Microbiology Exam 2
A reaction is at ___________ when the rates in both directions are equal and no further net change occurs.
equilibrium
True or false: Enrichment cultures are pure cultures.
false
Apoenzyme + cofactor = ___________.
holoenzyme
Microbes that grow at temperatures above 85°C are called ______. mesophiles psychrophiles psychrotrophs hyperthermophiles
hyperthermophiles
Microbes that grow at temperatures between 85 and 113°C are called __________________.
hyperthermophiles
Chlorine may be applied as chlorine gas, bleach, or calcium hypochlorite, but in all cases, the active chemical is HOCl, known as ____________ acid.
hypochlorous
Cells are likely to burst when placed in a _________________ solution.
hypotonic
If the environment has a lower solute concentration than the interior of the cell, the environment is ______. hypertonic isotonic hypotonic
hypotonic
The electron transport chain of eukaryotes is located ______. in the cell membrane in the outer membrane of the mitochondria in the nucleus in the inner mitochondrial membrane
in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Typical reversible covalent modifications to regulatory enzymes include the addition or removal of a(n) ______. (choose all that apply) methyl group coenzyme adenylyl group phosphoryl group
methyl group adenylyl group phosphoryl group
Microbes that are damaged by atmospheric levels of oxygen but still require oxygen are called _______________.
microaerophiles
Microbes that are damaged by atmospheric levels of oxygen but still require oxygen are called ___________________.
microaerophiles
Which two of the following terms describe the effects of sterilizing gases on microbial cells? microbicidal sporicidal microbistatic fungistatic
microbicidal sporicidal
Amino acids, sugars, and fatty acids are ___________________ that are used to construct polymeric biological macromolecules.
monomers
Microbes that can not grow in the presence of oxygen are called ____________________ anaerobes.
obligate
Microbes that cannot grow without oxygen are called _______________ aerobes.
obligate
Microbes that can not grow without oxygen are called ______. obligate anaerobes obligate aerobes aerotolerant anaerobes facultative anaerobes
obligate aerobes
Microbes that can not grow in the presence of oxygen are called _______. facultative anaerobes obligate anaerobes aerobes aerotolerant anaerobes
obligate anaerobes
Habitats that are low in nutrients are called ______________ environments.
ogliotrophic
Environments that are low in nutrients are ______. oligotrophic piezophilic eutrophic heterotrophic
oligotrophic
Antisepsis is the process of controlling microbial growth ______. on living tissue on inanimate objects
on living tissue
Microbes that are adapted for growth in extremely hypertonic environments are termed __________________.
osmophiles
For a control treatment to be effective, the _____ of a microbe presents a permeability barrier that must be overcome. presence of pili outer layer periplasm plasma membrane
outer layer
In the microbiology laboratory, the inoculating loop is sterilized by holding it in the flame of a burner until it glows red hot. This is example of sterilization by _____. autoclaving oxidation radiation
oxidation
Hydrogen and electrons are eventually deposited onto ______ at the end of the electron transport chain. glucose nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide
oxygen
How is the phenol coefficient of a disinfectant interpreted? A disinfectant with a phenol coefficient >1 means that the disinfectant is more potent than phenol. A disinfectant with a phenol coefficient <1 means that the disinfectant is more potent than phenol.
A disinfectant with a phenol coefficient >1 means that the disinfectant is more potent than phenol.
Which of the following statements is correct about the use of antiseptics? A good antiseptic will kill all organisms on the skin. A good antiseptic will reduce the number of pathogens on human tissue. A good antiseptic will sting a little. A good antiseptic will increase the frequency of antibiotic resistance.
A good antiseptic will reduce the number of pathogens on human tissue.
Which two of the following conditions lead to a cell experiencing growth arrest? Shifting from one carbon source to another Decrease in temperature to its minimum Infection by a temperate bacteriophage Chemotaxis towards a new carbon source Metabolizing all available nitrogen
Decrease in temperature to its minimum Metabolizing all available nitrogen
Which cellular effect is not typical of high temperatures? Disrupt membrane transporters Disrupt lipid membranes Denature proteins Degrade mRNA
Degrade mRNA
Which two of the following are tolerant of high doses of ionizing radiation? Photobacterium species Thermus aquaticus Deinococcus radiodurans Clostridium endospores
Deinococcus radiodurans Clostridium endospores
In which two ways does dry heat cause microbial death? Denaturation of protein Denaturation of nucleic acid Hydrolysis of cell wall Oxidation of cell components
Denaturation of protein Oxidation of cell components
In which two ways does dry heat cause microbial death? Hydrolysis of cell wall Denaturation of protein Denaturation of nucleic acid Oxidation of cell components
Denaturation of protein Oxidation of cell components
Which of the following agencies of the United States Government regulates the guidelines on the effectiveness of antiseptics? National Science Foundation Food and Drug Administration Environmental Protection Agency Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Food and Drug Administration
What is the amount of energy in a cell available to do useful work at constant temperature and pressure? Enthalpy Standard free energy change Free energy change Entropy
Free energy change
Chemical compounds like cresols, xylenols, and ortho-phenylphenol are collectively referred to as _____________.
phenolics
HEPA filters remove particles 0.3 μm or larger by which two mechanisms? magnetic attraction physical retention electrostatic interaction covalent bonding
physical retention electrostatic interaction
Microbes that naturally live free-floating in aquatic environments are ______. interfacial planktonic sessile growth arrested
planktonic
Microbes that naturally live free-floating in aquatic environments are ______. interfacial sessile growth arrested planktonic
planktonic
Which two of the following are effective ways to control microorganisms? allowing them to deplete their nutrients poisoning starvation reproducing by binary fission
poisoning starvation
The object in this image of a membrane filter and bacteria indicated by the letter A is a _____. (Graph 13 in google doc) pore in the membrane bacteriophage plaque bacterial cell
pore in the membrane
Non-spontaneous reactions are said to have a ______. very high ΔH positive ΔG net equilibrium negative ΔG
positive ΔG
Carbon skeletons used as the starting substrates for the synthesis of the monomers needed to make macromolecules are ____. macromolecules themselves inorganic functional groups precursor metabolites
precursor metabolites
Bdellovibrio is best described as what type of bacteria? predatory photosynthetic antibiotic symbiotic
predatory
Upon treatment of a microbial population with a biocidal agent, after some time the rate of killing slows. This effect is due to _______. survival of a resistant strain misuse of the biocidal agent changes in temperature
survival of a resistant strain
Which two of the following objects are best sterilized by ethylene oxide gas? crime scene with blood syringes for human use Petri dishes antibiotic solution saline solution
syringes for human use Petri dishes
In this graph illustrating cardinal temperatures, the y-axis is _____. (Graph 2 in google doc) temperature the number of cells generation time the growth rate
the growth rate
Color change on autoclave tape indicates that _______. the tape (and the contents of the autoclave) has been sterilized the tape (and the contents of the autoclave) has been heated the tape (and the contents of the autoclave) has been disinfected
the tape (and the contents of the autoclave) has been heated
The science of ______ analyzes energy changes in a system (e.g., a cell or an organism). kinetics astronomy chemistry thermodynamics biology
thermodynamics
True or false: As most viruses are smaller than 0.2 μm, they will not be removed from solutions by membrane filtration.
true
True or false: Treatment with moist heat affects nucleic acids, proteins, and cell membranes.
true
Anabolism is a group of metabolic processes that ____. dissimilates macromolecules through oxidation reactions uses simple organic molecules to construct complex molecules degrades complex organic molecules to release simple molecules takes in organic molecules for digestion
uses simple organic molecules to construct complex molecules
The only cells that can be counted on agar plates are those that are ______. pure aerobic viable planktonic
viable
In the following formula, which part reflects the change in free energy? ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS T ΔH ΔG ΔS T ΔS
ΔG
What part of the free energy equation is enthalpy? ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS ΔH ΔG T ΔS
ΔH
Which of these is not a good reason to use agar as a solidifying agent for culture media? Gels at a temperature that microbes can tolerate Melts at 90°C but solidifies at 45°C Useful over a wide range of temperatures Acts as a microbial nutrient
Acts as a microbial nutrient
Which of these is not a good reason to use agar as a solidifying agent for culture media? Melts at 90°C but solidifies at 45°C Acts as a microbial nutrient Useful over a wide range of temperatures Gels at a temperature that microbes can tolerate
Acts as a microbial nutrient
Which of the following enzymes would be considered the pacemaker given the enzyme activity rates: Enzyme A = consumes 4 substrates/second Enzyme B = consumes 2 substrates/second Enzyme C = consumes 10 substrates/second C B A
B; The slowest enzyme in a pathway limits the rate of the entire metabolic pathway.
Oxygen is provided to organisms grown in laboratory culture by which two of the following methods? Shaking flasks to provide aeration Bubbling O2 gas through the medium Including a catalyst to convert H2O to O2 Eliminating reducing agents from media
Shaking flasks to provide aeration Bubbling O2 gas through the medium
Match the following relationships to better understand ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS Spontaneous= Non-spontaneous= Choices: Unfavorable reaction Favorable reaction
Spontaneous = Favorable reaction Non-spontaneous = Unfavorable reaction
What is the measure of the tendency of the donor of a half reaction to lose electrons? Conjugate redox pair Standard reduction potential Standard free energy change
Standard reduction potential
Microbial colonies separated from each other on agar plates are each assumed to arise from _______. visible cluster of organisms persisters a population of microbes a single cell
a single cell
Which two groups of organisms reproduce by binary fission? protozoa eukarya fungi algae bacteria archaea
bacteria archaea
The object in this image of a membrane filter and bacteria indicated by the letter B is a _____. pore in the membrane bacteriophage plaque bacterial cell
bacterial cell
In an organism, a series of chemical reactions that produce products that feed into the next chemical reaction is collectively referred to as a(n) ______. enzyme chain enzyme series metabolite flux chemical system biochemical pathway
biochemical pathway
In an organism, a series of chemical reactions that produce products that feed into the next chemical reaction is collectively referred to as a(n) ______. enzyme series enzyme chain chemical system biochemical pathway metabolite flux
biochemical pathway
In cell respiration, the subset of enzymes that convert glucose to pyruvate can be called a(n) ______. biochemical pathway metabolite flux chemical system enzyme series enzyme chain
biochemical pathway
In cell respiration, the subset of enzymes that convert glucose to pyruvate can be called a(n) ______. enzyme series metabolite flux chemical system biochemical pathway enzyme chain
biochemical pathway
Slime on rocks in a lake and infected areas of hip implants are places where we expect to find microbes growing as ________________.
biofilms
Microbes that grow equally well with or without oxygen are called ____________________ anaerobes.
aerotolerant
Microbes that grow equally well with or without oxygen are called _______. aerobes microaerophiles aerotolerant anaerobes facultative anaerobes
aerotolerant anaerobes
Beginning with low substrate concentrations, as substrate concentrations increase then the rate of enzyme activity should ______. not change also increase decrease
also increase
The medium illustrated in this image is _____. (Graph 6 in google doc) blood agar eosin methylene blue agar chocolate agar MacConkey agar
blood agar
In a hypotonic solution, cells will often ______. lose water shrivel plasmolyse burst
burst
When the free energy change for a process is determined at carefully defined standard conditions it is called the standard free energy change. Which of the following represent those standard conditions? Temperature pH Concentration Color
Temperature pH Concentration
Which of the following statements is correct about the use of ethylene oxide as a sterilizing agent? Ethylene oxide sterilization is performed in a fume hood. Spores are not killed by ethylene oxide. Temperature affects the rate of sterilization.
Temperature affects the rate of sterilization.
Which of the following statements describes the first law of thermodynamics? Physical and chemical processes proceed in such a way that the disorder of the universe increases. The total energy in the universe remains constant, although it may be redistributed.
The total energy in the universe remains constant, although it may be redistributed.
ppGpp is a signaling molecule, related to _____, that regulates the cell's response to stressors so the cell can survive. membrane transport proteins peptidoglycan strands DNA and RNA nucleotides toxin-antitoxin modules
DNA and RNA nucleotides
What is another name for posttranslational control? Controlling metabolic channels Binary fission Controlling enzyme synthesis Direct activation or inhibition of enzymes
Direct activation or inhibition of enzymes
What information is obtained following a properly performed phenol coefficient test? The relative potency of a new disinfectant compared to phenol. The optimal ratio for mixing a disinfectant with phenol. The efficiency of phenol as a disinfectant.
The relative potency of a new disinfectant compared to phenol.
Identify any of the following mechanisms used by microbes to regulate their metabolic pathways. Direct activation or inhibition of enzymes Controlling metabolic channels DNA replication Binary fission Controlling enzyme synthesis
Direct activation or inhibition of enzymes Controlling metabolic channels Controlling enzyme synthesis
True or false: Carbon dioxide donates electrons to the electron transport chain.
False
Which group of microbes are adapted for growth in extremely saline environments? Halophiles Acidophiles Thermophiles Alkalinophiles
Halophiles
True or false: Co-culture of a microbe of interest with plant tissue is often successful in the laboratory cultivation of some plant pathogens.
True
True or false: Numerous proteins found in biofilm cells are not observed when the same cells are planktonic.
True
True or false: Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) can transfer its phosphate group to ADP because PEP has a higher phosphate energy transfer potential than ATP.
True
True or false: Some bacterial species are better able to withstand treatment with an antimicrobial agent than other species.
True
True or false: The effect of an antimicrobial treatment can be inferred from its name. The Latin root, cida, (to kill), or the Greek root, statikos,(to stop) indicates whether a treatment will kill or merely slow a target microbial population.
True
True or false: The phenol coefficient of an antimicrobial agent may vary depending on the conditions under which the test was performed.
True
True or false: The presence of organic matter is an important consideration when sterilizing medical or dental equipment.
True
True or false: Allosteric effectors bind reversibly to allosteric enzymes.
True; This is important so that the cell does not waste large amounts of energy making and remaking enzymes.
Which two ingredients, when present, would render a bacterial medium complex? Tryptic soy broth Potassium phosphate Yeast extract Ammonium sulfate
Tryptic soy broth Yeast extract
Order the following steps in the formation of UDP derivatives of NAM and NAG. (Graph 25) UDP-NAG is synthesized from fructose 6-phosphate. Some UDP-NAG is converted to UDP-NAM. Five amino acids are added to UDP-NAM.
UDP-NAG is synthesized from fructose 6-phosphate. Some UDP-NAG is converted to UDP-NAM. Five amino acids are added to UDP-NAM.
What is one important advantage to the use of ethylene oxide as a sterilizing agent? Objects are sterilized within minutes of exposure. It can be used safely by workers. It rapidly penetrates packing materials.
It rapidly penetrates packing materials.
How does pasteurization preserve beverages? It kills all microbes present. It kills fungi and reduces the level of bacteria. It kills endospores. It kills pathogens and reduces the level of non-pathogens. It reduces levels of all microbes.
It kills pathogens and reduces the level of non-pathogens.
In the following formula, the "T" is measured in ______. ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS Fahrenheit Kelvin Joules Ohms Celsius
Kelvin
Anabolic reactions generally use which electron donor? FADH2 NADPH ATP NADH
NADPH
Anabolic reactions generally use the cofactor _________, while catabolic reactions generally produce _________ as an electron donor. NADH // NADPH NADPH // NADH NAD // FAD FAD // NAD
NADPH // NADH
In peptidoglycan, the _____ groups bear peptides consisting of five amino acids. NAM NAG teichoic acid
NAM
The peptidoglycan repeat unit of NAG-NAM-pentapeptide (Lipid II) is assembled on the bactoprenol carrier on the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane. The enzyme _____, also known as "flippase," transfers the repeat unit to the periplasmic face of the membrane for insertion into the growing sacculus. autolysin glycotransferase MurJ penicillin binding protein
MurJ
Yeast extract, an aqueous extract of brewer's yeast, is often used in complex media where it provides _____. [Choose three.] D vitamins carbon sources nitrogen compounds iron compounds B vitamins
carbon sources nitrogen compounds B vitamins
The minimum, maximum, and optimum temperatures for growth are the __________________ temperatures.
cardinal
The most common form of metabolic channeling involves ______. binary fission ribosome modifications polycistronic messages cellular compartmentation co-expression
cellular compartmentation
Which two of the following comprise a membrane filter? paper cellulose acetate diatomaceous earth asbestos polycarbonate
cellulose acetate polycarbonate
ClO2 gas is _____. chlorine ethylene dioxide chloroform chlorine dioxide
chlorine dioxide
In which of the following aspects of colony morphology do the two colony types illustrated here differ? (Graph 9 in google doc) form color size margin
color size
Which two of the following factors may result in modification to the potency of a disinfectant? complexity of the bacterial community the inclusion of phenol presence of organic material
complexity of the bacterial community presence of organic material
Each redox reaction consists of two half-reactions. The acceptor and donor of a half reaction are referred to as a _________ redox pair.
conjugate
One of the basic principles guiding anabolism is that anabolic reactions ____. free energy consume energy are exergonic degrade macromolecules
consume energy
A solid or liquid preparation used to grow, transport, and store microorganisms is termed a(n) ______. chemostat culture medium enrichment culture biofilm
culture medium
One response to nutrient limitation is for the affected cell to form an endospore. Other microbes become dormant by forming _____. biofilms cysts ectospores thicker membranes
cysts
The part of the microbial growth curve when cell density decreases is called the phase.
death
The part of the microbial growth curve when cell density decreases is called the ______. lag phase exponential phase death phase stationary phase
death phase
Culture media that contain only ingredients of known chemical composition are referred to as ______. complex defined differential enriched
defined
The mechanism of action of quaternary ammonium compounds is denaturation of proteins denaturation of nucleic acids disruption of microbial membranes oxidation of protein sulfhydryls
denaturation of proteins disruption of microbial membranes
The mechanism of action of alcohols on bacterial cells is to denature proteins denature nucleic acids dissolve membrane lipids oxidize proteins
denature proteins dissolve membrane lipids
When some environmental condition such as temperature or pH makes an enzyme nonfunctional, the enzyme has become ___________.
denatured
A filter with fibrous or granular materials in a thick layer filled with narrow channels is a(n) _________ filter.
depth
A filter with fibrous or granular materials in a thick layer filled with narrow channels is a(n) ___________ filter.
depth
A filter with fibrous or granular materials in a thick layer filled with narrow channels is a(n) _______________ filter.
depth
Cells that have become part of developing biofilm can leave the surface through ______. exopolymer production replication and growth desorption and sloughing diffusive transport
desorption and sloughing
An organic antimicrobial agent with an amphipathic structure (having both polar and nonpolar components) is termed a(n) _____. antibiotic disinfectant antiseptic detergent
detergent
On which two objects would you use a disinfectant to control microbial growth? diaper changing table toenails bathroom sink nurse's hands
diaper changing table bathroom sink
Media used to distinguish among groups of microbes based on their reaction to the media are called ______. enriched media supportive media differential media selective media
differential media
Flow cytometry, microscopy, and Coulter counting are all forms of ___________________ counting of cells in a microbial culture.
direct
Petroff-Hauser slides are used for ___________________ direct counting of cells in a microbial culture.
direct
When the number of cells in a culture is determined by microscopic observation, this is a type of ______. viable counting direct counting indirect counting specific counting
direct counting
Oxidation-reduction reactions are those in which ___________ are moved from a donor to a acceptor.
electrons
The standard reduction potential (E0) is the measure of the tendency of the donor of a half-reaction to lose ___________.
electrons
The electron transport chain transports __________ within the membrane giving the needed energy to transport __________ across the membrane generating a gradient using protein pumps.
electrons protons
Peptones are protein hydrolysates prepared from meat, soya, gelatin, and other proteins, and serve as sources of _____ in complex media. [Choose three.] energy phosphorus carbon pH buffer iron nitrogen
energy carbon nitrogen
In the example of interdomain communication between Rhizobium species and leguminous plants, the advantage of the successful interaction for the microbe is _____. nutrient production from the plant energy assistance from the plant secretion of amino acids from the plant constant temperature from the plant
energy assistance from the plant
General purpose media fortified with blood to encourage the growth of fastidious microbes are called _________ media.
enriched
General purpose media fortified with blood to encourage the growth of fastidious microbes are called _______. supportive media enriched media selective media differential media
enriched media
To increase the number of microbes with specific metabolic activities in a culture microbiologists use a technique known as ___________ culture.
enrichment
Metabolic channeling using compartmentation is most common in ______. eukaryotic organisms prokaryotic organisms
eukaryotic organisms
Environments that are rich in nutrients are ______. oligotrophic eutrophic piezophilic heterotrophic
eutrophic
Habitats that are rich in nutrients are called __________________ environments.
eutrophic
The part of the microbial growth curve when cells are growing and dividing at their maximal rate is called the _________________ phase.
exponential
The part of the microbial growth curve when cells are growing and dividing at their maximal rate is called the ______. stationary phase exponential phase lag phase death phase
exponential phase
Microorganisms that can grow under very harsh conditions are called ________________.
extremophiles
Which term describes microbes that can grow under very harsh conditions? Anaerobes Heterotrophs Extremophiles Archaea
extremophiles
Microbes that do not require oxygen but grow better in its presence are called _________________ anaerobes.
facultative
Microbes that do not require oxygen but grow better in its presence are called _______. aerotolerant anaerobes aerobes microaerophiles facultative anaerobes
facultative anaerobes
Strict anaerobes may employ which two of the following metabolic strategies? fermentation aerobic respiration photosynthesis anaerobic respiration
fermentation anaerobic respiration
The ______ law of thermodynamics says that energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
first
One response to nutrient limitation is for the affected cell to _____. initiate chromosome replication form an endospore increase in size synthesize a flagellum
form an endospore
The effect of ionizing radiation on Deinococcus radiodurans is to _____. produce holes in the membrane oxidize disulfide bonds in enzymes hydrolyze peptidoglycan fragment the chromosome
fragment the chromosome
Ionizing radiation contains enough energy to dislodge electrons from matter and produce chemically reactive _____ _____. ultraviolet radiation reducing agents free radicals radioactive elements
free radicals
One of the basic principles guiding anabolism is that some enzymes in amphibolic pathways ____. function in one direction only contain bi-cyclic polymers are degraded to release energy can not be physically separated
function in one direction only
Choose the two most commonly used physical methods for sterilization. heat radiation phenolics bacteriophage
heat radiation
In this list of ingredients for a minimal medium used to grow Escherichia coli, the carbon source is _____. (Graph 4 in google doc) sodium phosphate ferrous sulfate glucose ammonium sulfate
glucose
Starch and glycogen are long chains of _____. fructose amino acids glucose NAM-NAG
glucose
The electrons used to reduce NAD+ in the electron transport chain often come from ______. carbon dioxide glucose nitrogen oxygen
glucose
The electrons used to reduce NAD+ in the electron transport chain often come from ______. glucose carbon dioxide oxygen nitrogen
glucose
The group of microbes adapted for growth in extremely salty environments is termed __________________.
halophile
Bodies of water like the Dead Sea or the Great Salt Lake are likely to be good habitats for _____. piezophiles thermophiles acidophiles halophiles
halophiles
Which group of microbes are adapted for growth in extremely saline environments? Halophiles Acidophiles Thermophiles Alkalinophiles
halophiles
Two examples of good antiseptics are UV radiation chlorine bleach hand sanitizer tincture of iodine
hand sanitizer tincture of iodine
Growth of microbes on blood agar permits the distinction of _____. aerobes and anaerobes hemolytic and nonhemolytic bacteria lactose fermenting and nonfermenting bacteria motile and immotile bacteria
hemolytic and nonhemolytic bacteria
Growth of microbes on blood agar permits the distinction of _____. hemolytic and nonhemolytic bacteria lactose fermenting and nonfermenting bacteria aerobes and anaerobes motile and immotile bacteria
hemolytic and nonhemolytic bacteria
After a polypeptide has bound a cofactor to gain functionality as an enzyme, it is now called a(n) ______. catalyst apoenzyme prosthetic group holoenzyme
holoenzyme
Metabolic channeling can best be described as ______. how metabolites enter cellular compartments the branching of metabolic pathways the transcriptions and translation of enzymes the rate of metabolites consumed
how metabolites enter cellular compartments
Metabolic channeling can best be described as ______. the rate of metabolites consumed how metabolites enter cellular compartments the transcriptions and translation of enzymes the branching of metabolic pathways
how metabolites enter cellular compartments
Cells are likely to shrivel when placed in a ________________ solution.
hypertonic
If the environment has a higher solute concentration than the interior of the cell, the environment is ______. isotonic hypertonic hypotonic
hypertonic
Verification of the success of an autoclave run is measured by _____. including bacterial cultures in the run and testing viability following the run including bacterial endospores in the run and testing their viability following the run including indicator tape on materials in the run and examining its color following the run
including bacterial endospores in the run and testing their viability following the run
Which two of the following are advantages to microbes living in a biofilm? less competition for available nutrients increased opportunity for gene transfer protection from UV light increased susceptibility to antibiotics
increased opportunity for gene transfer protection from UV light
One of the basic principles guiding anabolism is that small molecules are used to construct ____. energy macromolecules structural units pathways
macromolecules
A liquid preparation used to supply energy and nutrients to microorganisms in the laboratory is called a culture ______. environment solution milieu medium
medium
A filter with a thin porous material and defined pore sizes is a _______ filter.
membrane
Heat-sensitive solutions are best sterilized by ________ filtration.
membrane
Many psychrophiles begin to leak cellular constituents at temperatures higher than 20°C because of _____. dissolution of peptidoglycan cytosol expansion synthesis of cold shock proteins membrane disruption
membrane disruption
Many psychrophiles begin to leak cellular constituents at temperatures higher than 20°C because of _____. synthesis of cold shock proteins dissolution of peptidoglycan cytosol expansion membrane disruption
membrane disruption
A collection of metabolites are localized into a specific cellular compartment is an example of ______. cell signaling posttranslational regulation metabolic channeling gene expression
metabolic channeling
A collection of metabolites are localized into a specific cellular compartment is an example of ______. metabolic channeling posttranslational regulation cell signaling gene expression
metabolic channeling
During the metabolic pathway known as glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate, which may be called a(n) ______. compound enzyme metabolite reagent
metabolite
Organisms carry out many different reactions and the products of these reactions are generally called ______. enzymes substrates metabolites reactants
metabolites
At very large substrate concentrations, doubling the substrate concentrations should ______ the rate of enzyme activity. reduce not really change double stop (inhibit)
not really change
Flavin adenine dinucleotide is primarily a pair of ______. amino acids nucleotides fatty acids carbohydrates
nucleotides
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is primarily a pair of ______. fatty acids carbohydrates amino acids nucleotides
nucleotides
Which four cellular components are the monomers or building blocks of biological macromolecules? nucleotides sugars proteins fatty acids membranes pyruvate amino acids
nucleotides sugars fatty acids amino acids
In the microbiology laboratory, the inoculating loop is sterilized by holding it in the flame of a burner until it glows red hot. This is example of sterilization by _____. radiation oxidation autoclaving
oxidation
Hydrogen and electrons are eventually deposited onto ______ at the end of the electron transport chain. oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide glucose
oxygen
A chemical whose use results in the destruction of all life and infectious agents on an object is called a(n) __________________.
sterilant
If used properly, materials treated with this instrument are considered to be _____. (Graph 14 in google doc) pasteurized sterile sanitized
sterile
When an object is totally free of viable microorganisms, spores, viruses, prions, and other infections agents, it is said to be _________________.
sterile
Chlorine dioxide is a(n) _____. iodophor chemical oxidant sterilizing gas heavy metal
sterilizing gas
The method for separating cells by dragging samples over different sectors of a plate using a microbial loop is called _____________ plating. (Graph 7 in google doc)
streak
The pattern of bacterial growth illustrated here indicates that this is a(n) _____ plate. (Graph 8 in google doc) streak enriched pour spread
streak
The method for separating cells by dragging samples over different sectors of a plate using a microbial loop is called _______. (Graph 7 in google doc) spread plating streak plating pour plating
streak plating
Which two of the following may be considered types of biological control? exposure to radiation antiseptic treatment virus infection bacterial predation
virus infection bacterial predation
Adding salt or sugar helps to prevent microbial growth in food because these affect the ______ of the food. boiling point nutrient density water activity
water activity
The primary challenge to providing sufficient oxygen to aerobes grown in laboratory culture is that _____. oxygen is flammable and a significant hazard in the lab oxygen is poorly soluble in liquids oxygen represents only about 20% of air oxygen is supplied from the water (H2O) used for culturing microbes
oxygen is poorly soluble in liquids
Which of the following are effects of ionizing radiation on cells? protein oxidation solubilizes membranes breaks hydrogen bonds hydrolyzes ATP hydrolyzes peptidoglycan
protein oxidation breaks hydrogen bonds
Peptones, a source of carbon, energy, and nitrogen in complex media, are derived from _____. protein sources carbohydrates sheep blood seaweed
protein sources
Microbes that grow best at temperatures of 15°C are called _____. psychrophiles hyperthermophiles thermophiles mesophiles
psychrophiles
Microbes that grow best at temperatures of 15°C are called _______________.
psychrophiles
Psychrotrophs differ from psychrophiles in that _____ have a much higher maximum temperature. psychrotrophs psychrophiles
psychrotrophs
The colony form depicted on the far left is _____. (Graph 10 in google doc) filamentous punctiform rhizoid irregular
punctiform
A pure culture is also referred to as a(n) _________________ culture.
pure or axenic
Using molecular signals to communicate microbial density is referred to as _________________ sensing.
quorum
Using molecular signals to communicate microbial density is referred to as ______. biofilm formation quorum sensing chemotaxis binary fission
quorum sensing
RNA molecules that have enzyme activity are called __________.
ribozymes
In the example of interdomain communication between Rhizobium species and leguminous plants, the advantage of the successful interaction for the plant is _____. secretion of antibiotics by the Rhizobium secretion of amino acids by the Rhizobium energy production by the Rhizobium secretion of ATP by the Rhizobium
secretion of amino acids by the Rhizobium
Media that allow the growth of some microbes but not others are called ____________ media.
selective
Media that allow the growth of some microbes but not others are called _______. selective media enriched media differential media supportive media
selective media
When a microbial culture is diluted several times before plating to count the number of cells in the original sample, the technique of __________ dilution is used.
serial
Microbes that naturally live attached to surfaces in aquatic environments are ______. rare planktonic sessile interfacial
sessile
Microbes that naturally live attached to surfaces in aquatic environments are ______. sessile rare interfacial planktonic
sessile
For bacteria growing in batch culture conditions, the long-term stationary phase may last up to _____. several hours several weeks several years
several years
In a hypertonic solution, cells will often ______. lyse shrivel gain water burst
shrivel
Persister cell formation is believed to be triggered by _____. [Choose two.] chaperone proteins reactive oxygen species starvation ppGpp production
starvation ppGpp production
The part of the microbial growth curve when cells reach their maximum density is called the ___________________ phase.
stationary
The part of the microbial growth curve when cells reach their maximum density is called the ______. lag phase death phase exponential phase stationary phase
stationary phase
Which heavy metal is an effective algicide? Copper Mercury Zinc Silver
Copper
Which of the following components of the electron transport chain contain a heme group or something fairly similar that uses iron atoms to translocation electrons? Coenzyme Q FAD Cytochromes NAD
Cytochromes
Which of the following components of the electron transport chain contain metals like iron? Cytochromes FAD NAD Coenzyme Q
Cytochromes
A numerical measure of the efficiency of a biocidal agent is the time required to kill 90% of the culture. This number is the __________ value.
D
In this common diagram of enzyme activity, which of the labels in the image represents the reaction progress in the absence of an enzyme? (Graph 20 in google doc) B C E F A D
D
Activation energy can best be described as ______. the amount of energy needed to break chemical bonds. the "type" of energy used to generate peptide bonds between amino acids. the amount of energy needed to bring molecules together in the correct way to reach a transition state.
the amount of energy needed to bring molecules together in the correct way to reach a transition state.
Which differential medium is used to determine an organism's growth response to varying concentrations of oxygen? MacConkey thioglycollate blood agar chocolate agar
thioglycollate
The D value of a biocidal agent is measured in units of ________. temperature concentration time molarity
time
A common phenolic antimicrobial for consumer use is _____. Halazone Lysol Sudafed Betadyne
Lysol
The two nitrogen sources in tryptic soy broth are (Graph 5 in google doc) tryptone agar (not shown in the ingredient list) potassium phosphate glucose sodium chloride peptone
tryptone peptone
Which pathway synthesizes glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors? Reductive pentose phosphate Gluconeogenesis Entner-Doudoroff Embden-Meyerhof
Gluconeogenesis
Which three of the following ingredients could be used to make defined culture media? Glucose Ammonium sulfate Potassium phosphate Tryptone Yeast extract
Glucose Ammonium sulfate Potassium phosphate
During glycolysis, glucose undergoes many chemical reactions that ultimately produce pyruvate. Which of the following best describes the role of glucose? Glucose is a cofactor. Glucose is an enzyme. Glucose is an apoenzyme. Glucose is a substrate. Glucose is a catalyst.
Glucose is a substrate.
What term describes the units of work capable of being done? Ohm Calorie Joule
Joule
Which of the following are features common to all types of metabolism? Life obeys the laws of thermodynamics Chemical reactions in cells are organized into pathways The functioning of biochemical pathways is not regulated Each reaction of a pathway is catalyzed by an enzyme or ribozyme
Life obeys the laws of thermodynamics Chemical reactions in cells are organized into pathways Each reaction of a pathway is catalyzed by an enzyme or ribozyme
Which of the following are features common to all types of metabolism? The functioning of biochemical pathways is not regulated Life obeys the laws of thermodynamics Chemical reactions in cells are organized into pathways Each reaction of a pathway is catalyzed by an enzyme or ribozyme
Life obeys the laws of thermodynamics Chemical reactions in cells are organized into pathways Each reaction of a pathway is catalyzed by an enzyme or ribozyme
Which of these is not a use of culture medium? Growing microbes Transporting organisms Reviving dead cultures Storing microbial isolates
Reviving dead cultures
Which of these is not a typical mechanism for starvation proteins? Renaturing proteins Synthesis of additional ribosomes Strengthening the cell wall Protecting DNA
Synthesis of additional ribosomes
Which type of cellular work requires energy to take up nutrients, eliminate wastes, and maintain ion balances? Transport work Mechanical work Chemical work
Transport work
True or false: A chemical control agent, like a disinfectant, may be used at a lower concentration and increased temperature without losing effectiveness.
True
The equilibrium constant for a redox reaction is called the __________ reduction potential.
standard
Which two of the following cellular components are supramolecular systems? nucleic acids enzyme complexes pyruvate polysaccharides membranes
membranes enzyme complexes
Microbes that grow best at 37°C are called ___________________.
mesophiles
Microbes that grow best at 37°C are called ______. thermophiles mesophiles hyperthermophiles psychrophiles
mesophiles
What is the composition of ribozymes? Amino acids RNA nucleotides Carbohydrates Lipids (fatty acids) DNA nucleotides
RNA nucleotides
Typically, exergonic reactions will have a __________ ΔG and endergonic reactions will have a ____________ ΔG.
negative; positive
In this graph of a bacterial growth curve, showing the number of viable cells over time, the stationary phase is indicated by the letter _____. (Graph 1 in google doc)
C
In this graph of a bacterial growth curve, showing the number of viable cells over time, the death phase is indicated by the letter _____. (Graph 1 in google doc)
D
A suspension of cells is distributed over the surface of a plate with a sterile bent rod in __________________ plating.
spread
The process of controlling microbial growth on living tissue is called _________________.
antisepsis
What sort of sugar is found in ATP? Glucose Glycine Isoleucine Deoxyribose Ribose
Ribose
What sugar is found in flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)? Glucose Ribose Deoxyribose Arginine
Ribose
What sugar is found in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)? Arginine Glucose Deoxyribose Ribose
Ribose
Cells in a growth arrested state _____. are dead are stressed store ATP actively divide
are stressed
Cells in a growth arrested state _____. are stressed store ATP actively divide are dead
are stressed
Today, most enzymes will have the postfix _________ added to the end of the enzyme name.
ase
The __________ cycle is associated with inclusions called carboxysomes in some bacteria.
Calvin-Benson
An antiseptic is which type of microbial control agent? Physical Chemical Biological
Chemical
_______________ are normally protein catalysts that have great specificity for the reaction catalyzed.
Enzymes
The molecule known as ATP is simply ______. a lipid (fat) a carbohydrate an amino acid a nucleotide
a nucleotide
Tyndallization is also known as _____. pasteurization intermittent sterilization provisional sterilization
intermittent sterilization
Organisms that use CO2 as their sole or principal carbon source are called ____. autotrophs phototrophs organotrophs heterotrophs
autotrophs
Which growth temperature is not considered one of the three cardinal temperatures? Minimum Optimum Average Maximum
average
A pure culture is also referred to as a(n) ____ culture. sterile planktonic axenic enriched
axenic
Since it is not possible to tell whether a microbial colony arose from a single cell, the term ________________ _______________ units is used.
colony forming
The pathway that synthesizes glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors is called ________________
gluconeogenesis
One calorie of heat is equivalent to 4.1840 ____________ of work.
joules
The electron transport chain of bacteria is located in the ______. nucleus plasma membrane outer membrane of the mitochondria inner mitochondrial membrane
plasma membrane
What time frame is appropriate for heating objects in an oven at 160° to 170° for sterilization? 45-60 minutes 2-3 hours overnight (>15 hours)
2-3 hours
In what time frame does chlorine treatment result in disinfection? 12-16 hours 30 minutes 1 minute
30 minutes
Cellular reactions that have a net negative ΔG are generally referred to as ______. at equilibrium denatured spontaneous non-spontaneous
spontaneous
What pore size is appropriate to remove microbial cells from a solution by filtration? 0.2 nm 0.2 mm 0.2 μm
0.2 μm
At which of the following water activities are most microbes likely to grow? 0.50 0.10 0.90 0.99
0.99
Because of the ______ law of thermodynamics, all redox reactions will have an electron acceptor. 3 1 2 4
1 ; The first law of thermodynamics states that energy/matter cannot be created or destroyed. So, the electron has to go somewhere.
Standard conditions for sterilization in an autoclave are _____. 100°C and 15 pounds of pressure for 15 minutes 121°C and 15 pounds of pressure for 1 hour 121°C for 15 minutes 121°C and 15 pounds of pressure for 15 minutes 121°F and 15 pounds of pressure for 15 minutes
121°C and 15 pounds of pressure for 15 minutes
Using the chemical equation to help you, how many NADPHs are required to fix one molecule of CO2 in the Calvin-Benson cycle? (Graph 24) 12 1 2 3
2
Using the chemical equation to help you, how many ATPs are required to fix one molecule of CO2 in the Calvin-Benson cycle? (Graph 24) 2 18 1 3
3
Standard autoclave conditions (121°C, 15 pounds of pressure, 15 minutes) will sterilize which two of the following? 10 liters of bacterial medium in a carboy 3 ml bacterial broth culture in a test tube 2 liters of bacterial medium in a large flask 250 ml empty Pyrex flasks
3 ml bacterial broth culture in a test tube 250 ml empty Pyrex flasks
Which is more effective at killing bacteria? 70% ethanol (in water) 95% ethanol (in water)
70% ethanol (in water)
At which point on this graph is the generation time the shortest? (Graph 3 in google doc) A C B
A
Which of the following statements regarding chemical disinfectants is correct? A good disinfectant should have a distinctive odor to monitor its use. A good disinfectant will scrub the finish off of delicate surfaces. A good disinfectant will be effective against a variety of infectious agents. A good disinfectant must be hydrophobic to penetrate membranes. A good disinfectant will tingle on the skin as it works.
A good disinfectant will be effective against a variety of infectious agents.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the influence of population size on the effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent? A larger population requires a longer treatment time to be killed than a smaller population. A smaller population requires a longer treatment time to be killed than a larger population. Population size is irrelevant to the effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent.
A larger population requires a longer treatment time to be killed than a smaller population.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the influence of contact time on the effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent? Contact time is not an important consideration in sterilization. After the initial minute or exposure, contact time is not an important consideration. A longer exposure results in more killing.
A longer exposure results in more killing.
What change in microbial population size is reasonable to achieve sterilization? A thousand times fewer microbes A million times fewer microbes Ten times fewer microbes
A million times fewer microbes
Which two of the following statements describe evidence about the origin of persister cells in a population? Quorum sensing is necesssary for the formation of persisters. A small subset of individuals in a population spontaneously become persisters. Induction of antibiotic resistance genes triggers persister formation. Starvation triggers the formation of persister cells in a population.
A small subset of individuals in a population spontaneously become persisters. Starvation triggers the formation of persister cells in a population
Which of the following best describes feedback inhibition? A product of an enzymatic step binds to a further down enzyme step and inactivates it. A product of an enzymatic step binds to a beginning enzyme step and inactivates it. A significant decline in metabolites restricts product formation. An enzyme of a downstream step inactivates an upstream step.
A product of an enzymatic step binds to a beginning enzyme step and inactivates it.
Which of the following best describes feedback inhibition? An enzyme of a downstream step inactivates an upstream step. A product of an enzymatic step binds to a beginning enzyme step and inactivates it. A significant decline in metabolites restricts product formation. A product of an enzymatic step binds to a further down enzyme step and inactivates it.
A product of an enzymatic step binds to a beginning enzyme step and inactivates it.
How do sterilization and disinfection differ? A sterile object has no living cells, spores or viruses while a disinfected object may have small numbers of these. These two terms are interchangeable and both mean that most microbes have been eliminated from the object. A disinfected object has no living cells, spores or viruses while a sterile object may have small numbers of these.
A sterile object has no living cells, spores or viruses while a disinfected object may have small numbers of these.
If you removed a phosphate group from this compound, then you would be left with ___________ (please use the three-letter acronym). Note: all three phosphate groups are currently shown. (Graph 16 in google doc)
ADP
What is always produced when ATP is "used"? ADP Pi CO2 Na+ H2O
ADP Pi
In cells, _________ couples (i.e., serves as the link between) exergonic reactions and endergonic reactions.
ATP
The common acronym for this compound is ___________. (Graph 16 in google doc)
ATP
Which two of the following techniques aid in the removal of oxygen from media used to culture anaerobes? Use double-distilled and deionized water Include an antibiotic to inhibit growth of aerobic contaminants Add reducing agents like thioglycollate Boil the medium to drive off any oxygen present
Add reducing agents like thioglycollate Boil the medium to drive off any oxygen present
Following sterilization by ethylene oxide, a gas toxic to humans, materials must undergo what kind of treatment to remove residual ethylene oxide? Autoclaving Heating to at least 54°C Aeration
Aeration
What is the mechanism of action of ethylene oxide gas as a sterilizing agent? (Choose 2) Alkylates proteins Alkylates nucleic acids Solubilizes membranes Oxidizes proteins
Alkylates proteins Alkylates nucleic acids
What is the mechanism of action of ethylene oxide gas as a sterilizing agent? (Choose 2) Alkylates proteins Oxidizes proteins Solubilizes membranes Alkylates nucleic acids
Alkylates proteins Alkylates nucleic acids
Which of the following defines free energy change? Amount of heat energy needed to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius Measure of the randomness of a system Amount of energy in a cell available to do useful work at constant temperature and pressure
Amount of energy in a cell available to do useful work at constant temperature and pressure
How is cell death related to the time of exposure to an antimicrobial agent? An equal fraction of the population is killed in each time interval. Killing occurs at a constant rate so population size is irrelevant.
An equal fraction of the population is killed in each time interval.
How is cell death related to the time of exposure to an antimicrobial agent? Killing occurs at a constant rate so population size is irrelevant. An equal fraction of the population is killed in each time interval.
An equal fraction of the population is killed in each time interval.
Which three statements reflect the six basic principles of anabolism? Anabolism consumes energy. Many enzymes do double duty. Catabolism consumes energy. Large molecules are made from small molecules. Catabolism and anabolism share cofactors.
Anabolism consumes energy. Many enzymes do double duty. Large molecules are made from small molecules.
Which two of the following may be best sterilized by membrane filtration? Antibiotics Bacterial cultures Chicken broth Contact lens cleaner
Antibiotics Contact lens cleaner
In tyndallization, materials to be sterilized are treated with steam, followed by an incubation period and a repeat of the steam treatment. What happens during that incubation period? Bacteriophage will prey on any remaining cells. Any remaining spores will germinate. Bacterial cells will die. Fungal spores will remain dormant.
Any remaining spores will germinate.
What wavelengths of light constitute ultraviolet radiation? Around 410 nm Around 260 nm Over 700 nm
Around 260 nm
Which two of the following comprise a depth filter? Cellulose acetate Asbestos Paper Diatomaceous earth
Asbestos Diatomaceous earth
Which of the following would not be killed by a treatment of boiling for 10 minutes? Bacterial spores Bacterial cells Fungal spores Fungal cells
Bacterial spores
Which of the following beverages would you expect to be pasteurized? Beer Bottled Water Soda Skim Milk
Beer Skim Milk
Which of the following statements can be inferred from the graph? (Graph 11 in google doc) Biocidal agents are more effective with greater exposure time. A brief treatment of an object is just as effective as a long treatment. All biocidal agents can sterilize an object.
Biocidal agents are more effective with greater exposure time.
Which of the following best defines biocides? Biocides are only chemical treatments that kills microbes. A biocide kills microbes. Biocide describes all antimicrobials that can be used to control microbes. A biocide inhibits the growth of microbes but does not kill them.
Biocide describes all antimicrobials that can be used to control microbes.
Oxygen is provided to organisms grown in laboratory culture by which two of the following methods? Eliminating reducing agents from media Bubbling O2 gas through the medium Shaking flasks to provide aeration Including a catalyst to convert H2O to O2
Bubbling O2 gas through the medium Shaking flasks to provide aeration
The reductive pentose phosphate cycle is another name for the _________________ cycle.
Calvin-Benson
For a microbial control technique to result in sterilization, what must happen to the organisms in an environment? Cells, spores, and viruses must be reduced in number. Cells, spores, and viruses must be destroyed or removed. Cells, spores, and viruses must be prevented from reproducing.
Cells, spores, and viruses must be destroyed or removed.
The Calvin-Benson cycle is associated with these inclusions in some bacteria. Stroma Carboxysomes Thylakoids Metachromatic granules
Carboxysomes
Which type of microbial control agent are disinfectants usually? Physical Chemical Biological
Chemical
What type of work involves the synthesis of complex biological molecules from much simpler precursors? Mechanical work Chemical work Energy Transport work
Chemical work
When ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi, the energy released powers which of the following kinds of work? (Graph 18 in google doc) Chemical work Substrate level phosphorylation Transport work Mechanical work
Chemical work Transport work Mechanical work
Which of the following is the element that acts as a disinfectant in municipal water supplies and swimming pools? Sodium Alcohol Iodine Chlorine
Chlorine
Where do the Calvin-Benson cycle reactions occur in eukaryotic autotrophs? Plasma membrane Nucleus Mitochondrial matrix Chloroplast stroma
Chloroplast stroma
What is the mechanism of action of heavy metals on bacterial cells? Disrupt ion gradients across the cell membrane Denature the chromosomal DNA Solubilize the plasma membrane Complex with sulfhydryls on proteins to inactivate them
Complex with sulfhydryls on proteins to inactivate them
Which two of the following statements regarding new approaches to culturing microbes are correct? Co-culture of two organisms is often more successful than culturing them separately. In situ cultivation using dilute samples in an enclosure permits axenic cultures to form. Marine microbes often grow better in culture when higher salt concentrations are used. Only pure cultures are valid for the study of bacterial pathogens. Inclusion of mammalian blood is critical for the growth of most pathogens.
Co-culture of two organisms is often more successful than culturing them separately. In situ cultivation using dilute samples in an enclosure permits axenic cultures to form.
Match the following to better understand coenzymes and prosthetic groups. Coenzyme Prosthetic group Choices: These cofactors are typically tightly bound to an apoenzyme These cofactors are typically loosely bound to an apoenzyme and can transfer chemical groups
Coenzyme = These cofactors are typically loosely bound to an apoenzyme and can transfer chemical groups Prosthetic group = These cofactors are typically tightly bound to an apoenzyme
What name is given to the image shown here that will transfer two electrons and two protons within the electron transport chain? (Graph 19 in google doc) Cytochrome C Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) FAD NAD
Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone)
Which two of the following may be best sterilized by membrane filtration? Bacterial cultures Contact lens cleaner Antibiotics Chicken broth
Contact lens cleaner Antibiotics
This graph of viable microbial population vs time can be used to determine the ________________ value of a biocidal agent. (Graph 12 in google doc)
D
Which technique is used to increase the number of microbes with specific metabolic activities in a culture? Pure culture Enrichment culture Axenic culture Spread culture
Enrichment culture
Which three of the following cellular components are most sensitive to moist heat? DNA Proteins Cell wall Membranes Peptidoglycan
DNA Proteins Membranes
What is the cellular effect of exposure to UV radiation? Denaturation of proteins Oxidation of proteins Lysis of cell walls Damage to DNA
Damage to DNA
When pairing a depth filter and a membrane filter, which order is best? Membrane filter, then depth filter Depth filter, then membrane filter The order is irrelevant
Depth filter, then membrane filter
Boiling water is best described as which of the following? Sterilant Antiseptic Disinfectant
Disinfectant
Antiseptics and disinfectants are both chemical agents used for the control of microbial growth. How do they compare in their toxicity to microbes? Disinfectants and antiseptics are equally harsh. Antiseptics are harsher chemicals. Disinfectants are harsher chemicals.
Disinfectants are harsher chemicals.
Which of the following is true regarding disinfection? Disinfection is the removal of all viruses from an object. Disinfection is the removal of all microbes from an object. Disinfection is the removal of only pathogens from an object.
Disinfection is the removal of only pathogens from an object.
Which of the following is true regarding disinfection? Disinfection is the removal of all viruses from an object. Disinfection is the removal of only pathogens from an object. Disinfection is the removal of all microbes from an object.
Disinfection is the removal of only pathogens from an object.
In this common diagram of enzyme activity, which of the labels in the image represents the product of the reaction? (Graph 20 in google doc) C D F E A B
F
Which three properties are important for a good, general purpose, chemical disinfectant? A strong recognizable odor Acidic pH Effective against a range of microorganisms Non-toxic to humans or animals Contains viricidal properties
Effective against a range of microorganisms Non-toxic to humans or animals Contains viricidal properties
Match the outcomes of oxidation-reduction reactions with the correct description. Electron donor Electron acceptor Choices: Becomes less energy rich after a redox reaction Becomes more energy rich after a redox reaction
Electron donor = Becomes less energy rich after a redox reaction Electron acceptor = Becomes more energy rich after a redox reaction
Which of the following are features common to all types of metabolism? Life does not obey the laws of thermodynamics Energy is conserved in molecules called ATP Redox reactions play a critical role in energy conservation Chemical reactions in a cell are not arranged in pathways
Energy is conserved in molecules called ATP Redox reactions play a critical role in energy conservation
Which two of the following describe important limitations to the use of enrichment cultures? Enrichment cultures yield the organism that grows the fastest. Enrichment cultures can only be used to reflect soil populations. Enrichment cultures often become anaerobic, limiting their use to isolating anaerobes. Enrichment cultures are not representative of the population sampled.
Enrichment cultures yield the organism that grows the fastest.Enrichment cultures are not representative of the population sampled.
What is about equal to the change in total energy during a cellular reaction when pressure and volume remain the same? Entropy Enthalpy
Enthalpy
Which of the following agencies of the United States Government regulates the guidelines on the effectiveness of disinfectants? Environmental Protection Agency Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Food and Drug Administration National Science Foundation
Environmental Protection Agency
Which of the following agencies of the United States Government regulates the guidelines on the effectiveness of disinfectants? Food and Drug Administration Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Environmental Protection Agency National Science Foundation
Environmental Protection Agency
What compound is responsible for most of the metabolic activity within cells? Cytoskeletal filaments Ribosomes Mitochondria Enzymes
Enzymes
What compound is responsible for most of the metabolic activity within cells? Ribosomes Cytoskeletal filaments Mitochondria Enzymes
Enzymes
What state exists when the rates of chemical reactions in both directions are equal and no further new change occurs in the concentrations of reactants and products? Equilibrium Calories Enthalpy Entropy
Equilibrium
Which of the following statements is correct about the use of alcohols as chemical control agents? Alcohols will eliminate bacterial spores. Isopropyl alcohol is used in a 10% concentration. Ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol are the most commonly used agents. DIpping small instruments in ethyl alcohol for a few seconds will result in disinfection.
Ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol are the most commonly used agents.
In a coupled reaction such as the one shown, is ATP converting to ADP endergonic or exergonic? (Graph 17 in google doc)
Exergonic
Which type of reaction would release heat? Endergonic Exergonic
Exergonic
Typically, what is the relationship between free energy and exergonic/endergonic reactions? Exergonic reactions = Endergonic reactions= Choices: Positive ΔG Negative ΔG
Exergonic reactions = Negative ΔG Endergonic reactions= Positive ΔG
Match the type of reaction with the correct description. Exergonic reactions Endergonic reactions Choices: Reaction is favorable, and product will be formed at equilibrium Reaction is not favorable, and little product will be formed at equilibrium
Exergonic reactions = Reaction is favorable, and product will be formed at equilibrium Endergonic reactions = Reaction is not favorable, and little product will be formed at equilibrium
Upon treatment with a biocidal agent, a microbial population decreases by the same fraction at constant intervals. What kind of decrease is this? Exponential Stepwise Linear
Exponential
Upon treatment with a biocidal agent, a microbial population decreases by the same fraction at constant intervals. What kind of decrease is this? Linear Exponential Stepwise
Exponential
True or false: Maximum growth temperature for an organism is invariable, a strict characteristic of each organism, determined by the properties of its molecular components.
False; Cardinal temperatures are not rigidly fixed, depending on other environmental factors including pH and nutrients.
True or false: ATP has the highest phosphate transfer potential in the cell.
False; If this were true, it would be very difficult for other molecules like PEP to phosphorylate ADP.
True or false: When a phosphoryl group is added onto a regulatory enzyme, this typically cannot be reversed.
False; Regulatory enzymes are often modified by covalently bound chemical groups that can removed to revert the regulatory enzyme back to its prior shape.
Match the following relationships to better understand ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS Favorable reaction = Unfavorable reaction = Choices: -ΔG +ΔG
Favorable reaction = -ΔG Unfavorable reaction = +ΔG
Which of the following agencies of the United States Government regulates the guidelines on the effectiveness of antiseptics? National Science Foundation Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Environmental Protection Agency Food and Drug Administration
Food and Drug Administration
The colonies on this medium have two different morphologies. Which two of the statements below are correct about these colonies? (Graph 9 in google doc) From the image, elevation cannot be determined. The plate derived from a pure culture. Both colony types illustrate a circular form. The margins of both colony types are undulate.
From the image, elevation cannot be determined. Both colony types illustrate a circular form.
Filtration is an effective means of sterilization for which two of the following? Powdered media Medical instruments Gases Chemical solutions
Gases Chemical solutions
Which type of control is described by a process that blocks the production of mRNA? For example: when the cell simply doesn't synthesize the enzymes needed for metabolite consumption. Posttranslational regulation Gene expression Metabolic channeling
Gene expression
In which two of the following habitats would you expect to find halophiles? alpine glaciers Great Salt Lake Yellowstone National Park Dead Sea Great Lakes
Great Salt Lake Dead Sea
During pasteurization, milk is treated for a defined time at what temperature? Body temperature Heated but not to boiling Heated to boiling Freezing
Heated but not to boiling
Which of the following statements regarding biological control of microorganisms is correct? One type of biological control is the use of salt to limit the growth of certain microbes. Human application of biological control mechanisms is relatively new. Biological control mechanisms refer to the elimination of microbes by chemical means.
Human application of biological control mechanisms is relatively new.
Which of the following statements about obligate anaerobes is correct? They are exclusively found in the Archaea. They are never found in oxic environments. In oxic environments, they associate with facultative anaerobes. They maintain high concentrations of catalase enzyme.
In oxic environments, they associate with facultative anaerobes.
How does thioglycollate medium allow the distinction of organisms with different responses to oxygen? Inclusion of a reducing agent in the medium results in a gradient of oxygen. Bubbling oxygen through the medium promotes growth of aerobes over anaerobes. Incubation in an anaerobic chamber promotes growth of anaerobes over aerobes. Application of peroxide drops illustrates the presence of catalase by bubbling.
Inclusion of a reducing agent in the medium results in a gradient of oxygen.
Which two of the following responses to growth at low temperature have been identified in microbes? Synthesize an ATPase that pumps protons out of the cell Increase the levels of unsaturated fatty acids in membranes Alter the G + C content of stable RNAs Synthesize compatible solutes to decrease the freezing point of cytosol
Increase the levels of unsaturated fatty acids in membranes Synthesize compatible solutes to decrease the freezing point of cytosol
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the influence of temperature on the effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent? Decreasing the temperature at which a chemical control agent is used will enhance its activity. Increasing the temperature at which a chemical control agent is used will enhance its activity. Temperature is irrelevant to the performance of a chemical control agent.
Increasing the temperature at which a chemical control agent is used will enhance its activity.
Which one of the following halogens is used as an antiseptic? Astatine Bromine Iodine Fluorine
Iodine
Which one of the following halogens is used as an antiseptic? Fluorine Iodine Bromine Astatine
Iodine
How is ionizing radiation different from ultraviolet radiation? The two terms are synonymous. Ionizing radiation produces particles with less energy for sensitive objects. Ionizing radiation produces particles with more energy to penetrate objects.
Ionizing radiation produces particles with more energy to penetrate objects.
As the temperature rises from point A to point B on this curve, how does the generation time of the culture change? (Graph 3 in google doc) It becomes longer. It becomes shorter. It does not change. It becomes hotter.
It becomes longer.
As the temperature rises from point A to point B on this curve, how does the generation time of the culture change? (No image was provided....?) It becomes hotter. It becomes longer. It does not change. It becomes shorter.
It becomes longer.
Which of the following is a limitation on the use of ultraviolet radiation for sterilization? It does not penetrate substances effectively. It is not chemically compatible with many plastics. It is unstable for long exposures.
It does not penetrate substances effectively.
Which of the following is a limitation on the use of ultraviolet radiation for sterilization? It is not chemically compatible with many plastics. It does not penetrate substances effectively. It is unstable for long exposures.
It does not penetrate substances effectively.
Which of the following best describes the movement of AHL (N-acylhomoserine lactone) across the plasma membrane of a bacterial cell? It requires facilitated diffusion. It is freely diffusible. It requires active transport. It requires the proton motive force.
It is freely diffusible.
Why are antiseptics not as toxic as disinfectants? They are intended only to decrease the number of microbes, not kill them. It is important not to destroy the tissue on which they are intended to control growth. They are used for shorter periods of time. They are used in household settings, not medical settings.
It is important not to destroy the tissue on which they are intended to control growth.
Which items are best sterilized by exposure to UV radiation? Syringes for hospital use Bacterial cultures Laboratory work surfaces Human skin
Laboratory work surfaces
The bactoprenol-NAM-pentapeptide complex involved in peptidoglycan synthesis is known as ____. (Graph 25) Lipid I UDP-NAM compound α-transpeptide Lipid II
Lipid I
How does exposure time relate to the degree of microbial control? Longer exposure time has no effect on killing. Longer exposure time results in greater killing.
Longer exposure time results in greater killing.
Often you have heard, "eat your vitamins", but why is that important? Vitamins must bind with substrates to make the right complexes for digestion. Many of your enzymes are nonfunctional apoenzymes, and require cofactors. Vitamins must stimulate the release of special enzymes for digestion. Vitamins must "feed" the microbes within your gut for proper digestion.
Many of your enzymes are nonfunctional apoenzymes, and require cofactors.
Which of the following accurately defines standard free energy change? Minimum amount of energy available from the system for useful work under standard conditions Maximum amount of energy available from the system for useful work under standard conditions
Maximum amount of energy available from the system for useful work under standard conditions
Which of the following microbial systems can be exploited to control the growth of microorganisms? Membrane biogenesis Genetic exchange Microbial nutrition Photosynthesis
Microbial nutrition
Microbial toxins may be used to control which type of organisms? Human populations Microbial populations Prions Viruses
Microbial populations
How do dry air heat and moist heat compare for sterilization? Moist heat is more effective. The two are equally effective. Dry air heat is more effective.
Moist heat is more effective.
Which two of the following terms describe the effects of sterilizing gases on microbial cells? fungistatic microbistatic sporicidal microbicidal
sporicidal microbicidal
What name is given to an enzyme inhibitor that binds to a site other than the active site? Noncompetitive inhibitor Competitive inhibitor Coenzyme inhibitor Substrate inhibitor
Noncompetitive inhibitor
What name is given to an enzyme inhibitor that can bind to a site other than the active site and alter the enzyme's shape, thereby rendering it inactive? Noncompetitive inhibitor Substrate inhibitor Competitive inhibitor Coenzyme inhibitor
Noncompetitive inhibitor
Which two of the following statements are correct regarding the influence of the local environment on the effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent? Organic matter in biofilms can protect bacteria from antimicrobial agents. Pasteurization is equally effective for all liquid foods. Heat kills more readily at an acidic pH. The lethal effect of a chemical disinfectant is not influenced by physical forces.
Organic matter in biofilms can protect bacteria from antimicrobial agents. Heat kills more readily at an acidic pH.
Which class of microbes are adapted for growth in extremely hypertonic environments? Vibrioids Wall-less microbes Osmophiles Protists
Osmophiles
In which type of reaction are electrons moved from an electron donor to an electron acceptor? Oxidation-reduction Decarboxylation Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis
Oxidation-reduction
What is the mechanism of action of halogens against microbial cells? Denatures proteins Oxidizes cell constituents Denatures nucleic acids Solubilizes cell membranes
Oxidizes cell constituents
What is the mechanism of action of halogens against microbial cells? Oxidizes cell constituents Denatures proteins Solubilizes cell membranes Denatures nucleic acids
Oxidizes cell constituents
In the right side of the figure, which component of a Gram positive cell is affected by glutaraldehyde? DNA in the nucleoid Peptidoglycan in the cell wall Lipids in the membrane
Peptidoglycan in the cell wall
What do the yellow atoms represent in this image of ATP? Phosphorus atom Nitrogen atom Oxygen atom Carbon atom
Phosphorus atom
Heat and radiation are which types of methods for the control of microbes? Biological Physical Chemical
Physical
Which technique is not suitable for direct counting of cells in a microbial culture? Plate counting Coulter counting Flow cytometry Microscopy
Plate counting
A method for separating cells by inoculating molten agar with the cells and then adding the agar to a sterile petri dish is ______________ plating.
Pour
In the left side of the figure, which component of a Gram negative cell is affected by glutaraldehyde? (Graph 15 in google doc) Proteins in the outer membrane Lipids in both inner and outer membranes Lipids in the outer membrane DNA in the nucleoid Peptidoglycan in the periplasm
Proteins in the outer membrane
Which of the following are features common to all types of metabolism? LIfe does not obey the laws of thermodynamics Chemical reactions in a cell are not arranged in pathways Redox reactions play a critical role in energy conservation Energy is conserved in molecules called ATP
Redox reactions play a critical role in energy conservation Energy is conserved in molecules called ATP
The RNA polymerase subunit that directs the ribosome to synthesis proteins helpful for survival during starvation is ______. RNApol I RpoS RpoQ RNApol III
RpoS
Name the enzyme that converts ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate to 3-phosphoglycerate in the Calvin-Benson cycle. (Graph 23) Phosphoglycerate kinase Ribulose dehydrogenase Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase RuBisCO
RuBisCO
The enzyme that converts ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate to 3-phosphoglycerate is called ____________. (Graph 23)
RuBisCO
The enzyme that converts ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate to 3-phosphoglycerate is called __________________. (Graph 23)
RuBisCO
Which technique can be used to enumerate the cells in a liquid culture? Enrichment Serial dilution Pure culturing Streak plating
Serial dilution
Which technique can be used to enumerate the cells in a liquid culture? Streak plating Serial dilution Enrichment Pure culturing
Serial dilution
Which two of the following statements are correct regarding the influence of population composition on the effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent? Some antimicrobial agents have different effects on vegetative cells and endospores. If a disinfectant kills microbial cells, it will be effective against all types of cells. Younger cells in a population are harder to kill than older cells. Cells of some bacterial species are harder to kill than cells of other species.
Some antimicrobial agents have different effects on vegetative cells and endospores. Cells of some bacterial species are harder to kill than cells of other species.
Which of the following terms describes a chemical that is used destroy all organisms (including viruses and endospores) on an object? Denaturant Antiseptic Sterilant Antibiotic
Sterilant
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the influence of concentration on the effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent? Always. the more dilute chemical control agent will have a greater killing effect than a concentrated solution. Always, the more concentrated chemical control agent will have a greater killing effect than a dilute solution. The effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent is not always related to its concentration.
The effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent is not always related to its concentration.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the interpretation of the phenol coefficient? The phenol coefficient is measured under laboratory conditions and may not be comparable to use in a domestic or hospital environment. The phenol coefficient of a disinfectant will not be affected by the temperature at which it is used. The phenol coefficient of a disinfectant is an unalterable characteristic of an chemical compound.
The phenol coefficient is measured under laboratory conditions and may not be comparable to use in a domestic or hospital environment.
Which of the following best describes thermodynamics? Thermodynamics explains the rate of reactions. Thermodynamics focuses on changes in energy states. Thermodynamics focuses on changes in water pressure. Thermodynamics focuses on changes in heat energy.
Thermodynamics focuses on changes in energy states.
Laboratory culture techniques like the use of a GasPak or anaerobic chamber are important for which of the following reasons? These techniques promote laboratory safety by eliminating flammable gases from the lab. These technique purify gases to reduce contamination from the atmosphere. These techniques eliminate the presence of oxygen for the culture of anaerobes. These techniques raise the concentration of carbon dioxide for the culture of autotrophs.
These techniques eliminate the presence of oxygen for the culture of anaerobes.
Laboratory culture techniques like the use of a GasPak or anaerobic chamber are important for which of the following reasons? These techniques raise the concentration of carbon dioxide for the culture of autotrophs. These techniques promote laboratory safety by eliminating flammable gases from the lab. These technique purify gases to reduce contamination from the atmosphere. These techniques eliminate the presence of oxygen for the culture of anaerobes.
These techniques eliminate the presence of oxygen for the culture of anaerobes.
A suspension of cells is distributed over the surface of a plate with a sterile bent rod in _____. flow cytometry streak plating spread plating pour plating
spread plating
How many phosphate groups are present in ATP? Zero Three One Two
Three
Identify the best description of how temperature can affect enzyme activity. Enzyme activity is based on Vmax and not temperature. The more temperature then the more enzyme activity (this goes toward infinity). Too much temperature or too little temperature can inhibit enzyme activity. Enzyme activity is based on affinity and not temperature.
Too much temperature or too little temperature can inhibit enzyme activity.
Assuming concentrations are equal for all compounds involved, which arrow represents the enzyme(s) with the greatest affinity for its substrate? (Graph 21 in google doc)
Top (long) arrow
______ work energy is needed because ions and molecules often must be moved across a cell membrane against an electrochemical gradient. Chemical Transport Mechanical
Transport
______ work energy is needed because ions and molecules often must be moved across a cell membrane against an electrochemical gradient. Transport Chemical Mechanical
Transport
Which type of cellular work requires energy to take up nutrients, eliminate wastes, and maintain ion balances? Mechanical work Transport work Chemical work
Transport work
Which two of the following are metabolic principles that save energy for the cell? Using different cofactors for both catabolic and anabolic pathways Assembling organelles using protein scaffolds and other architectural supports Using the same enzymes for both catabolic and anabolic pathways Forming biological macromolecules from simple monomers
Using the same enzymes for both catabolic and anabolic pathways Forming biological macromolecules from simple monomers
Which of the following best describes the term "denatured"? When an enzyme is killed When an enzyme unfolds When an enzyme is inhibited
When an enzyme unfolds
Chlorine is an effective disinfectant for which two of the following? Work stations contaminated with blood Swimming pools Surgical instruments Human or animal skin
Work stations contaminated with blood Swimming pools
The amount of heat energy needed to raise one gram of water from 14.5 to 15.5 degrees Celsius is ______. a calorie 10 calories 10 joules an ohm a joule
a calorie
The amount of heat energy needed to raise one gram of water from 14.5 to 15.5 degrees Celsius is ______. a joule an ohm 10 joules a calorie 10 calories
a calorie
Psychrotrophs differ from psychrophiles in that psychrotrophs have _____. no temperature optimum a much lower maximum temperature a much higher maximum temperature abundant antifreeze proteins in their cytoplasm
a much higher maximum temperature
pH is a measure of the relative __________________ of a solution.
acidity
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the ______ energy needed for the reaction to begin.
activation
The physical location on an enzyme that will bind to substrates is called the __________ site.
active
During DNA replication, nucleotides will bind to DNA polymerase at the ______ to become incorporated into the elongating strand of DNA. active site coenzyme proteocomplex apoenzyme mega complex
active site
The attraction of an enzyme for a specific substrate is referred to as the enzyme's ______. velocity Vmax affinity turnover number (kcat)
affinity
The most commonly used solidifying agent for supportive medium is _________________.
agar
Direct counting of cell numbers can be done with all of the following tools except _______. agar plates counting chambers Petroff-Hauser slides
agar plates
Microbes that grow best at pH values above 8 are called ______. alkaliphiles hypophiles neutrophiles acidophiles
alkaliphiles
Microbes that grow best at pH values above 8 are termed __________________.
alkaliphiles
To be effective, a culture medium must contain _____. oxygen antibiotics to inhibit growth of undesirable microbes a pH indicator all nutrients required for growth
all nutrients required for growth
Most regulatory enzymes are called ______ enzymes because their activity can be controlled by various effector molecules. ase allosteric vMAX apo-
allosteric
The activity of an allosteric enzyme is altered by a small molecule known as a(n) ___________ effector.
allosteric
Beef extract is an aqueous extract of lean beef and contains _____. [Choose two.] amino acids agar phosphorus vitamins lipids
amino acids vitamins
In this list of ingredients for a minimal medium used to grow Escherichia coli, the nitrogen source is _____. (Graph 4 in google doc) ferrous sulfate glucose sodium phosphate ammonium sulfate
ammonium sulfate
One of the basic principles guiding anabolism is that some enzymes in _____________ pathways function in one direction only.
amphibolic
Precursor metabolites are central to the functioning of _____ reactions. catabolic regenerative anabolic constitutive
anabolic
The group of metabolic processes that uses simple organic molecules to construct complex molecules is called ______________
anabolism
The process of controlling microbial growth on living tissue is called ________________.
antisepsis
A chemical agent used to control microbial growth on living tissue is called a(n)
antiseptic
A(n) __________ is a term used to describe a nonfunctional enzyme that must first bind to an additional factor like a vitamin in order to actually function.
apoenzyme
A(n) ____________ is a term used to describe a nonfunctional enzyme that must first bind to an additional factor like a vitamin in order to actually function.
apoenzyme
One of the basic principles guiding anabolism is that large molecules ____. are made from small molecules can not be created biosynthetically are degraded to release energy
are made from small molecules
The device used for steam sterilization in a microbiology lab is the ______________.
autoclave
The instrument in use in this image is a(n) _____. autoclave ethylene oxide sterilizer biological safety cabinet anaerobic chamber
autoclave
Which treatment is most efficient at killing the endospores of Clostridium botulinum? dry heat pasteurization filtration autoclaving
autoclaving
A chemical treatment that kills bacteria would be referred to as ______. bactericidal bacteriostatic
bactericidal
Microbes that can grow at high physical pressures are considered to be ______. tensiotolerant compressotolerant barotolerant osmotolerant
barotolerant
Microbes that can grow at high physical pressures are considered to be ________________.
barotolerant
Broth cultures that are grown without the addition of fresh media are called _______________ cultures.
batch
Broth cultures that are inoculated and allowed to grow without the addition of fresh media are called ______. axenic cultures batch cultures continuous cultures pure cultures
batch cultures
Streptococcus pneumoniae cells produce and release a small protein that at a high concentration induces some cells to _____. become competent to uptake DNA become resistant to antibiotics lyse and release their DNA to the medium produce autoinducer molecules
become competent to uptake DNA
Which three small molecules are compatible solutes typically found in halophiles? sodium chloride superoxide betaine proline sucrose potassium chloride
betaine proline potassium chloride
Bacteria and archaea mainly reproduce by ____________ _____________.
binary fission
A ______________ is the amount of heat energy needed to raise one gram of water from 14.5 to 15.5 degrees Celsius.
calorie
Autotrophs use the molecule _______________ _________________ as their sole or principal source of carbon.
carbon dioxide
The reductive TCA cycle is a mechanism for ____. carbon fixation energy generation nitrogen assimilation reductive amination
carbon fixation
Precursor metabolites provide the _____ for the synthesis of all other important organic molecules. cofactors reducing power phosphate groups carbon skeletons
carbon skeletons
An enzyme acts as a(n) _____________ by increasing the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently altered by the reaction.
catalyst
Enzymes are described as acting as ______ which implies that enzymes are not permanently changed by their activity. coenzymes catalysts holoenzymes apoenzymes
catalysts
Treatment of objects with dry heat causes denaturation of proteins. The ultimate result is _____. cell stasis cell death
cell death
Microbes in hypotonic environments are protected in part by their _____, which prevents over-expansion of the plasma membrane. capsule periplasmic space outer membrane cell wall
cell wall
Microbes in hypotonic environments are protected in part by their _____, which prevents over-expansion of the plasma membrane. cell wall periplasmic space capsule outer membrane
cell wall
The synthesis of biological molecules from much simpler precursors is called _____________ work.
chemical
NAD and FAD are used as ______ in conjunction with apoenzymes in several chemical reactions as they carry hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain during cellular respiration. prosthetic group substrate coenzymes vitamin
coenzymes
A nonprotein component that must bind to a nonfunctional protein to make it functional is called a(n) ______. apoenzyme cofactor substrate holoenzyme
cofactor
Often, metal ions and a variety of organic molecules must bind to an enzyme first so the enzyme has functionality. These substances are called ______. cofactors apoenzymes substrates holoenzymes
cofactors
A macroscopically visible cluster of microorganisms on a solid growth medium is called a(n)
colony
Halophiles can survive in extremely hypertonic environments by filling their cells with ______. carbohydrates compatible solutes water vacuoles
compatible solutes
Halophiles can survive in extremely hypertonic environments by filling their cells with ______. vacuoles water compatible solutes carbohydrates
compatible solutes
An enzyme inhibitor that binds to the active site in the same way a substrate might is called a(n) _____________ inhibitor.
competitive
As you add more substrate to an inhibited enzymatic reaction and the reaction starts to increase in productivity indicates that the inhibitor is ______. competitive noncompetitive
competitive
As you add more substrate to an inhibited enzymatic reaction and the reaction starts to increase in productivity indicates that the inhibitor is ______. noncompetitive competitive
competitive
Enzyme inhibitors that appear similar to substrates are called ___________ inhibitors.
competitive
If an enzymatic reaction is 1/2 inhibited and then you add twice more substrate and an increase in the production of product is observed, you may conclude that the inhibitor is a(n) ______ inhibitor. competitive noncompetitive
competitive
If an enzymatic reaction is 1/2 inhibited and then you add twice more substrate and an increase in the production of product is observed, you may conclude that the inhibitor is a(n) ______ inhibitor. noncompetitive competitive
competitive
Culture media that contain ingredients of unknown chemical composition are referred to as _______. complex differential defined selective
complex
The medium tryptic soy broth, ingredients listed here, is a _____ medium. (Graph 5 in google doc) selective defined complex differential
complex
Electrons move from the electron _________ to the electron _________ in redox reactions.
donor acceptor
True or false: ATP has the highest phosphate transfer potential in the cell.
false
Blood agar is an enriched medium that provides a broad range of nutrients and growth factors required for the cultivation of _____ microbes. fastidious hemophilic acidophilic anaerobic
fastidious
Blood agar is an enriched medium that provides a broad range of nutrients and growth factors required for the cultivation of _____ microbes. hemophilic anaerobic acidophilic fastidious
fastidious
This image illustrates ________ inhibition. (Graph 22 in google doc)
feedback
When lactose is present, E. coli will synthesize the gene products needed for lactose consumption. This is an example of ______. metabolic channeling posttranslational regulation gene expression
gene expression
For people, it is said that our healthy body temperature is 37∘C, therefore, our enzymes ______. generally work optimally at 37∘C cannot deviate from 37∘C at all are denatured and must be remade constantly must circulate throughout our body to stay cooler
generally work optimally at 37∘C
The length of time that it takes a culture to double in cell number is called the ____________________ time.
generation
The length of time that it takes a culture to double in cell number is called the ______. cell cycle viable time reproductive time generation time
generation time
The colonies that develop on this differential medium can be classified according to their ability to _____. (Graph 6 in google doc) degrade chocolate withstand bile salts lyse blood cells ferment lactose
lyse blood cells
As a bacterial cell population increases in size, AHL moves _____ the cells. into out of
into
Radiation with very short wavelengths and high energies called _________________ radiation is particularly damaging to cells.
ionizing
The type of electromagnetic radiation most harmful to cells is _______. ionizing ultraviolet visible infrared
ionizing
Breaking hydrogen bonds, destroying ring structures, and protein oxidation are among the cellular effects of _____. high temperature ultraviolet radiation low pH ionizing radiation
ionizing radiation
Breaking hydrogen bonds, destroying ring structures, and protein oxidation are among the cellular effects of _____. ionizing radiation low pH high temperature ultraviolet radiation
ionizing radiation
The colony form depicted third from the right is _____. (Graph 10 in google doc) punctiform rhizoid irregular spindle
irregular
When fresh growth medium is inoculated with a microbial culture there is typically a period of adaptation called the _________________ phase.
lag
When fresh growth medium is inoculated with a microbial culture there is typically a period of adaptation called the ______. lag phase death phase exponential phase stationary phase
lag phase
An organism's optimal growth temperature is closest to its _____. maximum growth temperature minimal growth temperature usual growth temperature
maximum growth temperature
At high temperatures, membrane lipids tend to become _________ fluid, while at low temperatures membrane lipids tend to become _________ fluid. more/less less/more
more/less; Temperature is the measure of the amount of vibrations found in atoms. Therefore, the hotter the temperature then the more vibrations in the atoms and that implies that membranes will have greater gaps (i.e., distances) between phospholipids yielding more membrane fluidity.
Spontaneous reactions are said to have a ______. very high ΔH net equilibrium negative ΔG positive ΔG
negative ΔG
Which of the following phenomena is observed during long-term stationary phase? photosynthesis natural selection fermentation
natural selection
Predatory bacteria like Bdellovibrio species prey on Gram _____________ bacteria.
negative
Microbes that grow best at pH values near 7 are called ______. neutrophiles hypophiles acidophiles alkaliphiles
neutrophiles
Microbes that grow best at pH values near 7 are termed _______________.
neutrophiles
In the process of transforming a precursor metabolite into an amino acid or a nucleotide, the carbon skeleton is modified by the addition of _____. [Choose three.] sulfur magnesium iron phosphorus nitrogen hydrogen
nitrogen phosphorus sulfur
A suspension of cells is distributed over the surface of a plate with a sterile bent rod in _____. spread plating streak plating flow cytometry pour plating
spread plating
Cellular reactions that have a net positive ΔG are generally referred to as ______. denatured spontaneous non-spontaneous at equilibrium
non-spontaneous
The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is its ______. K of acidity log H+ pH pKa
pH
To compare the standard reduction potential of reactions, a common ______ must be assumed. pH concentration temperature altitude
pH
The rate limiting enzyme in a metabolic pathway is often referred to as the __________-maker enzyme.
pace
The process of heating a temperature sensitive liquid to temperatures below boiling for the purpose of killing undesirable microbes is known as _________.
pasteurization
The process of heating a temperature sensitive liquid to temperatures below boiling for the purpose of killing undesirable microbes is known as ____________.
pasteurization
N-acetylglucosamine is a building block for the synthesis of
peptidoglycan
N-acetylmuramic acid is a building block for the synthesis of ___________
peptidoglycan
The quantitative measurement of the potency of a disinfectant is known as the ___________ coefficient.
phenol
Which two of the following strategies are used by microbes to limit the potentially damaging effects of osmosis in hypotonic environments? presence of a peptidoglycan-containing cell wall synthesize transporters to regulate the flow of ions across the membrane presence of mechanosensitive channels in the plasma membrane synthesize or import compatible solutes
presence of a peptidoglycan-containing cell wall presence of mechanosensitive channels in the plasma membrane
Which two of the following strategies are used by microbes to limit the potentially damaging effects of osmosis in hypotonic environments? presence of mechanosensitive channels in the plasma membrane presence of a peptidoglycan-containing cell wall synthesize transporters to regulate the flow of ions across the membrane synthesize or import compatible solutes
presence of mechanosensitive channels in the plasma membrane presence of a peptidoglycan-containing cell wall
Some autotrophic bacteria fix carbon using the __________ TCA cycle.
reductive
Another name for the Calvin-Benson cycle is the ______. Embden-Meyerhof pathway Entner-Doudoroff pathway oxidative glyoxylate cycle reductive pentose phosphate cycle
reductive pentose phosphate cycle
Allosteric effectors bind to allosteric enzymes at the __________ site.
regulatory
Allosteric effectors typically bind to the ______. active site regulatory site
regulatory site
FIltration is an effective means of sterilization for liquid solutions. Its effect on microorganisms is to _____. remove them from the solution dissolve them in the solution precipitation them from the solution vaporize them from the solution
remove them from the solution
Long chains of glucose monomers are stored by the cell as _____. precursor metabolites ppolypeptides nucleoside diphosphate starch or glycogen
starch or glycogen
In which three of the following are biofilms found? slime on rocks knee implants on boat hulls laboratory autoclaves
slime on rocks knee implants on boat hulls
Which two of the following may be found on a properly disinfected object? small number of microbes viable pathogens living tissue viable spores
small number of microbes viable spores
Bacterial proteins that protect DNA, strengthen cell walls, and act as chaperones are often expressed during _____. septation starvation biofilm formation oligotrophic growth
starvation
Which two of the following adaptations are used by Halobacterium to survive in its environment? stabilize cell wall with high concentration of sodium increase GC content of stable RNAs endospore formation internal potassium concentration of 4M synthesize superoxide dismutase
stabilize cell wall with high concentration of sodium internal potassium concentration of 4M
The terminology used to describe different microbial control agents is important to understand because (choose 2) some treatments have different effects depending on the conditions many of the words sound alike and it gets confusing some of the words are in common use with imprecise meanings
some treatments have different effects depending on the conditions some of the words are in common use with imprecise meanings
RpoS is important for protein synthesis during ______. eutrophism cell division excystment starvation
starvation
ppGpp is a signaling molecule, related to DNA and RNA nucleotides, that regulates the cell's response to _____. ionizing radiation chemotaxis stressors biofilm formation
stressors
In eukaryotic autotrophs, the Calvin-Benson cycle reactions occur in the ______________ of the chloroplast.
stroma
Enzymes bind to _______ and aid in the generation of product.
substrates
Enzymes bind to _________ and aid in the generation of product.
substrates
Membranes and enzymes complexes are examples of __________ systems because they are composed of several/many smaller, yet complex structures. meganutritional phagocytic supramolecular metabolic
supramolecular
Place the steps of biofilm formation in their proper sequence. replication and growth surface preconditioning cell adsorption cell deposition
surface preconditioning cell deposition cell adsorption replication and growth
General purpose media that sustain growth of many microbes are called _______________ media.
supportive
General purpose media that sustain growth of many microbes are called _______. selective media differential media supportive media enriched media
supportive media
In this graph illustrating cardinal temperatures, the x-axis is _____. (Graph 2 in google doc) the growth rate generation time temperature the number of cells
temperature
The Z value of a biocidal agent at a given D value is measured in units of ______. molarity temperature concentration time
temperature
What temperature of moist heat will eliminate most bacterial endospores? temperatures above 100°F temperatures above 100°C
temperatures above 100°C
Posttranslational regulation is so named because ____. the metabolites are bound to an inhibitor the metabolites are controlled after they enter a compartment the enzyme is controlled after it is already synthesized the enzyme is controlled after the mRNA is already synthesized
the enzyme is controlled after it is already synthesized
The word "allosteric", when used to describe enzymes, such as allosteric enzymes, implies ______.
the enzyme's shape can be controlled
Halobacterium species require high salt concentrations. If the sodium concentration in the environment decreases too much, _____. the cell will synthesize compatible solutes the cell will synthesize flagella to move toward higher salt the plasma membrane will shrink the cell wall and plasma membrane disintegrate
the cell wall and plasma membrane disintegrate
This plate can be identified as a streak plate because (Graph 8 in google doc) several colonies are well-isolated from the rest the pattern of colonies illustrates the inoculation style the pattern of colonies is random all colonies have the same morphology
the pattern of colonies illustrates the inoculation style
Choose two phrases that describes "disinfection". the reduction of the microbial population the conversion of viable cells to persisters the elimination of all microbes the destruction of potential pathogens
the reduction of the microbial population the destruction of potential pathogens
Today, new enzymes are most often named based on ______. the rate at which they bind their structure the substrates they catalyze the cofactors that bind them
the substrates they catalyze
Color change on autoclave tape indicates that _______. the tape (and the contents of the autoclave) has been disinfected the tape (and the contents of the autoclave) has been sterilized the tape (and the contents of the autoclave) has been heated
the tape (and the contents of the autoclave) has been heated
Microbes that grow at temperatures between 45 and 85°C are called __________________. (Optimal temperatures appear to be 55 to 65°C.)
thermophiles
Microbes that grow best at temperatures above 45°C are called ______. psychrophiles thermophiles mesophiles psychrotrophs
thermophiles
Tyndallization is used for sterilization when materials are suspected to be contaminated with spores and _____. they are sensitive to heavy metal exposure they are sensitive to ionizing radiation they are sensitive to high temperature
they are sensitive to high temperature
Gram-negative bacteria are somewhat less susceptible to control agents than Gram-positives because _____. they are more likely to grow as biofilms their genomes often encode resistance factors they have a negative charge on the outer membrane they have an outer membrane as an additional barrier
they have an outer membrane as an additional barrier
The use of microbial _________________, such as bacteriocins, is another method for controlling unwanted microbial populations. (In other words, what is the general term to describe bacteriocins?)
toxins
Streptococcus pneumoniae cells, in the competent state, are able to take up DNA from the environment, a process called _____. transduction transformation quorum sensing biofilm formation
transformation
The use of an activator or inhibitor to control an enzyme or metabolic pathway is called post-_____________ regulation.
translational
The process that creates peptide cross-links between peptidoglycan chains is called ___________.
transpeptidation
Coenzyme Q (or ubiquinone) will transport ______. two hydrogen protons two electrons and two hydrogen protons oxygen two electrons
two electrons and two hydrogen protons
The process known as _____ uses repetitive exposure to steam interspersed with 24 hour periods at room temperature as a means of sterilizing objects that may be contaminated with endospores and that cannot withstand the high temperature of an autoclave. pasteurization tyndallization disinfection sterilization
tyndallization
One of the basic principles guiding anabolism is that anabolic reactions tend to _______. use heat make ATP use ATP use water
use ATP