Microbiology Final Exam
Rank the following microbes from largest to smallest in size (on average), where largest is first and smallest is last.
1. Helminths 2. Protozoa 3. Yeast 4. Bacteria 5. Viruses
When testing for antimicrobial susceptibility, which of the following would indicate the greatest resistance to the drug? A 8mm B 22mm C 17mm D 14mm
A 8mm
Which TWO of the following microbes are examples eukaryotic organisms, which have a distinct membrane-bound nucleus and other specialized organelles? A A protozoan B An archaeon C A virus D A fungus E A bacterium
A A protozoan D A fungus
Choose the phrase that best describes the "Electron Transport Chain." A A series of redox reactions used to generate ATP (via ATP Synthase) using energy harvested from the transport of electrons from NADH and FADH2 B A multistep linear process resulting in the enzymatic splitting and oxidation of glucose to form pyruvic acid, with a net gain of 2 ATP C The linear series of catabolic reactions that break down pyruvate to form acetyl CoA and CO2 D A cyclic series of reactions that processes pyruvate, releasing CO2 and generating ATP, NADH and FADH
A A series of redox reactions used to generate ATP (via ATP Synthase) using energy harvested from the transport of electrons from NADH and FADH2
A bacterial operon is: A A unit of linked genes that are regulated (turned ON or OFF) together, thereby saving energy B A single structural gene that has a critical role in metabolism C A single regulatory gene that can act as a transcription factor, regulating the expression of one gene at a time D A group of related proteins that can simultaneously be converted back into DNA
A A unit of linked genes that are regulated (turned ON or OFF) together, thereby saving energy
All microorganisms are best defined as organisms that: A Are too small to be seen with the unaided eye B Are infectious particles C Can only be found growing in laboratories D Lack a cell nucleus E Cause human disease
A Are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
An ideal antiviral drug would be one that: A Disrupted an integral viral process while causing little damage to the host cell B Killed the host cell thereby depriving the virus of its means to translate proteins C Prevents translation by the host cell ribosome, depriving the virus of a means to replicate D Killed both the virus and the host cell
A Disrupted an integral viral process while causing little damage to the host cell
The movement of substances from higher to lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier but WITHOUT any expenditure of energy is called: A Facilitated diffusion B Osmosis C Endocytosis D Simple diffusion E Active transport
A Facilitated diffusion
Which of the following are signs of infection? Check all that apply! A Fever B Rash C Pain D Dizziness E Nausea
A Fever B Rash
Choose the bacterial appendage that enables bacteria to stick to one another, to inanimate surfaces, and to host cells. A Fimbriae B Cell wall C Axial filaments D Pili E Flagella
A Fimbriae
Which of the following does not pertain to helminths? A In kingdom Protista B Multicellular worms C Eggs and sperm used for reproduction D Some are parasitic E Have various organ systems
A In kingdom Protista
A woman has just moved into a house whose water system hasn't been used in years. She decides to shower, but a few days later begins to show symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. This infection was caused by bacterial aerosols. What kind of contact is this? A Indirect B Direct C vectored
A Indirect
A micronutrient: A Is required by an organism in small amounts. B Is much smaller in size compared to a macronutrient. C Is found everywhere in nature. D Does NOT provide the body with energy. E Is much larger in size compared to a macronutrient.
A Is required by an organism in small amounts.
The lab term that refers to separating one species of microorganism from a mixture of microbes is: A Isolation B Inoculation C Incubation D Staining E Contamination
A Isolation
Which of the following statements about the genetic material of prokaryotic microbes (like bacteria) is FALSE? A It is found in the nucleus B It is transcribed and translated simultaneously in the cytoplasm C It often codes for several genes of related function in a series called an operon D It usually exists in the form of circular chromosomes E It can sometimes be found in extrachromosomal small circular structures called plasmids (in addition to chromosomes)
A It is found in the nucleus
The broth cultures that you use in lab contain 0% agar. These are a good example of: A Liquid Media B Solid Media C Differential Media D Selective Media
A Liquid Media
A 36-year-old female is bit by a raccoon and presents to the emergency department with mild trauma to her right lower extremity. Following a triage assessment, the patient's wound is cleaned and dressed. The physician verbalizes concern that the patient may have been exposed to rabies from the bite. One role of the RN is to provide education to the patient regarding rabies infection and its transmission. Which of the following terms most appropriately describes the role of the raccoon in the patient's exposure to infection? A Living reservoir B Nonliving reservoir C Carrier D Biological vector
A Living reservoir
To be defined as a virus, ALL viruses must have which TWO of the following traits (you must select BOTH correct answers to receive points): A Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) B Nucleus C Protein capsid D Ribosomes E Cytoplasm
A Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) C Protein capsid
Which terminology is not used to describe members of the resident biota? A Pathogenic biota B Normal biota C Indigenous biota D Normal microbiota E Commensals
A Pathogenic biota
Prions are infectious ______. A Proteins B Bacterial cells C RNA molecules D DNA molecules E Viruses
A Proteins
In regards to temperature, an organism thriving in an ice block chipped off of a glacier would be best defined as a: A Psychrophile B Mesophile C Thermophile D Capnophile E Neutrophile
A Psychrophile
These bacterial proteins can act as 'molecular scissors' to cleave foreign DNA of intruders (like viruses) and are now exploited as a tool for genetic engineering. A Restriction enzymes B Biofilms C Endospores D Small RNAs E Ribosomes
A Restriction enzymes
The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which the rate of division slows, and rates of cell division and cell death are equal, is called the ______. It is shown in this image as part "C." A Stationary phase B Death phase C Log phase D Exponential phase E Lag phase
A Stationary phase
As the infectious disease RN, you are familiar with the concept of normal biota. A positive Escherichia coli culture would be unremarkable for which of the following samples? A Stool B Sputum C Blood D Cerebrospinal fluid
A Stool
Which of the following statements is NOT true of mutations? A The cell has no ways to repair mutations. B Some mutations are neutral, meaning that they do not affect the survival of an organism. C Some mutations are harmful, meaning that they reduce the survival of an organism. D A few mutations are beneficial, meaning that they enhance the survival of an organism. E Mutations can be spontaneous (by errors during replication) or induced (by chemicals or physical elements, like UV light).
A The cell has no ways to repair mutations.
The human microbiome is considered an important component of the first line of defense. Which statement adequately reflects its role as a defensive barrier? A The human microbiota competes with pathogens for space and nutrients limiting their ability to cause infection, and trains the immune system to recognize antigens. Your answer B The organisms that comprise the microbiota are able to phagocytose potential pathogens, thereby eliminating them from the human host. C The human microbiome has evolved with the species so it is able to actively destroy pathogens by raising the body temperature when an infection by a pathogen occurs. D Cells in the human microbiome secrete cytokines that play a role in stimulating the immune response when a pathogen has entered the system.
A The human microbiota competes with pathogens for space and nutrients limiting their ability to cause infection, and trains the immune system to recognize antigens.
The purpose of interferon is: A To protect the host from further damage B To warn surrounding cells C To invade and harm a host cell D To attach to the host cell
A To protect the host from further damage B To warn surrounding cells
This type of genetic recombination occurs when a "competent" bacterium directly uptakes "naked DNA" from its surrounding environment via DNA-binding proteins on its cell envelope. A Transformation B Vertical gene transfer C Conjugation D Binary Fission E Transduction
A Transformation
Firm attachment to host tissue is almost always a prerequisite for causing disease because the body has so many mechanisms for flushing microbes and foreign materials from its tissue. A True B False
A True
Fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually. A True B False
A True
The influenza virus can easily evade the immune response by changing its cell surface (known as antigenic variation) A True B False
A True
True or False: Most bacteria have cell walls. A True B False
A True
Photoautotrophs, like plants and cyanobacteria: A Use light as an energy source, and CO2 as a carbon source B Use inorganic chemicals as an energy source, and CO2 as a carbon source C Use organic chemicals as an energy source, and as a source of carbon D Use light as an energy source, and organic compounds as a carbon source E Use inorganic chemicals as an energy source, and organic compounds as a carbon source
A Use light as an energy source, and CO2 as a carbon source
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about viruses? A Viruses are made of cells. B A virus consists of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. C Viral host ranges depend on host cell receptors on the cell membrane. D A virus possesses a genome. E Viruses may (or may not) have an envelope.
A Viruses are made of cells.
A 76-year-old male visits his primary care physician with complaints of burning with urination and a frequent urge to void. The RN aids the patient in collecting a urine specimen to be sent for analysis. While awaiting the final results of drug susceptibility testing in the lab, the patient is prescribed oral sulfasoxazole. In the lab, the urine specimen is spread on an agar plate with antibiotic discs placed to determine antimicrobial susceptibility. Following incubation, the clear area around each disc is measured. What term describes the observed area of antimicrobial action around each disc? A Zone of inhibition B Zone of susceptibility C Zone of resistance D No growth zone
A Zone of inhibition
90 people developed diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramps in the aftermath of a wedding. On diagnosis it was determined that they were suffering from salmonella, and after taking their histories, they all reported that they had eaten the chicken at the reception. This is an example of ________. A a point-source epidemic B a propagated epidemic C a pandemic D an endemic disease
A a point-source epidemic
A toy car from a child with chickenpox is likely to be contaminated with the virus that causes chickenpox. What is the toy car considered in this case? A fomite B carrier C vector D host E germ
A fomite
A 36-year-old female is bit by a raccoon and presents to the emergency department with mild trauma to her right lower extremity. Following a triage assessment, the patient's wound is cleaned and dressed. The physician verbalizes concern that the patient may have been exposed to rabies from the bite. One role of the RN is to provide education to the patient regarding rabies infection and its transmission. If the patient develops rabies infection, the time from the bite to the appearance of symptoms is referred to as the ________. A incubation period B prodromal stage C period of invasion D convalescent period
A incubation period
Sulfonamide and trimethoprim resistance develop when microbes deviate from their usual patterns of folic acid synthesis
An affected metabolic pathway is shut down or an alternative pathway is used
Microorganisms exist in pond water and they can be observed using a microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
A unicellular microorganism was recovered from a hot spring (95°C) in Wyoming. The cells lack a nucleus, have a cell wall that lacks peptidoglycan, and have 70S ribosomes. Analysis of the plasma membrane reveals that the lipids contain long-chained branched hydrocarbons with ether linkages. Please choose the group in which this organism would be classified, based on the description provided. A Protista B Archaea C Bacteria D Fungi E Viruses
B Archaea
Which type of microorganism has NOT been found to cause infection in humans? (A.k.a. - Which type is NOT known to contain human pathogens?) A Bacteria B Archaea C Fungi D Protozoa E Helminths
B Archaea
Penicillins _______. A Interfere with folate metabolism by blocking enzymes required for the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate B Block the synthesis of the cell wall in bacteria C Express different genes and therefore have different antibiotic susceptibility profiles D Bind to fungal membranes, causing loss of selective permeability
B Block the synthesis of the cell wall in bacteria
______ is a halogen used in gaseous and liquid form for large-scale disinfection of drinking water and sewage. A Copper sulfate B Chlorine C Phenol D Aldehyde E Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
B Chlorine
Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages except: A Flagella B Cilia C Fimbriae D Axial filaments E Sex pili
B Cilia
In general, ______ do NOT kill most microorganisms. Instead, these controls methods generally slow the rate of microbial growth, facilitating their preservation, rather than their elimination. A Non-ionizing and ionizing radiation B Cold and desiccation C Moist and dry heat D Chemical agents with a high effectiveness rating E Heavy metals, like copper sulfate
B Cold and desiccation
Streptococcus pyogenes thrives in your digestive tract without harm but does not have any known helpful functions there. This relationship would be best defined as: A Parasitism B Commensalism C Mutualism D Synergism E Antagonism
B Commensalism
Aldehydes work by: A Rupturing the cell membrane B Disrupting (denaturing) enzymes permanently C Binding to DNA D Dissolving the cell wall E Mutating DNA
B Disrupting (denaturing) enzymes permanently
A 76-year-old male visits his primary care physician with complaints of burning with urination and a frequent urge to void. The RN aids the patient in collecting a urine specimen to be sent for analysis. While awaiting the final results of drug susceptibility testing in the lab, the patient is prescribed oral sulfasoxazole. When writing the prescription for sulfoxazole, the medical team must be extra careful if the drug has a high therapeutic index-meaning the drug is easily toxic to patients when the normal prescription is varied. A True B False
B False
A scientist studying helminths is working with prokaryotic organism of the 'Bacteria' domain of life. A True B False
B False
An RN in a medical intensive care unit is leading a research study regarding administration of probiotics to critically ill patients receiving antibiotic therapy. She provides education about normal flora and probiotics as part of the consent process to patients and families. All symbiotic relationships benefit both organisms. A True B False
B False
Antibiotics are an effective treatment for diseases caused by toxins. A True B False
B False
Fungal yeasts grow as branching filaments called hyphae. A True B False
B False
Narrow spectrum antimicrobials would be used when the group of bacteria is unknown or when infection with multiple groups of bacteria is suspected. A True B False
B False
Viruses can multiply outside of a host cell, as they have all of the machinery needed for binary fission. A True B False
B False
The term that refers to the purposeful addition of microorganisms into a laboratory nutrient medium: A Isolation B Inoculation C Incubation D Infection E Contamination
B Inoculation
A permanent, heritable change in the genetic code of DNA is called: A Regeneration B Mutation C Translation D Replication E Transcription
B Mutation
An RN in a medical intensive care unit is leading a research study regarding administration of probiotics to critically ill patients receiving antibiotic therapy. She provides education about normal flora and probiotics as part of the consent process to patients and families. The RN conducting the research study most appropriately hypothesizes that probiotics may alleviate which of the following side effects of antimicrobial therapy? Any correct answer must be selected in order to be graded correct A Headache B Nausea C Diarrhea D Skin rash
B Nausea C Diarrhea
An RN in a medical intensive care unit is leading a research study regarding administration of probiotics to critically ill patients receiving antibiotic therapy. She provides education about normal flora and probiotics as part of the consent process to patients and families. Following the teaching to patients and families, the RN assesses understanding prior to obtaining consent. Which of the following demonstrates a lack of understanding by the patient? A Probiotics are live microorganisms. B Probiotics are nutrients to encourage microbe growth. C Probiotics augment the microbes in the intestine. D Probiotics can replace microbes killed during antibiotic therapy.
B Probiotics are nutrients to encourage microbe growth.
Genetic engineering often uses proteins that were originally discovered in bacteria, which recognize a specific, short nucleotide sequence and cut the DNA only at that specific site. This is describing: A PCR (polymerase chain reaction) B Restriction enzymes C DNA sequencing D Gene probes E Western blot
B Restriction enzymes
Generally speaking, viruses are ______ in size than the cellular-based microbes we've discussed so far (such as bacteria, fungi, eukaryotic microbes, etc). A Larger B Smaller C Equal
B Smaller
Which of the following techniques for analyzing bacterial growth is qualitative (and NOT quantitative), meaning that it CANNOT tell you the actual number of cells present? A Viable plate count B Spectrophotometer C Direct cell count D Coulter counter E Flow cytometer
B Spectrophotometer
A microbiologist inoculates S. epidermidis and E. coli into a culture medium. Following incubation, both of the original organisms are present in addition to a third microbe, the fungus C. albicans, which wasn't originally present. What is the most likely explanation? A The microbiologist used too much inoculum B The culture is contaminated C The culture medium must be selective D The culture medium must be differential
B The culture is contaminated
These unsegmented flatworms are also sometimes called liver flukes and often spend part of their life cycle in mollusks (like snails). A Cestodes B Trematodes C Nematodes D All of these are correct.
B Trematodes
Following teaching by the medical team, the patient asks "can I just do my airway clearance exercises when I am not feeling well and on the weekends, even though the doctor tells me I have to do them every day?" What is a correct response by the nurse? A It is okay to skip your airway clearance if you are not feeling sick as long as you are compliant on the weekends. B Your body does not have the ability to protect itself because of its damaged immunity so you must do airway clearance regularly. C As long as you perform airway clearance twice as often when you start to feel sick, you will make up the difference. D Your airway clearance activities can be performed at your convenience.
B Your body does not have the ability to protect itself because of its damaged immunity so you must do airway clearance regularly.
A 16-year-old male with cystic fibrosis is admitted to the inpatient pulmonary unit. He has been hospitalized several times in the past year with respiratory infections, including Pseudomonas and H. influenza. Because of his thick mucous, airway inflammation, and immobile mucosal cilia, microorganisms are unable to be effectively cleared from his lungs. He is supposed to perform vigorous airway mucous clearance measures at home with a vibrating vest and IPV (intrapulmonary percussive ventilation) device. However, the patient states that his treatment takes hours and he does not always feel sick. He estimates his compliance with home airway clearance regimen to be less than 50%. The patient asks the nurse to explain to him why he keeps getting sick from the same bacteria. Which of the following statements is the most appropriate response? A Your lungs produce these organisms because your cilia are permanently damaged. B Your mucus traps and harbors the microorganisms and when they can't be cleared, they begin to breach your second and third lines of defense. Your answer C Your disease stunts your immunity, so you are unable to fight those bacteria. D You don't have second and third line defenses because of your cystic fibrosis.
B Your mucus traps and harbors the microorganisms and when they can't be cleared, they begin to breach your second and third lines of defense.
Skin cells containing keratin are an important aspect of nonspecific defense because they ________. A are toxic to pathogens B create a physical barrier against pathogens C destroy pathogens D physically restrict pathogens to a specific region E None of the choices are correct.
B create a physical barrier against pathogens
A disease that has a steady frequency over time in a particular geographic location is _____ . A an epidemic B endemic C pandemic D sporadic E chronic
B endemic
A low to moderate fever in an otherwise healthy person should be treated immediately with antipyretic drugs. A true B false
B false
In a comparison of two pathogens, organism A has an infectious dose of 200,000 organisms, whereas organism B has an infectious dose of 15 organisms. This means that organism A is much more pathogenic than organism B. A true B false
B false
Viruses with ______ -sense RNA must first be converted into a correct message, while viruses with ______ -sense RNA contain the correct message for translation. A positive; negative B negative; positive C primary; secondary D secondary; primary E None of the choices are correct
B negative; positive
The function of bacterial endospores is: A to convert gaseous nitrogen to a usable form for plants reproduction and growth B protection of genetic material during harsh conditions C storage of excess cell materials D to act as sites for protein production E for motility
B protection of genetic material during harsh conditions
Virulence factors include all the following except _____. A capsules B ribosomes C exoenzymes D endotoxins E exotoxins
B ribosomes
Eukaryotic flagella differ from prokaryotic flagella in that: A they are thinner, have a basal body and a hook and contain a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules B they are thicker, are covered by membrane and contain microtubules C they are thinner, made of the protein flagellin and move in a 360 degree rotation D they are thicker, contain microfilaments and are not involved in motility
B they are thicker, are covered by membrane and contain microtubules
When Staphylococcus epidermidis is incubated on a Petri dish of Phenolethanol agar (PEA), individual cells grow into visible colonies. But when Esherichia coli is plated on this same medium, it dies. In this respect, phenolethanol agar is an example of: A A general purpose medium B A differential medium C A selective medium D A defined medium E A complex medium
C A selective medium
During the ______ step of viral replication in animal cells, the virus binds to the host cell, making an exact fit with a specific host receptor molecule. A Lytic B Lysogenic C Adsorption D Synthesis E Release
C Adsorption
A normal metabolic product made by bacteria and fungi to limit competition for nutrients and space in their environment is referred to as a(n): A Prophylactic B Probiotic C Antibiotic D Chemotherapeutic
C Antibiotic
A(n) ______ would be used on skin prior to making an incision, whereas a(n) ______ would destroy many (but not all) bacteria on a countertop. A Disinfectant; antiseptic B Sterilant; disinfectant C Antiseptic; disinfectant D Antiseptic; sterilant
C Antiseptic; disinfectant
Which of the following statement is TRUE regarding bacteria and archaea? A Bacteria and archaea are in the same domain of life. B Bacteria and archaea have extremely similar molecular/genetic compositions. C Bacteria and archaea are both prokaryotic organisms. D Bacteria and archaea both posses many human pathogens.
C Bacteria and archaea are both prokaryotic organisms.
______ are always produced regardless of whether or not a suitable substrate is present. These types of enzymes are often required to maintain basic cellular functions (like the enzymes used in glycolysis). A Regulated enzymes B Holoenzymes C Constitutive enzymes D Repressed enzymes E Apoenzymes
C Constitutive enzymes
When using a compound microscope, reducing the intensity of light using the iris diaphragm or staining a specimen can improve: A Resolving power B Reflection C Contrast D Magnification
C Contrast
A term referring to the ability of a fungus to switch between yeast and hyphal (mold) forms is: A Pseudohypha B Dioecious C Dimorphic D Dichotomous E Mycelium
C Dimorphic
An exotoxin that can affect the GI tract is: A Cytotoxins B Neurotoxins C Enterotoxins D Endotoxins
C Enterotoxins
When you wear a mask, you are neither inhibiting nor killing microorganisms. Instead, the mask works by physically removing them from the air you breathe. The microbial control method being used in this example is: A Desiccation B Lyophilization C Filtration D Cold sterilization E Irradiation
C Filtration
Upon examining an unknown microbe under a microscope, a single-celled circular-shaped organism that possesses a nucleus is found. This organism appears to be undergoing the process of budding. Based on these findings, it is most likely that the organism is a: A Helminth B Archaeon C Fungus D Bacterium E Mold
C Fungus
Which of the following microorganism is ALWAYS found in a multi-cellular form? A Fungi B Archaea C Helminths D Bacteria E Protozoa
C Helminths
Bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) transfer specific portions of the previous host cell DNA along with viral DNA to all newly infected cells. This is an example of: A Conjugation B Transformation C Horizontal gene transfer D A transposon E Vertical gene transfer
C Horizontal gene transfer
Superinfections are: A A proliferation of a harmful virus inside your body. B Occur when bacteria enter the body, increase in number, and cause a reactions in the body. C Infections following a previous infection especially when caused by microorganisms that are resistant or have become resistant to the antibiotics used earlier. D Infection caused by organisms that live in (or on) another organism, called the host
C Infections following a previous infection especially when caused by microorganisms that are resistant or have become resistant to the antibiotics used earlier.
Which of the following is NOT a potential function of the glycocalyx? A Protection B Adherence C Movement D Reception of chemical signals E All of the choices are functions.
C Movement
The woven, intertwining mass of vegetative hyphae that makes up the body of a mold is a: A Spore B Septum C Mycelium D Rhizoid E Bud
C Mycelium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an acid-fast bacterium that can only grow when oxygen is present. If oxygen levels fall much below atmospheric levels (~20%), M. tuberculosis dies. Therefore, it would best be classified as a(n): A Facultative anaerobe B Gram-positive organism C Obligate aerobe D Obligate anaerobe E Gram-negative organism
C Obligate aerobe
An unknown bacterium is tested for motility in the lab and the results come back positive. Thinking about bacterial movement, which structure(s) does this bacterium likely possess? A Endospores B Pili C One or more flagella D Pseudopodia E Fimbriae
C One or more flagella
In what part of the cell are endotoxins found? A Nucleus of gram positive bacteria B Cytoplasm of gram negative bacteria C Outer membrane of gram negative bacteria D Cell membrane of gram positive bacteria E Cytoplasm of gram positive bacteria
C Outer membrane of gram negative bacteria
Organisms that feed on (and cause harm to) living organisms for nutrients are called: A Lithoautotrophs B Phototrophs C Parasites D Saprobes E Autotrophs
C Parasites
Which of the following is mismatched? A Ribosomes - protein synthesis B Inclusion bodies - store excess cell nutrients and materials C Plasmids - genes essential for growth and metabolism D Nucleoid - hereditary material E Cytoplasm - mostly water with sugars, amino acids, and salts
C Plasmids - genes essential for growth and metabolism
In addition to making copies of their DNA, cells need a way to make functional proteins from that DNA code. This is done through the processes of transcription and translation. What option below best defines 'translation'? A DNA => RNA B RNA => DNA C RNA => Protein D DNA => DNA E Protein => DNA
C RNA => Protein
A function of the lymphatic system is: A Acts as a pump for transporting nutrients and gasses throughout the body. B Supports the structure and function of the musculoskeletal system. C Renders surveillance and protection against foreign materials. Your answer D Makes blood cells and stores minerals
C Renders surveillance and protection against foreign materials.
You use a stain celled 'India ink' to specifically visualize the capsules formed by the yeast species Cryptococcus neoformans. The capsule is seen as a clear halo around the microorganism against the darker background. This is an example of a: A Simple Stain B Differential Stain C Special Stain D General Purpose Stain
C Special Stain
Bacteria that are shaped like flexible springs are called: A Coccobacilli B Cocci C Spirochetes D Filaments E Bacilli
C Spirochetes
Which of the following choices is a correct way to denote the binomial name of a microorganism? (Note: assume that all of the options below are italicized or underlined.) A Staphylococcus Aureus B STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS C Staphylococcus aureus D staphylococcus Aureus E staphylococcus aureus
C Staphylococcus aureus
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the differences between bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes? A Bacteria and archaea have circular chromosomes in a nucleoid region whereas eukaryotes have linear chromosomes that are enclosed in a nuclear membrane. B Flagella are found on bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes yet they all vary in structure. C The cell walls of bacteria and archaea both contain the complex macromolecule peptidoglycan, whereas the only organisms in the eukaryotic domain that have cell walls are plants and algae, which are made of cellulose. D Ribosomal RNA sequencing revealed that the structure of the ribosomal subunits in archaea more closely resemble those of eukaryotes than bacteria.
C The cell walls of bacteria and archaea both contain the complex macromolecule peptidoglycan, whereas the only organisms in the eukaryotic domain that have cell walls are plants and algae, which are made of cellulose.
During aerobic respiration, most of the ATP is produced during: A Glycolysis B The Kreb's cycle C The electron transport chain D Fermentation E These processes all produce equal amounts of ATP.
C The electron transport chain
Which of the following is TRUE of enzymes. A They are broken down in reactions that require energy input. B They are never needed for catabolic reactions. C They are proteins that function as catalysts to speed up reactions. D They are used up in chemical reactions. E All of these choices are correct.
C They are proteins that function as catalysts to speed up reactions.
Protozoan cysts: A are part of all protozoan life cycles B are necessary for transmission to a new host C are helpful in surviving unfavorable conditions D are the primary form of replication E All of the choices are correct.
C are helpful in surviving unfavorable conditions
Selective toxicity refers to ______. A damage to pathogenic organisms B damage to prokaryotic cell membranes C damage to the target organisms but not host cells D damage to nucleic acids E None of the choices are correct.
C damage to the target organisms but not host cells
A 36-year-old female is bit by a raccoon and presents to the emergency department with mild trauma to her right lower extremity. Following a triage assessment, the patient's wound is cleaned and dressed. The physician verbalizes concern that the patient may have been exposed to rabies from the bite. One role of the RN is to provide education to the patient regarding rabies infection and its transmission. Rabies is an example of this type of infection, which is indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans ________. A mixed infection B focal infection C zoonotic infection D latent infection
C zoonotic infection
Free spores NOT enclosed by a spore-bearing sac
Condiospores
As an RN with the infectious disease team, you are providing an education course to new graduate nurses regarding the process of infection control and prevention. Which of the following statements by a new nurse demonstrates understanding of the cause of infectious disease? A "All contact with infectious material leads to colonization." B "All colonization leads to infection." C "All infections lead to disease." D "Host resistance and organism pathogenicity determine the type and severity of infection an individual will experience."
D "Host resistance and organism pathogenicity determine the type and severity of infection an individual will experience."
As an RN with the infectious disease team, you are providing an education course to new graduate nurses regarding the process of infection control and prevention. The infectious disease RN discusses scenarios that require hand washing with germicidal soap and water instead of alcohol-based hand cleanser. Which of the following statements by a new nurse is most accurate regarding when hands should be washed with soap and water? A "I should wash my hands when they are visibly contaminated." B "I should wash my hands before applying gloves." C "I should wash my hands after removing gloves." D "I should wash my hands when they are visibly contaminated, but also before and after using gloves."
D "I should wash my hands when they are visibly contaminated, but also before and after using gloves."
Which is NOT true regarding herd immunity? A It is the proportion of immunized or resistant individuals. B A higher herd immunity means less chance of an epidemic. C A decrease in herd immunity can lead to epidemics like diphtheria and smallpox. D A lower herd immunity means less chance of an epidemic.
D A lower herd immunity means less chance of an epidemic.
The "germ theory" states that: A Cells come from either other cells or they can spontaneously appear, like on rotting meat. B All microbes, including viruses, are composed of cells. C Viruses are the only microorganism capable of causing disease. D A specific pathogenic microorganism is capable of causing a specific disease. E All microorganisms are pathogenic.
D A specific pathogenic microorganism is capable of causing a specific disease.
What is a lichen? A A pure culture of bacteria B A pure culture of fungi C A parasitic microorganism D A symbiotic community of decomposing microbes
D A symbiotic community of decomposing microbes
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of viral cultivation? A To isolate and identify viruses in clinical specimens B To prepare viral vaccines C To do detailed research on viral structure, lifestyle, genetics, and effects on host cells D ALL of these are valid purposes of viral cultivation
D ALL of these are valid purposes of viral cultivation
A properly functioning immune system is responsible for ________. A surveillance of the body B recognition of foreign material C destruction of foreign material D All of the choices are correct. E Only recognition of foreign material and destruction of foreign material are correct.
D All of the choices are correct.
The following are all defensive strategies to evade a host's defense systems except: A Antigenic variation B Capsules C Enzymes like urease D An exoenzyme, like hyaluronidase that breaks down connective tissue and allows the organism to spread.
D An exoenzyme, like hyaluronidase that breaks down connective tissue and allows the organism to spread.
______ reactions are typically ______, meaning that the input of energy in the form of ATP is required for the biosynthesis of complex macromolecules from simple precursors. A Catabolic; exergonic B Anabolic; exergonic C Catabolic; endergonic D Anabolic; endergonic E Amphibolic; exergonic
D Anabolic; endergonic
A 76-year-old male visits his primary care physician with complaints of burning with urination and a frequent urge to void. The RN aids the patient in collecting a urine specimen to be sent for analysis. While awaiting the final results of drug susceptibility testing in the lab, the patient is prescribed oral sulfasoxazole. Which of the following reactions by the patient could demonstrate an allergic response to the drug? A Anaphylaxis B Rash C Difficulty breathing D Anaphylaxis, rash development, and difficulty breathing could all indicate an allergic response.
D Anaphylaxis, rash development, and difficulty breathing could all indicate an allergic response.
Which organelle is found in algae but not found in protozoa or fungi? A Mitochondria B Lysosome C Golgi apparatus D Chloroplast E Endoplasmic reticulum
D Chloroplast
A patient undergoing chemotherapy for cancer develops an infection with cytomegalovirus, conclusively diagnosed after a liver biopsy that showed the presence of "owl's eye" viral nuclear inclusion bodies and the fusion of multiple host cells into single large cells (called syncytia). This is an example of: A Transformation of the host cell by cytomegalovirus B Cytomegalovirus becoming a provirus C Immune response by the host D Cytopathic effects of the cytomegalovirus
D Cytopathic effects of the cytomegalovirus
Which statement best describes the flow of genetic information in a cell? A Proteins code for RNA, which are stored in the form of DNA B RNA directs the synthesis of DNA, which codes for proteins C DNA is synthesized directly into proteins. D DNA codes for RNA, which codes for proteins, and sometimes information from RNA flows back to DNA (like in retroviruses).
D DNA codes for RNA, which codes for proteins, and sometimes information from RNA flows back to DNA (like in retroviruses).
Cytotoxin, neurotoxin and enterotoxin are examples of _____: A Endotoxins B Endoenzymes C Exoenzymes D Exotoxins
D Exotoxins
A 16-year-old male with cystic fibrosis is admitted to the inpatient pulmonary unit. He has been hospitalized several times in the past year with respiratory infections, including Pseudomonas and H. influenza. Because of his thick mucous, airway inflammation, and immobile mucosal cilia, microorganisms are unable to be effectively cleared from his lungs. He is supposed to perform vigorous airway mucous clearance measures at home with a vibrating vest and IPV (intrapulmonary percussive ventilation) device. However, the patient states that his treatment takes hours and he does not always feel sick. He estimates his compliance with home airway clearance regimen to be less than 50%. If the patient's cilia are unable to clear his lungs of mucus, which line of host defense is breached? A First line of defense B Second line of defense C Third line of defense D First and second lines of defense
D First and second lines of defense
Two different kinds of appendages may be found on eukaryotic cells that enable them to move. ________ are long slender locomotor appendages that are usually single and few in number, whereas ________ are appendages which are numerous and short. A Cilia; flagella B Flagella; fimbriae C Pili; flagella D Flagella; cilia
D Flagella; cilia
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the relationship between humans and microbes? A The majority of microorganisms that colonize humans are pathogenic B Microorganisms are always benefited from their colonization of humans, whereas humans are unaffected by the relationship C Humans are colonized by bacteria and fungi, but not viruses D Not only do the majority of colonizing bacteria cause no harm to humans, the relationship is often beneficial for both microbe and human host
D Not only do the majority of colonizing bacteria cause no harm to humans, the relationship is often beneficial for both microbe and human host
Microscopic analysis reveals the presence of gram-negative bacilli in the patient's stool. Based upon this information, which of the following accurately describes the appearance of the bacterium under magnification? A Pink/red spheres B Purple rods C Purple spheres D Pink/red rods
D Pink/red rods
Bacteria living in a freshwater stream that are moved to salty seawater would: A Be in a hypotonic solution B Gain water C Be in an isotonic solution D Shrivel E Not change
D Shrivel
These protozoan organisms are NOT able to move. A Amoeba B Flagellates C Ciliates D Sporozoa E None of these protozoan organisms are able to move.
D Sporozoa
The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms (with the exception of prions) on inanimate objects is: A Sanitization B Disinfection C Degermation D Sterilization E Antisepsis
D Sterilization
Which of the following is NOT a reason that smallpox was easy to eradicate? A The rash made it easy to identify patients. B Those who recovered from smallpox often became permanently immune to it. C The smallpox vaccine was cheap, effective and accessible. D The incubation period for smallpox was peculiarly small (1-5 days on average), so cases were often identified quickly. E Smallpox did not possess biological vectors or reservoirs within which it could survive.
D The incubation period for smallpox was peculiarly small (1-5 days on average), so cases were often identified quickly.
Which is FALSE about anaerobic and aerobic respiration? A They both involve glycolysis. B They both involve the Kreb's cycle. C They both involve the electron transport chain. D They use the same terminal electron acceptor. E These are all true statements.
D They use the same terminal electron acceptor.
When could a commensal organism become a pathogen? A depressed immune system B a break in the first line of defense C having another illness D all of the answers are correct
D all of the answers are correct
A 16-year-old male with cystic fibrosis is admitted to the inpatient pulmonary unit. He has been hospitalized several times in the past year with respiratory infections, including Pseudomonas and H. influenza. Because of his thick mucous, airway inflammation, and immobile mucosal cilia, microorganisms are unable to be effectively cleared from his lungs. He is supposed to perform vigorous airway mucous clearance measures at home with a vibrating vest and IPV (intrapulmonary percussive ventilation) device. However, the patient states that his treatment takes hours and he does not always feel sick. He estimates his compliance with home airway clearance regimen to be less than 50%. The patient asks the nurse to explain what cilia are. All of the following statements are correct except ________. A cilia form a microscopic brush-like lining B cilia help move and expel foreign invaders C cilia compose a sort of microscopic "escalator" to expel invading organisms D cilia are chemical-excreting natural killer cells
D cilia are chemical-excreting natural killer cells
As an RN with the infectious disease team, you are providing an education course to new graduate nurses regarding the process of infection control and prevention. As the RN, you educate the new nurses about the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections. All of the following are frequent sources of patient infection, except ________. A urinary catheter B endotracheal tube C surgical incision D hospital beds
D hospital beds
Candida or Pseudomonas are _____ pathogens, meaning that they are not usually pathogenic to healthy persons with normal immune system functions because these microbes do not have well-developed virulence factors. A true B temperate C virulent D opportunistic
D opportunistic
Many resistance bacteria possess multidrug resistant (MDR) pumps that actively transport drugs out of cells conferring drug resistance on many gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens
Drug is immediately eliminated
Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include _______. A low toxicity for human tissues B high toxicity against microbial cells C do not cause serious side effects in humans D stable and soluble in body tissues and fluids E All of the choices are correct.
E All of the choices are correct.
Why is a healthy microbiome important? A It helps control digestion B Produces vitamins for our body C Protects against harmful bacteria D Regulates our immune system E All of the these are correct
E All of the these are correct
Which of the following is a characteristic that is NOT shared by all cells? A A plasma membrane B Genetic material (DNA) C Cytoplasm D Ribosomes E All of these are features that all cells posses.
E All of these are features that all cells posses.
Which of the following are ways that babies can acquire their microbiome? A Through the environment B Breastfeeding C In the uterus D Caregivers. E All of these are ways that babies can acquire a microbiome
E All of these are ways that babies can acquire a microbiome
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the activity of a microbial control agent? A The material being treated B The length of exposure C The strength of the germicide D The microorganism being treated E All of these choices are factors that could affect germicidal activity.
E All of these choices are factors that could affect germicidal activity.
Which one of the following statements about the Gram stain is FALSE? A In the Gram stain, a dye called crystal violet is used to stain the cells purple. B Gram-negative cells have thinner peptidoglycan cell walls than Gram-positive bacteria. C Gram-positive cells end up being stained purple. D Gram-negative cells end up being stained pink or red. E All of these statements are correct.
E All of these statements are correct.
In prokaryotic bacterial cells, the electron transport system is located in the: A Chloroplasts B Nucleus C Endoplasmic Reticulum D Mitochondria E Cell membrane
E Cell membrane
The three structures utilized for locomotion by protozoa are flagella, pseudopods (false feet), and: A Fimbriae B Axial filaments C Pili D Actin filaments E Cilia
E Cilia
A virus called a "naked virus" does NOT have a(n) ______ on the outside of its protein shell. A Matrix B Capsid C Spike D Nucleic acid E Envelope (a.k.a. membrane)
E Envelope (a.k.a. membrane)
Disinfection of beverages such as apple juice, milk, or wine is optimally achieved by: A Hydrogen peroxide B Heavy metals C Incineration D Chlorination E Pasteurization
E Pasteurization
Of all the microbes listed below, which are the HARDEST to target for treatment (a.k.a. which are the most difficult to kill/inactivate)? A Bacteria B Yeast C Helminths D Viruses E Prions
E Prions
ATP is best described as: A An enzyme B A double helix C Single-stranded RNA D An electron carrier E The energy molecule of cells
E The energy molecule of cells
Which of the following is NOT true of an organism's genotype? A It is inherited. B It contains structural genes coding for proteins. C It contains genes coding for functional RNA. D It contains regulatory genes controlling gene expression. E The genotype is all the expressed physical traits (the organism's appearance).
E The genotype is all the expressed physical traits (the organism's appearance).
Each of the following is the target of antimicrobial agents EXCEPT: A Cell membranes B Ribosomes C Cellular proteins D Cell walls E These can ALL be cellular targets for physical and chemical agents
E These can ALL be cellular targets for physical and chemical agents
Sheep are allowed to pasture in a field that has a farmhouse well, and the farmer's family becomes sick with a gastrointestinal pathogen after drinking the water from the well. Based on this situation, what type of transmission of infectious agents would this be? A direct transmission B carrier transmission C direct contact transmission D vector transmission E vehicle transmission
E vehicle transmission
Which of the following does not influence our microbiome? A Breakdown of chemicals in the body B Drug metabolism C Traveling D Foods we eat E Environment we interact with F All of these can influence our microbiome
F All of these can influence our microbiome
Long threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi (molds)
Hyphae
Establishing hand-washing policies nearly eliminates postpartum infections
Ignaz Semmelweis
Establishing a clean surgical site/procedures reduces the number of infections
Joseph Lister
Heating up a liquid (like wine) reduces the number of microorganisms and thereby prevents its spoilage
Louis Pasteur
Mushrooms!
Macroscopic Fungi
Can exist as single-celled yeast or as multi-cellular molds
Microscopic Fungi
A disease caused by infection with a fungus
Mycosis
Bacterial enzymes called beta-lactamases or penicillinases hydrolyze the beta-lactam ring structure of some penicillins and cephalosporins which renders those drugs inactive.
New enzymes are synthesized that inactivate the drug
Erythromycin and clindamycin resistance is associated with an alteration on the 50S ribosomal binding site
Permeability or uptake of the drug into the bacterium is decreased
Briefly describe how the control of microbes relates to public health and sanitation.
Places where disease is present is largely due to lack of sanitation, this relates to the germ theory specific microbes cause specific disease
The causative agent of a disease (such as tuberculosis) can be discovered by isolating a pathogen from a sick animal and seeing if it causes the same disease in a healthy one
Robert Koch
In 10 words or less, describe one way that viruses can be classified.
spike structures on membrane for attachment to host