Microbiology Chapter 8

True

(T/F)All organisms that use aerobic cellular respiration have cytochrome oxidase.

D.phosphorus

The biogeochemical cycle of which of the following elements is based on changes in solubility rather than redox chemistry? A. carbon ​B. sulfur ​C. nitrogen ​D. phosphorus

B.CO2

Which fermentation product is important for making bread rise? ​A. ethanol ​B. CO2 ​C. lactic acid ​​D. hydrogen gas

False

(T/F)Glycolysis requires oxygen or another inorganic final electron acceptor to proceed.

False

(T/F)Photosynthesis always results in the formation of oxygen.

True

(T/F)There are many naturally occurring microbes that have the ability to degrade several of the compounds found in oil.

C.extracellular protease

Caseinase is which type of enzyme? ​A. phospholipase ​B. lipase ​C. extracellular protease ​​D. intracellular protease

Glycolysis

Fermenting organisms make ATP through the process of ________.

Ribulose bisphosphate carbonxylase (RuBisCO)

The enzyme responsible for CO2 fixation during the Calvin cycle is called ________.

Bioremediation

The use of microbes to remove pollutants from a contaminated system is called ______________.

C. the substrate

To which of the following does a competitive inhibitor most structurally resemble? ​A. the active site ​B. the allosteric site ​C. the substrate ​​D. a coenzyme

Bothextensively used in energy extraction from sugars during catabolism in chemoheterotrophs

What is the function of molecules like NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2 in cells?

the two-carbon acetyl wouldnt be transferred to the Krebs cycle=not able to perform Krebs cycle/not form enough ATP

What would be the consequences to a cell of having a mutation that knocks out coenzyme A synthesis?

-Specific types of microbes may be distinguished by their fermentation pathways and products -Microbes also be differentiated according to the substrates they are able to ferment

How can fermentation be used to differentiate various types of microbes?

It's relaxes nitrogen into the environment by the use of artificial fertilizers- runoff into lakes rivers streams

How can human activity lead to eutrophication?

Oxidative phosphorylation is where most ATO is generated and occurs during CELLULAR RESPIRATION

How does oxidative phosphorylation differ from substrate-level phosphorylation?

The ETS is embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes and the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes

How does the location of ATP synthase differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Where do protons accumulate as a result of the ETS in each cell type?

Oxidation reactions: remove electrons from donor molecules/leaving them oxidized Reduction reactions: add electrons to acceptor molecules, leaving them reduced BECAUSE electrons can move from one molecule to another oxidation and reduction occur in tandem=redox reactions

In cells, can an oxidation reaction happen in the absence of a reduction reaction? Explain.

B-oxidation

The process by which two-carbon units are sequentially removed from fatty acids, producing acetyl-CoA, FADH2, and NADH is called ________.

Chlorophylls; carotenoids

The types of pigment molecules found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are ________ and ________.

1 of 2 mechanisms for producing ATP: phosphate group is removed from an organic molecule &a directly transferred to availed ATP molecule It occurs during energy payoff phase

What is substrate-level phosphorylation? When does it occur during the breakdown of glucose to CO2?

Function: molecules used to absorb solar energy -transfers the energy to the reaction center

What is the function of photosynthetic pigments in the light-harvesting complex?

All catabolic pathways for about all molecules eventually connect into glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

What is the general strategy used by microbes for the degradation of macromolecules?

The energy of the proton motive can be harnessed by allowing hydrogen ions to diffuse back through the membrane= chemiosmosis (Chemiosmosis: source of the energy used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation)

What is the relationship between chemiosmosis and the proton motive force?

B.NADPH and ATP

Which are two products of the light-dependent reactions are ________. ​A. glucose and NADPH ​B. NADPH and ATP ​C. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and CO2 ​​D. glucose and oxygen

D.the cytoplasmic membrane

Which is the location of electron transports systems in prokaryotes? ​A. the outer mitochondrial membrane ​B. the cytoplasm ​C. the inner mitochondrial membrane ​​D. the cytoplasmic membrane

C.the proton motive force

Which is the source of the energy used to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation? ​A. oxygen ​B. high-energy phosphate bonds ​C. the proton motive force ​​D. Pi

C.pyruvate

Which molecule typically serves as the final electron acceptor during fermentation? ​A. oxygen ​B. NAD+ ​C. pyruvate ​​D. CO2

B. coenzymes

Which of the following are organic molecules that help enzymes work correctly? ​A. cofactors ​B. coenzymes ​C. holoenzymes ​​D. apoenzymes

D.NADPH formation

Which of the following does not occur during cyclic photophosphorylation in cyanobacteria? ​A. electron transport through an ETS ​B. photosystem I use ​C. ATP synthesis ​​D. NADPH formation

A.chemoautotroph

Which of the following is an organism that obtains its energy from the transfer of electrons originating from chemical compounds and its carbon from an inorganic source? ​A. chemoautotroph ​B. chemoheterotroph ​C. photoheterotroph ​​D. photoautotroph

B.pyruvate

Which of the following is not a commercially important fermentation product? ​A. ethanol ​B. pyruvate ​C. butanol ​​D. penicillin

C. Calvin cycle

Which of the following is not a name for the cycle resulting in the conversion of a two-carbon acetyl to one ATP, two CO2, one FADH2, and three NADH molecules? A. Krebs cycle ​B. tricarboxylic acid cycle ​C. Calvin cycle ​​D. citric acid cycle

B.ATP synthase

Which of the following is not an electron carrier within an electron transport system? ​A. flavoprotein ​B. ATP synthase ​C. ubiquinone ​​D. cytochrome oxidase

A.removal of fatty acids

Which of the following is the first step in triglyceride degradation? A. removal of fatty acids ​B. β-oxidation ​C. breakage of fused rings ​​D. formation of smaller peptides

C.methanogens

Which of the following is the group of archaea that can use CO2 as their final electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration, producing CH4? ​A. methylotrophs ​B. methanotrophs ​C. methanogens ​​D. anoxygenic photosynthesizers

D. to make NAD+

Which of the following is the purpose of fermentation? ​A. to make ATP ​B. to make carbon molecule intermediates for anabolism ​C. to make NADH ​​D. to make NAD+

A.glucose

Which of the following molecules is not produced during the breakdown of phospholipids? ​A. glucose ​B. glycerol ​C. acetyl groups ​​D. fatty acids

D.NADPH

Which of the following molecules is reduced? ​A. NAD+ ​B. FAD ​C. O2 ​​D. NADPH

A.nitrogen fixation

Which of the following processes is not involved in the conversion of organic nitrogen to nitrogen gas? A. nitrogen fixation ​B. ammonification ​C. nitrification ​D. denitrification

C.anaerobic respiration

Which of the following processes produces hydrogen sulfide? ​A. anoxygenic photosynthesis ​B. oxygenic photosynthesis ​C. anaerobic respiration ​D. chemoautrophy

B.pyruvate

Which of the following products is made during Embden-Meyerhof glycolysis? ​A. NAD+ ​B. pyruvate ​C. CO2 ​​D. two-carbon acetyl

-lacks sufficient amount of any appropriate, inorganic, FEA to carry out cellular respiration. -lacks genes to make appropriate complexes& electron carriers in the electron transport system. -lacks genes to make 1 or more enzymes in Krebs cycle

Why are some microbes, including Streptococcus spp., unable to perform aerobic respiration, even in the presence of oxygen?

Important becuase it can be used in synthesizing wide variety of cellular molecules like: amino acids, fatty acids, chlorophylls and nucleotides/ making it both anabolic and catabolic

Why is the Krebs cycle important in both catabolism and anabolism?

They do not fix carbon for heterotrophs but use it for their own metabolic needs

Why must autotrophic organisms also respire or ferment in addition to fixing CO2?

If the cells need for APT is significantly greater than it's need for NADPH

Why would an organism perform cyclic phosphorylation instead of noncyclic phosphorylation?

Skim milk agar

________ is a type of medium used to detect the production of an extracellular protease called caseinase.

Heterolactic fermentation

________ results in the production of a mixture of fermentation products, including lactic acid, ethanol and/or acetic acid, and CO2.

False

(T/F)Competitive inhibitors bind to allosteric sites.

D.it lacks a cytochrome oxidase for passing electrons to oxygen

A cell might perform anaerobic respiration for which of the following reasons? ​A. It lacks glucose for degradation. ​B. It lacks the transition reaction to convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. ​C. It lacks Krebs cycle enzymes for processing acetyl-CoA to CO2. ​​D. It lacks a cytochrome oxidase for passing electrons to oxygen.

Degrading lipids and proteins: catabolic pathways for all of these molecules eventually connect into glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

How are the products of lipid and protein degradation connected to glucose metabolism pathways?

No because they aren't able to get the full amount of ATP out of the krebs cycle

Do you think that β-oxidation can occur in an organism incapable of cellular respiration? Why or why not?

D.FADH2

During the catabolism of glucose, which of the following is produced only in the Krebs cycle? ​A. ATP ​B. NADH ​C. NADPH ​​D. FADH2

B.a reaction center pigment molecule

During the light-dependent reactions, which molecule loses an electron? ​A. a light-harvesting pigment molecule ​B. a reaction center pigment molecule ​C. NADPH ​​D. 3-phosphoglycerate

B. Transition reaction

During which of the following is ATP not made by substrate-level phosphorylation? ​A. Embden-Meyerhof pathway ​B. Transition reaction ​C. Krebs cycle ​​D. Entner-Doudoroff pathway

B. reducing the activation energy

Enzymes work by which of the following? ​A. increasing the activation energy ​B. reducing the activation energy ​C. making exergonic reactions endergonic ​​D. making endergonic reactions exergonic

Rhizobium bacteria use nitrogen fixation: live symbiotically in the root nodules of legumes (such as beans, peanuts, and peas), providing them with needed organic nitrogen while receiving fixed carbon as sugar in exchange

In considering the symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium species and their plant hosts, what metabolic activity does each organism perform that benefits the other member of the pair?

A.to the outside of the plasma membrane

In prokaryotes, in which direction are hydrogen ions pumped by the electron transport system of photosynthetic membranes? ​A. to the outside of the plasma membrane ​B. to the inside (cytoplasm) of the cell ​C. to the stroma ​​D. to the intermembrane space of the chloroplast

A. As electrons are transferred through an ETS, H+ is pumped out of the cell.

In prokaryotes, which of the following is true? ​A. As electrons are transferred through an ETS, H+ is pumped out of the cell. ​B. As electrons are transferred through an ETS, H+ is pumped into the cell. ​C. As protons are transferred through an ETS, electrons are pumped out of the cell. ​​D. As protons are transferred through an ETS, electrons are pumped into the cell.

Yes because light independent reactions drive the energetically unfavorable process of "fixing" inorganic CO2 in an organic form, sugar

Is life dependent on the carbon fixation that occurs during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis? Explain.

Embden-Meyerhof

Most commonly, glycolysis occurs by the ________ pathway.

Active site

The part of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the ________.

ATP synthase

The passage of hydrogen ions through ________ down their electrochemical gradient harnesses the energy needed for ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation.

2; 1; 3; 1

Per turn of the Krebs cycle, one acetyl is oxidized, forming ____ CO2, ____ ATP, ____ NADH, and ____ FADH2 molecules.

Anabolic

Processes in which cellular energy is used to make complex molecules from simpler ones are described as ________.

ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

The NADH and FADH2 produced during β-oxidation are used to make ________.

Aerobic: when O2 is the final electron except/ glycolysis,krebs cycle, electron transport and chemiosmosis=ATP Anaerobic: when inorganic molecules are the final electron acceptor/glycolysis,krebs cycle, electron transport and chemiosmosis=ATP Fermentation: when organics(usually pyruvate) is final electron acceptor/ glycolysis, fermentation=ATP

The bacterium E. coli is capable of performing aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation. When would it perform each process and why? How is ATP made in each case?

Cyctochrome oxidase

The final ETS complex used in aerobic respiration that transfers energy-depleted electrons to oxygen to form H2O is called ________.

Oxidation

The loss of an electron from a molecule is called ________.

Yeast (saccharomyces cereuisiae)

The microbe responsible for ethanol fermentation for the purpose of producing alcoholic beverages is ________.

Carbon dioxide

The molecule central to the carbon cycle that is exchanged within and between ecosystems, being produced by heterotrophs and used by autotrophs, is ________________.