?

It causes serious damage to the large intestine, It is heat-labile

Which of the following statements accurately reflects characteristics of E. coli O157:H7?

It is commonly referred to as STEC.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the salmonellae?

Killed by freezing temperatures

Shigella invades cells of which organ(s)?

Large intestine

Which of the following conditions, when presented together, are indicative of schistosomiasis?

Liver swelling or malfunction, Eosinophilia

Binding of the cholera toxin to specific intestinal cell receptors triggers which of the following?

Loss of water and electrolytes

Which of the following are lost from the gut epithelium bu effacement during STEC infection?

Microvilli

Which of the following are typical symptoms of a norovirus infection?

Mild fever, 3-5 days of watery diarrhea, Sever vomiting

Campylobacter is a food-borne pathogen, often transmitted in which contaminated food product?

Milk, Chicken, Meat

Which of the following are characteristics of Traveler's diarrhea?

Nausea, Watery diarrhea, Fever, Vomiting

Trichinosis is caused by which type of organism?

Nematode

Which of the following is the spread of swelling and loss of contour of the gingiva into the peridontal membrane and cementum?

Periodontitis

What are the soft tissues and bones that surround the teeth called?

Periodontium

Which of the following is not a likely outcome of a mumps infection in a young adult male?

Permanent sterility

What is the common name of Enterobius vermicularis?

Pinworm

Some cases of Salmonella are due to which of the following?

Poor sanitation

Which of the following is a very common host of Salmonella?

Poultry

Which of the following are properties of the salmonellae?

Produce hydrogen, sulfide, Motile, Ferment glucose

Salmonella bacteria are normal intestinal biota in which animals?

Reptiles, Rodents, Cattle

Which of the following are characteristics of Shigella?

Rod, Gram-negative, Non-motile

Which are characteristics of Clostridioides difficile?

Rod, Gram-positive, Endospore former

Which of the following descriptors apply to Campylobacter?

S-shaped pairs of cells, Microaerophile

Adult tapeworms have a structure called a(n) that has hooklets and suckers for attachment to the intestines.

Scolex

What is the name of the adult tapeworm structure that is used for attachment to the intestines?

Scolex

Much of the virulence of STEC is due to the production of which of the following?

Shiga toxin

Which of the following bacteria are typically found in the GI tract?

Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus

Identify the three types of helminths.

Tapeworms, Roundworms, Flukes

Which of the following are major routes of transmission of shigellosis?

Transmitted person-to-person, Transmitted orally

Which of the following is a non-microbial form of chronic diarrhea?

Ulcerative colitis

The effect of cholera toxin binding to specific receptors on intestinal cells is the loss of which of the following?

Water, Electrolytes

Most forms of periodontal disease result from ___ colonization and the resultant ___ from gingival damage.

bacterial, inflammation

The most common mode of transmission of STEC is ingestion of contaminated and undercooked what?

beef

Hepatitis is an inflammation and necrosis of the liver that often interferes with the liver's excretion of ___ pigments such as bilirubin.

bile

EAEC causes ___ diarrhea in young children and AIDS patients.

chronic

__ is the antibiotic recommended for the prompt treatment of shigellosis.

ciprofloxacin

Which of the following age groups are most likely to develop HUS from E. coli STEC?

elderly, under age 5

strains of E. coli cause profuse, watery diarrhea and do not produce a shiga toxin.

enteropathogenic

__ is a bacterial toxin that specifically targets intestinal mucous membrane cells.

enterotoxin

In about 25% of cases of mumps in young adult males, the infection localizes in the and testes.

epididymis

The GI tract has eight sections that include (in order) the mouth, pharynx, ___, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, ___, and anus.

esophagus, rectum

The recommended treatment for infants with infections with ETEC, EIEC, and EPEC is ___, as this condition is life-threatening.

fluid replacement

STEC infection results in effacement of enterocytes, _______. The net effect is a gut lesion in the large intestine that produces bloody diarrhea.

gut epithelial cells

Prevention of STEC involves not eating raw or even rare .

hamburger or beef

Escherichia coli infections may lead to syndrome, a severe anemia leading to kidney damage or failure.

hemolytic uremic

Identify two common food sources of Salmonella.

milk, eggs

Helminths have specialized for adherence to tissues and for feeding.

mouthparts or mouths

Shigella bacteria are ________ for urease and hydrogen sulfide gas production.

negative

The three types of helminths are trematodes, cestodes, and ___.

nematodes

The usual route of shigellosis is the ___ route.

oral

The extension of gingivitis into the periodontal membrane and cementum is called .

periodontitis

Shigella enters the intestinal mucosa by means of lymphoid cells in patches.

peyer's

List the sections of the GI tract in order from the mouth to the anus.

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum

Threadworm is another name for ___.

pinworm

Humans may acquire Trichinella when eating raw or rare dishes of which of the following?

pork

Campylobacter is ___ to heating temperatures during the cooking process.

resistant

A person may be afflicted with a disease called when eosinophilia accompanies liver swelling or malfunction.

schistosomiasis

E. coli O157:H7 owes much of its virulence to the ___ toxin it produces.

shiga

The ___ toxin is the heat-labile exotoxin produced by Shigella that causes the most serious damage to the intestine.

shiga

E. coli O157:H7 is a highly virulent - -producing strain of this bacterium that causes gastrointestinal disease.

shiga toxin

Duodenal ulcers are lesions in the uppermost portion of the .

small intestine

Gastric ulcers are lesions in the mucosa of the __.

stomach

Food poisoning refers to symptoms in the gut that are caused by a preformed of some sort.

toxin or exotoxin

Inherent risks for salmonellosis are involved with eating poorly cooked chicken or ____ fresh or dried milk or dairy products.

unpasteurized

What is the hard structure of teeth called?

- Dentition

If the symptoms of food poisoning are violent and the incubation period is short, ________ rather than ________ should be suspected.

- intoxication, infection

Approximately how many norovirus particles are needed for infection?

1-20

Approximately what fraction of acute diarrhea cases in the US is transmitted by contaminated food?

1/3

Farm products that may become contaminated by cattle feces and are the most likely to be involved in the transmission of shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) include which of the following?

Apples, Vegetables