Microbiology Exam 4 Multiple Choice

The main function of the reticuloendothelial system is to provide A. surveillance of the body B. a connection between tissues and organs C. filtration of extracellular fluid D. filtration of blood E. all of these choices are correct

B

Viruses have all of the following except A. definite shape B. metabolism C. genes D. the ability to infect host cells E. ultramicroscopic size

B

Even though it is bacterium, Clostridium botulinum can be made more pathogenic once infected with a A. temperate phage B. oncogene C. plaque D. retrovirus

A

If you contracted Borrellia burgdorferi (causative agent of Lyme Disease) from a tick bite, this would be an example of ____________ transmission A. Vector-borne B. Vehicle-borne C. Airborne D. Fomite E. Non-contact

A

In contrast to #9, if you contracted Salmonella typhi (causative agent of Typhoid fever) from eating contaminated chicken prepared by someone with questionable hygiene, this would be an example of __________ transmission A. Vehicle-borne B. Contact C. Vector-borne D. Fomite E. Airborne

A

In general, most DNA viruses multiply in the host cell's ____, while most RNA viruses multiply in the host cell's ___ A. nucleus, cytoplasm B. cytoplasm, cell membrane C. cell membrane, cytoplasm D. cytoplasm, nucleus E. nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum

A

The region of each antibody molecule where amino acid composition is highly varied from one B lymphocyte to another is the A. variable region B. joining region C. constant region D. light region E. hinge region

A

Virulence factors include all of the following except: A. Ribosomes B. Exoenzymes C. Exotoxins D. Capsules E. Endotoxins

A

Viruses with ______ sense RNA contain the correct message for translation, while viruses with ____ sense RNA must first be converted into a correct message A. positive, negative B. negative, positive C. primary, secondary D. secondary, primary E. none of the choices is correct

A

Which is mismatched? A. secondary infection - infection spreads to several tissue sites B. mixed infection -several agents established at infection site C. acute infection - rapid onset of severe, short-lived symptoms D. local infection - pathogen remains at or near entry site E. toxemia - pathogen's toxins carried by the blood to target tissues

A

Which of the following best explains how a bacterial prophage can negatively impact human health? A. toxins or enzymes are produced by the infected bacterial prophage can negatively impact human health B. the entry of the prophage causes cessation of protein synthesis in human cells C. The lysis of infected human cells results in the release of numerous phage particles D. The entry of the prophage shuts down DNA replication in human cells

A

Which of the following cells are professional phagocytes A. Neutrophils B. T-cells C. B-cells D. Basophils E. Eosinphils

A

Acquired specific immunity involves the response of A. skin barriers B. B and T lymphocytes C. lysozyme D. mucus membranes E. interferon

B

During what process are hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication? A. inflammation B. phagocytosis C. interferon production D. complement production E. bradykinin

B

Opportunistic pathogens: A. Cause disease in every individual B. Cause disease in compromised individuals C. Are always pathogens D. Have well-developed virulence factors E. None of the choices are correct

B

The blood cells that function in allergic reactions and inflammation, downregulate the activity of vasodilators, and particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are: A. Basophils B. Eosinophils C. Neutrophils D. Monocytes E. Macrophages

B

The human body typically begins to be colonized by its normal biota A. before birth, in utero B. during and immediately after birth C. when a child first goes to school D. when an infant gets its first infectious disease E. during puberty

B

Which is mismatched? A. Fimbriae - adherence to substrate B. Endotoxin - affects intestines C. Capsules - antiphagocytic factor D. Leukocidins - damage white blood cells E. Hemolysins - damage red blood cells

B

__________ are toxins that are the lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of Gram-negative cell walls A. Exotoxins B. Endotoxins C. Enterotoxins D. Leukocidins E. Hemolysins

B

What type of cells secrete antibodies? A. B cells B. cytotoxic T cells C. plasma cells D. helper T cells E. antigen-presenting cells

C

What type of molecules act to draw phagocytes to foreign substances? A. MALTs B. RES C. PAMPs D. BALTs E. lysosomes

C

Which of the following explanations tells you why Joseph became infected with chickenpox in the first place? A. Joseph should not have been infected because he had passive natural immunity from breastfeeding as a baby B. His mother should have had gamma globulin administered so he would have passive artificial immunity C. There is no way Joseph would have been protected from the infection, since he did not receive active artificial immunity through the form of a vaccine D. Joseph probably has a primary immunodeficiency disease, otherwise these is no reason humans should be infected with chickenpox

C

A bacterium acquiring a new trait from a bacteriophage is a phenomenon called A. the cytopathic effect B. lytic conversion C. lysogenic conversion D. in vitro cultivation

C

Acellular vaccines and subunit vaccines A. contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules B. are always genetically engineered C. contain select antigeni components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses D. confer passive immunity E. utilize DNA strands that will produce the antigen

C

An acute infection is: A. An infection that spreads to several tissue sites B. An infection where several agents establish at the infection site C. An infection with rapid onset of severe, short-lived symptoms D. An infection where the pathogen remains at or near the entry site E. An infection that occurs after infection by another agent

C

Cytotoxic T cells A. are activated by antigens B. lack specifically for antigen C. secrete granzymes and perforins that damage target cells D. secrete interleukin-2 to stimulate B and T cells E. All of the choices are correct

C

Helper T cells: A. Secrete antibodies B. Function in allergic reactions C. Activate B cells and other T cells D. Suppress immune reactions E. Directly destroy target cells

C

Host range of a virus is limited by A. type of nucleic acid in the virus B. age of the host cell C. type of host cell receptors on cell membrane D. size of the host cell E. all of these choices are correct

C

One of the principal capsid shapes is a 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners reffered to as a/an ________ capsid A. spiked B. complex C. icosahedral D. helical E. buckeyball

C

Selective toxicity refers to... A. damage to pathogenic organisms B. damage to prokaryotic cell membranes C. damage to the target organisms but not host cells D. damage to nucleic acids E. None of these choices are correct

C

The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is... A. lactic acid B. hydrochloric acid C. lysozyme D. histamine E. bile

C

The time from when pathogen first enters the body and begins to multiply, until symptoms first appear is the A. prodromal stage B. convalescent stage C. incubation period D. period of invasion E. none of the choices are correct

C

Virus capsids are made from subunits called A. envelopes B. spikes C. capsomeres D. prophages E. peplomers

C

Which of the following is not true of the antigen-independent period of lymphocyte development? A. Lymphocytes form from stem cells in the bone marrow B. Random genetic rearrangements occur to produce different surface protein receptors C. Mature lymphocytes populate lymphatic organs and encounter antigens D. Lymphocytes with specificity for self are destroyed E. Many lymphocytes with different specificities are formed

C

Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins? A. Complement B. Albumin C. Interferon D. Histamine E. Leukocidin

C

A foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response is a/an: A. PAMP B. Marker C. Hapten D. Antigen E. Antibody

D

A properly functioning immune system is responsible for.. A. surveillance of the body B. recognition of foreign material C. destruction of foreign material D. all of the above choices are correct

D

A superinfection results from A. build up of a drug to toxic levels in the patient B. the wrong drug administered to the patient C. an immune system reaction to the drug D. decrease in most normal flora with overgrowth of an unaffected species E. all of the choices are correct

D

Components of the first line of defense include all the following except A. the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin B. nasal hairs C. flushing action of tears and blinking D. injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators E. activation of the complement system

D

During lysogeny, an inactive prophage state occurs when the viral DNA is inserted into the A. host cytoplasm B. host nucleus C. host nucleolus D. host DNA E. host cell membrane

D

Edward Jenners work involved... A. inoculation of dried pus from smallpox postulates into a person to stimulate immunity B. development of passive immunotherapy C. development of an immunization to protect people against cowpox D. immunization using a related, less pathogenic organism to give protection against a more pathogenic one E. All of these choices are correct

D

Infection occurs when A. contaminants are present on the skin B. a person swallows microbes in/on food C. a person inhales microbes in the air D. pathogens enter and multiply in body tissues E. All of the choices are correct

D

Major histocompatibility molecules are found on each of the following cells except: A. Leukocytes B. Eosinophils C. Epithelial cells D. Red blood cells E. Macrophages

D

One of the advantages of specific immunity is the production of ____ that provide long-lasting protection A. antibodies B. plasma cells C. Helper T-cells D. memory cells E. phagocytotic cells

D

Pathogenic microbes that cause disease in healthy people are called A. opportunistic pathogens B. normal biota C. indigenous biota D. true pathogens E. micropathogens

D

The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are: A. Complement B. Interferons C. Leukotrienes D. Pyrogens E. Lysozymes

D

The leakage of excess vascular fluid into tissues is called: A. Chemotaxis B. Diapedesis C. Vasoactivity D. Edema E. Pus

D

The monomer subunit of immunoglobin molecules has all the following except: A. Two identical heavy polypeptide chains B. Two identical light polypeptide chains C. Disulfide bonds between polypeptide chains D. Four antigen binding sites E. A variable and constant region on each polypeptide chain

D

The progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called A. antibodies B. sensitized T-cells C. activated macrophages D. plasma cells E. bursa cells

D

Viral tissue specificities are called A. ranges B. virions C. receptacles D. tropisms E. uncoating

D

Viruses acquire envelopes around their nucleocapsids during A. replication B. assembly C. adsorption D. release E. penetration

D

Which is mismatched? A. Mutualism - obligate relationship that benefits both partners B. Amensalism - relationship where one organism produces a metabolite that harms the other C. Commensalism - relationship where one party is helped and the other is neither harmed nor help D. Cooperation - obligate relationship where both partners benefit E. Predation - relationship where one organism benefits while the other is harmed (and likely killed)

D

Which is mismatched? A. Neutralization - antibodies prevent attachment of microbes to host surfaces B. Opsonization - antibodies coat microbes to aid in recognition by phagocytes C. Complement fixation - antibodies aid initiation of the complement pathway D. Agglutination - antibodies neutralize bacterial toxins E. Precipitation - antibodies bind many antigens creating a large molecule that is more easily recognized by phagocytes

D

Which of the following is not a method of adhesion for bacteria? A. Fimbriae B. Adhesive slime or capsules C. Specialized ligands or receptors D. Cilia E. Flagella

D

A ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans versus the minimum effective dose for that pathogen is assessed to predict the potential for toxic drug reactions. This is called the A. Kirby-Bauer B. antibiogram C. E-test D. MIC E. therapeutic index (TI)

E

Antigen-presenting cells: A. Include dendritic cells B. Include macrophages C. Engulf and modify antigen to be more immunogenic D. Hold and present processed antigen on their cell membrane surface E. All of the choices are correct

E

Lymphocyte maturation involves A. hormonal signals that initiate development B. B cells maturing in bone marrow sites C. T cells maturing in the thymus D. release of mature lymphocytes to begin migration to various lymphoid organs E. all of the choices are correct

E

Lymphocytes A. process MHC antigens for recognizing self B. have membrane receptors that recognize foreign antigens C. gain tolerance to self by destruction of lymphocytes that could react against self D. develop into clones of B and T cells that could react against self E. All of these choices are correct

E

Nonspecific chemical defenses from infection include which of the following? A. Lysozyme B. Skin's acidic pH and fatty acids C. Stomach hydrochloric acid D. Lactic acid and electrolytes of sweat E. All of the choices are correct

E

Resident biota are found in/out the: A. Skin B. Mouth C. Nasal passages D. Large intestine E. All of the choices are correct

E

The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobials include A. bacterial chromosomal mutations B. synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure C. prevention of drug entry into the cell D. alteration of drug receptors on cell targets E. All of these choices are correct

E

The core of every virus particle always contains A. DNA B. capsomeres C. enzymes D. DNA and RNA E. either DNA or RNA

E

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except: A. Rubor (redness) B. Calor (warmth) C. Dolor (pain) D. Tumor (swelling) E. Mordor (sorrow)

E

Which of the following is a chemical used by phagocytes to destroy ingested foreign substances? A. Hydrogen peroxide B. Nitric oxide C. Lactic acid D. Superoxide anion E. All of these are used

E