Microbiology Chapter 3

Gram stain procedure, starting with the first at the top

Crystal violet Gram's iodine Alcohol Safranin

Components of cell envelope, outside to inside

Glycocalyx Outer membrane cell wall cytoplasmic membrane

Which two structures are possessed by the majority of but not all bacteria?

Glycocalyx, and cell wall

What does selectively permeable mean?

allows the passage of some materials, but not all materials move through freely

Plasmids typically carry ______ genes.

antibiotic resistance ; nonessential

What acts as a selective barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell?

cell membrane

The two main components of the cell envelope in the most bacteria are the

cell wall and the cell membrane

The prefix "strepto-" is used to indicate that the cells are arranged in

chains

During _____, bacterial cells move by flagellar motion in response to chemical signals

chemotaxis

The internal gelatinous matrix of a cell, mostly composed of water, is referred to as _________.

cytoplasm

The prefix "_____" means "in pairs"

diplo

______ possess DNA enclosed in a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles whereas________ and archaea are prokaryotes and therefore do not encase their DNA or organelles in a membrane.

eukaryotes, bacteria

which appendage provides the ability to attach to surfaces and other cells?

fimbriae

The basal body, hook, and filament are components of _______ in bacteria.

flagella

Which appendages provide motility?

flagellum and axial filaments

The _____ is a polysaccharide protective coating outside of the bacterial cell wall that is called either a capsule or slime layer based on its structure.

glycocalyx

The colonization of non living materials like catheters, intrauterine devices, and metal pacemakers is the result of which bacterial structure?

glycocalyx

The _____ stain technique allows a microbiologist to differentiate bacteria based on their cell wall composition/structure

gram

A type of extremophile, ______ are able to flourish at high temperatures such as those found in thermal heat vents and volcanic waters.

hyperthermophiles

An averaged-sized bacterial coccus cell is about one _______ (use full term, not abbreviation) in diameter

micrometer

An averaged-sized bacterium is about one

micrometer

The ability of a cell to move or self-propel through an aqueous environment is known as _____.

motility

Nanotubes or nanowires are long extensions of the cytoplasmic membrane that bacteria use as channels to transfer_____

nutrients or electrons

The phospholipid barrier surrounding the peptidoglycan later in gram-negative is called the _______ membrane

outer

The phospholipid barrier surrounding the peptidoglycan layer in gram-negative bacteria is called the _____ membrane

outer

The phospholipid barrier surrounding the peptidoglycan layer in gram-negative is called the ______ membrane

outer

Only gram-negative bacterial possess a(n)

outer membrane

Cells oriented in a _____ arrangement result from having a hinge region between cells so that the cells fold back on each other

palisades

The cell wall in bacteria is primarily composed of

peptidoglycan

Streptococci in the mouth can produce a surface that permits attachment to teeth and results in the formation of

plaque

Which term means that a cell can have various shapes?

plemorphic

Because endospores are resistant to ordinary methods of cleaning and food preparation, food must be exposed to _______ to ensure sterility.

pressurized steam

What is found in ribosomes?

protein and RNA

2 macromolecules that are major components of cell membrane?

proteins and lipids

Refrigerators are excellent environments to encourage the growth of _____, a group of bacteria that loves cold temperature.

psychrophilic

The site of protein synthesis, composed of RNA and protein is termed a

ribosome

Which cellular structure is responsible for synthesizing protein?

ribosomes

Which structures are possessed by all bacteria?

ribosomes, cell membrane, chromosomes

A cellular arrangement in which cells form a cubical package of 8 or 16 cells is termed

sarcina

bacteria function as organisms comprised of

single cells

which describes cocci in irregular clusters?

staphylococci

Cocci that associate in chains are referred to as

streptococci

What is the primary function of endospores?

survival

Which structure accounts for the different results of the Gram stain?

the cell wall

What makes bacteria and archaea different from eukaryotes?

they lack a nucleus

Bacteria that are spatially close to one another may be able to communicate via which two of the following methods?

via nanowires, and chemically

Functions of the cell wall include

-maintaining the shape of the bacterium -preventing destruction with changes in osmotic pressure