Microbiology final exam studyguide

Who coined sterile and found heat resistant spores?

Ferdinand Cohn

Gram Stain

Gram

Who was the first to see cells?

Hooke, bark

tobacco mosaic virsu

Iwanowski

discovered mRNA leading to understanding of protein synthesis

Jacob and Mono

What are the logical steps that verified the germ theory and established whether a pathogen was a pathogen and what disease it caused?

Koch's postulates

Who discovered the cause of anthrax and what did he name it?

Koch, bacillus anthracis

conjugation

Lederberg and Tatum

Who was the first to see Protozoans?

Leewenhoek

Father of Taxonomy

Linaeus

introduced aseptic techniques using phenol

Lister

Who discovered that at home birth caused less infection than hospital birth?

Oliver Wendel Holmes

contributed to the germ theory of disease

Pasteur

Who disproved spontaneous generation and how?

Pasteur, swan neck flasks with sterilized broth

classified Streptococcus based on differences in cell wall

Rebecca Lancefield

Who did the maggot and meat experiment to also disprove spontaneous generation?

Redi

replaced Salks vaccine with oral form

Sabin

discovered polio

Salk

showed that women became infected during birth who were examined by doctors who came from autopsy

Semmelweis

pure culture

1 species

mixed culture

2 or more species

how much of the photosynthesis on earth do microbes account for?

70%

examples of EID

AIDS, West Nile, Hep C, tuberculosis, bird flu, mad cow, Ebola, E-coli 0157, strep

discovered penicillin

Alexander Fleming

Avery's group

DNA proved to be unit of heredity

magic bullet; Salvarsan meaning "salvation from syphilis"

Ehrlich

discovered cholera in the wells of London

Snow

model for DNA

Watson and Crik

What microbe is used in sewage treatment?

Zooglea

2 types of purines

adenine, guanine

photosynthetic eukaryotes that balance nature

algae

tRNA

anticodon

pathogens

any organism that causes a disease

inspection

appearance, results of biochemical tests

extreme environments

archaea

genetic engineering

area of biotechnology that manipulates genes to make new products and genetically modified organisms

sterile means

aseptic

what is used for insect pest control and what does it control?

bacillus thuringensis, bollworms, corn borer, tomato worms

What are types of microbiology?

bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminths, fungi, viruses, archaea

biogenesis

beginning with life

abiogenesis

beginning without life

spontaneous generation

belief that invisible vital forces present in matter led to the creation of life, life from non-life

clinical samples

body fluids, discharges, anatomical sites, diseased tissue

37 degrees

body temperature

4 main families of macromolecules

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Infection

caused by bacteria, virus

disease

change in health

mRNA

codon

What other contributions did Pasteur make?

cured rabies, discovered pasteurization, saved silkworm industry, germ theory of disease

chemical composition

defined media and complex media

wax

ester formed between an alcohol and a saturated fatty acid

ubiquitous

found nearly everywhere

sterile

free of life

reproduce by budding

fungi

monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose; involved in metabolic processes

Peptidoglycon

glycols and peptide, structure to bacteria cell wall

inoculation

grow or culture, place a sample on the media (nutrient medium)

Why did Cohn insist on aseptic techniques?

heat resistant endosportes

lipid head

hydrophilic

lipid tail

hydrophobic

agar

indispensable polysaccharide in preparing solid culture media

the Five I's

inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, identification

responsible for smallpox vaccination

jenner

lipopolysaccharide

lipid and polysaccharide; fever and shock

how did Leewenhoek see protozoans and what did he name them?

made microscope by grinding glass even finer to see linen, started look at other stuff, named them animalcules

transcription

making a copy of DNA

biotechnology

manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting

examples of extreme environments

methanogens, halophytes, thermophiles

5 kingdoms

monera, protista, plantae, animalia, fungi

polymerization

monomers into polymers

emerging infectious disease

new diseases that appear in the last few decades

What is one example of bacteria recycling elements?

nitrogen

normal flora

no harm and beneficial, bacteria normally on your body

Makeup of a virus

not living, DNA/RNA wrapped in proteins sometimes covered by lipid membrane

isolation

observe colonies (pour plate or streak plate), isolate a cell to let it grow into a colony

contaminated culture

once was pure but had contaminants introduced (accidentally)

Infectious disease

pathogen invades susceptible host

media is classified based on 3 things

physical state, chemical composition, and functional type or purpose

defined media

precisely chemically defined

move by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia

protozoa

How do microbes shape our planet?

provide oxygen with photosynthesis, improve life (penicillin), formation of ozone causing species diversification

25 degrees

room temperature

other samples

soil, water, sewage, foods, air, and inanimate objects

physical state of media

solid (agar), liquid (broth), or semi-solid

agar

solid at room temp, melts at boiling temp of water, won't cool until 42 C, not digestible for most microorganism, general-purpose media that grow a wide variety

cholesterol

steroid that reinforces the structure of cell membranes

bacteriology

study of bacteria, began with Leewenhoek study of tooth scraping

mycology

study of fungi

parasitology

study of protozoa and parasitic worms

microbiology

study of things too small to be seen without magnification

disaccharide

sucrose-gf lactose-gga maltose-gg

glycocalyx

sugar coating, site for attachment and receptors

identification

summate of the other I's

culture

the observable growth that appears in or on the media after incubation

Why did heat not always kill bacteria

they discovered heat resistant endospores

3 types of pyrimidiens

thymine, uracil, cytosine

recombinant DNA technology

transfers genetic material from one organism to another, technique for making GMOs

translation

translating code to make proteins

incubation

typically in an incubator set at 37 degrees or 25 degrees

bioremediation

using microbes to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants