Microbiology Chapter 6

in out of energy

Endergonic

a molecule (usually a protein) that functions as a biological catalyst, speeding up the conversion

Enzyeme

Energy is released

Exergonic

T or F, The metabolism of photosynthetic organisms and chemoorganotrophs involves production of energy?

False

the series of chemical reactions that coverts a starting compound to an end product

Metabolic pathway

Consider a cell converting glucose into CO2 and water with the release of energy. this is an example of what type of metabolism, and the reactions themselves are considered to be what?

catabolism exergonic

Consider the effect of temperature on enzyme activity. If the temperature is to high proteins will ______ and no longer function.

denature

NAD+/NADH

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADP/NADPH

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

the mechanism by which cellular respiration uses the reducing power generated in glycolysis, the transition step, and the TCA cycle to synthesize ATP is called ______.

oxidative phosphorylation

Each type of the major electron carriers is referred to as two different abbreviations (NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, and FAD/FADH2). the first refers to the ______ form and the second refers to the _______ form.

oxidized reduced

serve as carbon skeletons from which subunits of macromolecules can be made

precursor metabolites

oxidation reduction reactions

redox reactions

reduced electron cariers

reducing power

Cellular _____ is the process that transfers electrons extracted from glucose via the central metabolic pathways to the electron transport chain, where they are used to generate a proton motive force that can be harvested to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.

respiration

the one that ultimately accepts electrons

terminal electron acceptor

Free energy is best defined as:

the energy available to do work.

Metabolism is best defined as?

the sum total of all chemical reactions in a cell

Certain intermediates of catabolic pathways, called precursor metabolites, are important becuase:

they serve as the skeleton

The step that links glycolysis to the TCA cycle is called the _________ step.

transition

One type of metabolism, _____, involves the breakdown of compounds to release energy, whereas another type of metabolism, _______, involves the biosynthesis of macromolecules, using ATP for energy.

- catabolism - anabolism

which of the following are true statements about what happens to glucose inside a cell:

- glucose can be used in catabolism to yield energy, or the precursor metabolites generated from its breakdown can be used in anabolism. - some glucose might be oxidized to CO2, generating the maximum amount of ATP. - some glucose might enter glycolosis, only to be shipped of as a precursor metabolite for biosynthesis.

obtain energy by degrading organic compounds

Chemoorganotrophs

central metabolic pathways

1- Glycolysis 2- Pentose phosphate pathway 3- Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle)

the main energy of cells is ______.

ATP

the energy it takes to start a reaction

Activation energy

The main energy currency of cells

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The set of chemical that degrade compounds, releasing their energy

Catabolism

The sum total of all chemical reactions in a cell is called _____.

Metabolism

The sum total of chemical reaction in a cell

Metabolism

uses the sun's radiant energy and an electron transport chain to create a proton motive force.

Photophosphorylation

Harvest the energy of sunlight

Photosynthetic

the form of energy that results from the electrochemical gradient established by the electron transport chain

Proton motive force

What are the two fundamental tasks that a cell must accomplish to grow?

Synthesize new parts and harvest energy to power reactions.

T or F, the change in free energy for a given reaction is the same regardless of the number of steps involved.

True

The set of chemical reactions that synthesize and assemble the sub-units of macromolecules

anabolism

A chemical reaction that requires an input of energy in order to proceed is termed ________, whereas one that releases energy is called ________.

endergonic ecergonic

the chemical that serves as the electron donor

energy source

in _______, cells breakdown glucose via glycolysis and then use pyruvate or a derivative as a terminal electron acceptor.

fermintation

FAD/FADH2

flavin adenine dinucleotide

The central metabolic pathway that splits glucose and gradually oxidizes it to form two molecules of pyruvate is ______.

glycolysis

Energy is the capacity to do work, and can exist as ______ energy and _______ energy.

kinetic potential

An atom that has a lower affinity (attraction) for electrons than another is described ________ than the other.

less elecrtonegative