Mid Term

10. According to social disorganization theory, ______ is defined as social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good.

a. Definition b. Collective association *c. Collective efficacy d. Neighborhood watch

6. What does "CPTED" indicates as one of criminological explanations?

a. Criminals Protection Through Educational Development b. Crime Prevention Through Educational Development c. Confession Promotion Through Educational Design *d. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

2. Which of the following is not one of Lombroso's expressions about criminals?

a. Criminals are physically inferior to noncriminals. b. Criminals are what he called "atavistic anomalies." c. Criminals are essentially physical throwbacks to pre-homo sapiens species. *d. A person's social environment, rather than his or her genetic makeup, influences behaviors.

51. Which is least likely to be included in the criminal justice police suggestions from labeling theory?

a. Decriminalization of victimless crimes b. Diversion programs c. Deinstitutionalization movements *d. Addressing small, minor neighborhood problems, such as fixing broken windows and cleaning up street trashes.

16. Merton (1968) notes that the French term "anomie," which translates literally as "normlessness," had existed since at least the sixteenth century but was brought into modern usage by ( ) in 1893 with the book Division of Labor.

*a. Emile Durkheim b. Marcus Felson c. Clifford Shaw d. Cesare Lombroso

46. About the effects of labeling within the community or by the criminal justice systems, which is the most reasonable explanation from labeling theory?

*a. While the label can affect a person's self-concept, the individual can also reject or fight the label depending on individuals. b. The label given by the community of the criminal justice systems to an individual will absolutely and consistently change the individual's identity as a delinquent one. c. The label given by the community of the criminal justice systems to an individual will make genetic changes within the individual. d. There have been consistent research findings that the effects of labeling are identical to any individual regardless of their social group, such as social class and ethnicity.

33. What is the important question in Social Bonds Theory and Self-Control Theory, compared to other criminological theories?

*a. Why do most people not commit crimes? b. What is a crime? c. How is crime commission handled by the government? d. Who makes the laws and regulations related with crime and punishment?

1. According to Lombroso (biological perspective), criminals represent a peculiar physical type distinctively different from that of non-criminals.

True

13. According to social disorganization theory, which one is explaining the status of socially disorganized community?

a. A community with solidarity or an internal consensus on important norms and values b. A community with cohesion or a strong bond among neighbors *c. A community with residents who can't identify who their neighbors are and who don't speak to or spend time with each other. d. A community with residents among whom social interactions, such as community clubs activities, occur on a regular basis.

39. Which is least likely to be included in the hypotheses of Social Learning Theory?

a. A person is more likely to commit crime if the person believes the behavior will be rewarded. *b. People have free will, and they behave according to rational choice after calculating benefits and costs. c. Those who are rewarded for criminal behavior are more likely to commit crime again. d. A person is more likely to commit crime if the person sees others committing crime.

36. According to Sutherland's Differential Association Theory, a person becomes a criminal because the person has an excess of definitions favorable to law violation, which can vary along four dimensions. What are these four dimensions?

a. attachment, commitment, involvement, belief *b. frequency, duration, priority, intensity c. conformity, innovation, ritualism, rebellion d. motivated offender, suitable target, lack of capable guardianship, collective efficacy

27. Hirschi's social bonds theory was _____ in nature.

a. psychological b. biological *c. sociological d. generational

22. Messner and Rosenfeld's macro-level Anomie Theory of ( ) noted the role of social institutions in regulating people's behaviors. Such institutions include the economy, the polity, the family, and education. Messner and Rosenfeld claimed that the high crime rate in America is due to the overwhelming strength of economic institutions over noneconomic institutions such as family and school. As a consequence, crime is higher because social control is reduced.

*a. Institutional Anomie Theory b. Social Disorganization Theory c. General Strain Theory d. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

50. The Labeling Theory ---

*a. Is about the self-identity and behavior of individuals that may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. b. Directly links crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics. c. Explains crime as the behavior of individuals caught up in cultural and group conflict. d. Is arguing that crime is mainly by inherited and biologically predetermined factors.

43. Which statement on labeling theory is least applicable?

*a. Labeling theory is based on the consensus model of crime on which earlier theories also were based. b. Labeling theory questions about the origins of law, which sets labeling theory apart from other criminological theories that take for granted how laws come to exist. c. Labeling theorists ask "What is defined as deviance?" d. Labeling theorists ask "Who is defined as deviant?"

4. ( ) assumes that forces beyond the individual's control influence behavior, which is referred to as determinism. ( ) also believed in the use of the scientific method, which emphasized observation in advancing science.

*a. Positivism - Positivists b. Sociology - Sociologists c. Materialism - Materialists d. Marxism - Marxists

7. Which one is most closely related with Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design approach?

*a. Routine activity theory or rational choice theory b. Labeling theory c. Social disorganization theory d. Social learning theory

44. The intellectual roots of labeling theory can be traced, in part, to ( ) theory in sociology. ( ) theory refers to the idea that meaning arises in social interaction, through communication using language or symbols. With respect to labeling theory, ( ) implies that the labeling or appraising of individuals by others affects one's identity.

*a. Symbolic interactionism b. Social disorganization theory c. Low Self-Control theory d. Biological theory.

31. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, the inculcation of self-control depends on what?

*a. The quality of parenting during a child's early years b. The quality of parenting during a child's adolescent years c. An individual's biological, physical shape d. An individual's personality traits

34. What is the fundamental explanation of crime causation from Social Learning Theories?

a. Crime is a lower-class phenomenon. b. Crime is produced by strain. *c. Criminal behavior is learned from others. d. Criminals are fatally born to behave delinquently.

49. Which explanation is correct?

a. According to labeling theory, the key to understanding crime is in studying how people develop into offenders and how they escape from their lives of crime. b. Differential association theory focuses on reducing crime opportunities for within a particular situation. *c. Labeling theory provides the argument that the main cause of crime is not within individuals, but rather the very attempts that are made by the criminal justice system to reduce crime. d. Anomie theory argues that crime is best understood as an "event" that involves not only a motivated offender, but also the "opportunity" to break the law.

Which explanation is correct?

a. According to labeling theory, the key to understanding crime is in studying how people develop into offenders and how they escape from their lives of crime. b. Differential association theory focuses on reducing opportunities for within a particular situation. *c. Social learning theory attempted to specify the mechanisms and processes through which criminal learning takes place. d. Anomie theory argues that crime is best understood as an "event" that involves not only a motivated offender, but also the "opportunity" to break the law.

45. The basic assumptions of labeling theory are discussed in Lemert's classic work, Social Pathology (1951). Lemert claimed that there are two kinds of deviant acts: primary and secondary. ( ) occurs when an individual violates norms without viewing himself or herself as being involved in a deviant social role. This form of deviance, which can arise from diverse sources, including genetic, physiological, psychological, and sociological origins, is ignored or rationalized and transitory. As such, these acts typically do not alter an individual's self-concepts. However, with societal reaction and labeling, the deviance changes in form and function. Once a label is attached to a person, sporadic deviance can stabilize into a deviant career. ( ), therefore, results from the change in self-concept brought about by the labeling process within the community or by the criminal justice systems. Which pair is correct, in order, for the two parentheses?

a. Anomie - Strain *b. Primary deviance - Secondary deviance c. Social disorganization - Informal social control d. Secondary deviance - Primary deviance

25. Hirschi in his Social Bonds Theory claims that youths who get good grades and have a stake in conformity will be less likely to commit delinquent acts. Which social bond is he describing?

a. Attachment *b. Commitment c. Involvement d. Belief

29. According to Hirschi, structured conventional activities take away chances to offend. What social bond is he referring to?

a. Attachment b. Commitment *c. Involvement d. Belief

19. According to the Merton's Strain Theory, what are the 5 behavioral choices people turn to in response to the strain created by the disparities between socially valued goals and personally available legitimate means?

a. Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance *b. Conformity, Innovation, Rebellion, Retreatism, Ritualism c. Results, Accountability, Commitment, Conflict, Trust d. Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, neuroticism

11. According to social disorganization theory, _____ social control involves residents' behaving proactively—not passively—when they see wayward behavior such as by calling the authorities, intervening when there is trouble, and telling unruly teenagers to quiet down.

a. Familial *b. Informal c. Formal d. Communal

14. According to social disorganization theory, which of the following is the most effective way to reduce crime?

a. Harsh penalties *b. Reorganize communities for improving informal social control c. Reverse offenders' criminal learning d. Offender rehabilitation

3. What is one major assumption of Biological Theory as suggested by Lombroso?

a. Human behaviors are learned. *b. The behavior one exhibits throughout their lives is based on genetics, or other biological features. c. People will make rational decisions based on the extent to which they expect the choice to maximize their profits or benefits and minimize the cost or losses. c. Human behavior is flexible, not fixed and changes based on the situation.

23. Robert Agnew argued that strain (stress) can come from sources other than economic failure. His micro-level strain theory of ( ) identifies several kinds of strain, such as the presentation of negative stimuli (e.g., getting teased at school or crime victimization) or the loss of positive stimuli (e.g., getting dumped by your close friend or the loss of a parent). Agnew claimed that strain is likely to lead to "negative affective states," including anger, fear, frustration, or depression, that can lead to crime.

a. Institutional Anomie Theory b. Social Disorganization Theory *c. General Strain Theory d. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

28. Hirschi's social bonds theory claims that the primary attachments and interactions are with the ( ), closely followed by the attachments to peers, teachers, religious leaders, and other members of a community.

a. Material success b. Pets *c. Parents d. Employment

5. Which of the following is not included the three essential elements for crime to occur according to routine activity theorists?

a. Motivated offenders b. Suitable targets c. An absence of guardianship *d. Social disorganization

37. Which assumption about human feature is most applicable to Social Learning Theory?

a. People have free will. b. People are born either to be a criminal or a non-criminal. *c. People are flexible for learning and accepting outer influence, such as peer evaluation. d. People are basically greedy and they are attracted by criminal behaviors because it is exciting, rewarding, fun, or the most efficient way to achieve other ends.

15. What is the typical explanation about the reason for committing a crime from Anomie and Strain Theories?

a. People tend to commit a crime due to biological deficiencies. *b. People tend to commit a crime due to pressure or strain coming from a variety of sources, such as the disparity between the goal and the means to attain the goal, and anger. c. People tend to commit a crime due to hanging around with deviant peers. d. People tend to commit a crime due to the lack of free will.

20. According to the Merton's Strain Theory, there are five behavioral choices people turn to in response to the strain. Among these five responses, while Conformity adopts the culturally accepted goals (American Dream, monetary success) as well as conventional means to succeed, ( ) retain the focus on success but do not feel tied to conventional means to achieve success, or the social structure blocks them from pursuing success legitimately. Thus, this responsive choice tends to get involved in illegal behaviors, such as drug dealing to become economically successful when legitimate means to achieve economic success are unavailable.

a. Ritualists *b. Innovators c. Rebellions d. Atavists

26. Which of the following is the name of Hirschi's first theory?

a. Self bond theory b. Strain theory *c. Social bonds theory d. Conflict theory

21. In the 1970s, Anomie Theory fell out of favor. However, the theory became revitalized in the late 1980s in both the forms of Messner and Rosenfeld's macro-level ( ) and Agnew's micro-level ( ).

a. Social Disorganization Theory - Biological Theory b. Labeling Theory - Rational Choice Theory *c. Institutional Anomie Theory - General Strain Theory d. General Strain Theory - Institutional Anomie Theory

42. "Sam is an old guy who likes to drink beer and smoke pot. All his life, he has carried with him a can of beer and a pipe. In 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment was passed and Prohibition began. During this time, it was illegal to consume alcohol in the U.S.A. The day after Prohibition passed, Sam was arrested, brought to court, and sentenced to prison for alcohol consumption. The pipe was of no concern because marijuana use was legal in 1920. Sam served his sentence and was released in 1938, and stepped back on to the street with his beer and pipe. He was, of course, immediately arrested and thrown back in jail for possession of marijuana, as marijuana was made illegal in 1937." Which criminological theory best explains this of Sam's story and experience?

a. Social disorganization theory b. Social bond theory *c. Labeling theory d. Rational choice theory

47. _____ provides the argument that the main cause of crime is not society, but rather the very attempts that are made by the criminal justice system to reduce crime.

a. Social learning theory theory b. Rational choice theory *c. Labeling theory d. Social disorganization theory

32. Which is an example of formal social control?

a. Strong religious beliefs b. Close family relationships c. Friendly teacher-student relationships *d. Law enforcement

9. Which statement is least applicable to the Chicago School studies by Park and Burgess, and Shaw and McKay?

a. The studies showed that delinquency, crime and deviance co-occurred with other social problem including poverty, unemployment, and residential turnover. b. The studies noted that some areas in the Chicago city appeared to be high crime or deviance areas, regardless of the characteristics or nationality of the people living within them. *c. The studies clearly suggest that crime and delinquency are linked to the ethnic composition of the residents that inhabit the areas, rather than being linked to social conditions in the areas. d. The studies suggested the "kinds of places" explanations rather than "kinds of people" explanations when accounting for crime and delinquency.

8. Which is the least applicable statement to Social Disorganization Theory?

a. This theory notices the nonrandom distribution of crime across areas, such as neighborhoods. *b. As a point of departure for explaining crime, this theory is mainly concerned with the criminality of individuals, such as biological or psychological defects. c. This theory pays particular attention to how residents in high crime rate neighborhoods differently interact and get along with one another, compared to the residents residing in low crime rate neighborhoods. d. This theory is interested in two questions: Why is the crime rate higher in some neighborhoods than others? and Is there something about the characteristics of the high crime rate neighborhoods above and beyond the residents who live in the neighborhoods.

24. Social control theories assume that deviant behavior is attractive, which basically explains why people commit deviant behavior. Thus, social control theories is more concerned with "Why would people not do something that was fun, rewarding, exciting, or an efficient means to a desired end?" Considering this, which is least applicable statement about the reason why some people do not get involved in deviant behavior from the perspectives of social control theories (social bonds theory and self-control theory)?

a. We might not want to disappoint our parents. b. We might not want to jeopardize our future. *c. We might have some genetic or physical features that prevent us from doing deviant behaviors. d. We might have developed an ability to control our impulses and desires.

38. What are the four main concepts from Akers' Social Learning Theory?

a. attachment, commitment, involvement, belief b. frequency, duration, priority, intensity c. conformity, innovation, ritualism, rebellion *d. definitions, differential association, differential reinforcement, imitation

18. Merton argues that societies promote goals for their citizens and norms for people's behavior in trying to achieve these goals. In America, there is a very strong focus on the goal of economic success, the "American Dream," which is defined as the commitment to the goal of material success to be pursued by everyone in open individual competition. - - - Merton notes that the social structure prevents many from becoming economically successful. So, regardless of how hard they work, some individuals can never get ahead. Anomie is a characteristic of societies, but the societal pressure to succeed creates ( ) on individuals.

a. energy b. disease c. hope *d. strain

35. One of the first modern-day criminologists to consider learning and crime was Edwin Sutherland. Focusing on law violators committing ( ) who were not poor led him to question the previously widely held assumption that crime was the result of some deficiency in the lower classes.

a. homicide *b. white-collar crime c. violent crime d. terrorist attack

40. Interventions based on differential association and social learning theory often attempt to ______.

a. place offenders in prison b. change their attitudes, values, and beliefs c. address past problems *d. remove offenders from settings that encourage crime and place into settings that provide prosocial reinforcement

48. Labeling theory was _____ in nature.

a. psychological b. biological *c. sociological d. generational

12. According to social disorganization theory, which one is not included in the structural factors influencing social disorganization in communities?

a. residential mobility b. ethnic heterogeneity *c. convergence of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and an absence of guardianship in time and space d. low economic status

30. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, ( ) is the restraint that allows people to resist crime.

a. social bonding *b. self-control c. internal morals d. prison

17. Merton argues that societies promote goals for their citizens and norms for people's behavior in trying to achieve these goals. In America, there is a very strong focus on the goal of economic success, the "American Dream," which is defined as the commitment to the goal of ( ) success to be pursued by everyone in open individual competition. - - - Merton notes that the social structure prevents many from becoming economically successful. So, regardless of how hard they work, some individuals can never get ahead. Anomie is a characteristic of societies, but the societal pressure to succeed creates strain on individuals.

a. spiritual *b. material c. religious d. moral