Middle Ages Europe 400-1500 A.D.

Who started Europe as we know it today?

Charlemagne

Who united western Europe?

Charlemagne

Who was Charlemagne's grandson?

Charlemagne

What did the Church have and do to stay in control?

Church could deny any person´s sacraments and controlled some wealth and land

Why did people obey the Church?

Church was the highest authority

What leader took defeated the last Roman army in Western Europe?

Clovis I

Who were the three largest invader groups?

Magyars, Muslims, and Vikings

What is the difference between feudalism and manorialism?

Manorialism made Europe stronger and more organized, while feudalism created weakness and wars.

When the Roman Empire collapsed, Europe was mostly....

Pagan

monastery

a secluded community when men, called monks focus on scripture and prayer

Inquisition

a series of investigations designed to find and judge heretics

Crusades

a series of military campaigns to establish Christian control over the Holy Land importance- The Crusades changed Christian history forever. The Christian population would not be as large today if the Crusades had not spread Christianity throughout Europe.

What was the Benedictine rule?

a series of rules used by monasteries and convents; created by Benedict, an Italian monk

the Common Law

a set of laws that has developed from regular traditions and the decisions of a judge, rather than laws being passed from an assembly. importance- This Law was part of the law of the land, with Norman French Feudal law, Church Law, and Anglo-Saxon common law. It governed Europe and gave people more freedom.

What did the Pope have on Europe's history and religion?

a significant influence on Europe

What did Gregory VII do to Henry IV?

excommunicated him

What are Charlemagne's 3 legacies in Europe?

extended Christianity into north Europe; contributed to the diffusion of Germanic, Christian, and Roman traditions; created strong government

What other professions did the Vikings do?

farmers, traders, and explorers

Other than destructive raiders, what else were the Vikings?

farmers, traders, sailors

What did the dukes of Normandy become?

feudal lords

What new idea helped solve this problem, Charlemagne's death?

feudalism

What Latin word means fief?

feudom

What does the manor control?

fief

How did the Franks take power in Western Europe?

fought against neighboring tribes: Avars, Slavs, Lombards, and Saxons; made alliances with Muslim leaders; appointed nobles to rule local areas

How do Europe's rivers flow?

from the central mountains and highlands

What was the heart of the medieval economy?

manors; they were around a lord's castle, with peasants and serfs working; markets and towns would be where the people shopped at

What did a vassal provide?

military support and currency and food

The church gained much power and wealth during the middle ages because..............

people believed the church controlled whether they got into heaven or hell

What is the significance of the North European Plain?

people migrated to the west; fertile heart of Europe; many crops grew here

What was one thing the Church taught?

people should live lives based on the teachings of Jesus

Middle Ages

period between ancient and modern times

What word would you use to describe Europe's topography?

physical features of a surface

topography

physical features of a surface

What is the hierarchy of the Church?

Pope Archbishops Bishops Priests

Who was responsible for people of the Isles of Britain converting to Christianity/Catholic?

Pope Gregory I

What caused much of Britain to become Catholic/Christian?

Pope Gregory I sent a group of monks to Britain to convert the king of Kent, a pagan, to Christianity

Who did Charlemagne protect?

Pope Leo III

What is Europe often called?

the "peninsula of peninsulas"

By the 700s and 800s daily life in Europe revolved around.............

the Catholic Church

What did Christians see themselves a part of?

the Christendom

What is an economy?

the amount of goods and services a region has

What did his belief lead to?

a conflict with Henry IV

writ

a court order

What is a pagan?

a follower of a poly-theistic religion

pilgrimage

a journey undertaken to worship at a holy place

Christendom

a large community of Christians spread across the world

What did Pope Gregory create?

a list of rules initiating power

serf

a peasant who was legally bound to the lord's land

missionary

a person who tries to convert others to a particular religion

Trial by Jury

a practice where, rather than a judge deciding a criminal's future, the criminal has an inquiry with an assembly of impartial people importance- It gave people a chance of real innocent freedom and made the law system more fair to those without help with dealing with trial. People had hope that they might win a case.

When was William crowned king of England?

Christmas Day, 1066

convent

a religious community for women, also known as nuns

What did the Vikings do for North America?

established a colony

Who were a few people or groups that almost united Europe?

-Romans -Hitler -Charlemagne

When did Hildebrand, an Italian monk, become Pope Gregory VII?

1073

When was the Concordat of Worms created?

1122

When did this happen?

486

When did Charlemagne (Charles the Great) become king of the Franks?

768

When did the raiders invade, Vikings create a colony, and trade routes reopen happen?

AFTER CHARLEMAGNE

Where did the Muslims invade from?

Africa

What mountains isolate Italy from the rest of Europe?

Alps

What two cultures blended together to create modern English?

Anglo-Saxon and Norman French

What continent is the Middle East in?

Asia

Where did the tribes that migrated to Europe come from? Name 2 places.

Asia and Africa

What was Thomas Becket?

Beckett as Archbishop of Canterbury & now the most powerful bishop

What Christian monk established a new way of monastic life in Europe?

Benedict

Conflict between Church and State

Bishops control much land and wealth

Who were some saints that converted people to Christianity?

Boniface, St. Patrick, Pope Gregory I

What place became a shrine?

Canterbury, where Becket was killed

What role did the clergy have in Charlemagne's government?

Charlemagne supported the Catholic church, and because of that, the clergy, or people who are anointed to complete religious services, rose to power in the government. Charlemagne's main goal was to form a united Catholic Europe. He had much power over the Catholic Church and the Pope.

How did Charlemagne affect Europe?

Charlemagne was a Germanic ruler, so he crucially affected Europe's history and how it is today. Charles Martel, a Germanic ruler, won a major battle, the Battle of Tours.

What religion was Charlemagne?

Christian (specifically Catholic)

During the Middle Ages, what spread throughout much of Europe?

Christianity

During the Middle Ages, what 2 things spread through Europe and changed the continent forever?

Christianity and education

What temporarily resolved the conflicts between the State and Church?

Concordat of Worms

What 2 leaders that we have studied have had the most influence on religion in Europe?

Constantine and Charlemagne

Who was a State and Church conflict between?

Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII

What country were the Vikings interested in?

England

What transformed because of the Norman Conquest?

English language and culture

Why did monasteries and convents provide health care and educational services?

Europe contained no hospitals or schools

What caused different people to migrate to Western Europe?

Europe's geography was very appealing

How many successful/major Crusades were there?

Four

By 530s the Franks controlled much of present day.....

France

What did the Franks contribute to Europe?

France

What 3 of today's countries did Charlemagne's empire mostly cover?

France, Germany, and Italy

Where was Charlemagne's empire across?

France, Germany, and Italy

After the fall of Rome, many warring Germanic tribes formed kingdoms. One of the most important tribes was.....

Franks

What tribe was he from?

Franks

Who did the Normans evolve to be?

Franks

Where did the Franks control many lands?

Gaul and Germany

Why is the sea important to Southern Europe?

It provides food, a way to travel, and a way to transport goods through the region

Conflict between Church and State

Gregory appointed a his own bishop in Milan

Conflict between Church and State

Gregory had Henry excommunicated and freed Henry's subjects from feudal service

Conflict between Church and State

Gregory was claiming the right to remove emperors

Feudalism synonyms

HIERARCHY, estate, land, dividing, rank, sovereignty

Who became king out of Harold and William?

Harold

Who was the English crown promised to?

Harold

How did Charlemagne work to unite much of Western Europe?

He believed in education. With educated officials, they could correctly do their work, and that made his reign stronger. He also was a devoted Catholic.

How did Charlemagne's rule affect medieval Europe?

He spread Christianity, created a lasting and strong government, and made new traditions. Many other rulers followed him when they created their kingdoms. Europe would be different if it weren't for him.

Conflict between Church and State

Henry IV appointed a bishop for Milan Italy

Conflict between Church and State

Henry had no power now, so he went to the pope for forgiveness

Emperor Henry IV

Holy Roman emperor; adversary to Gregory VII; ignored pope; did some bad deeds; German king importance- He changed the Church's authority on Europe. He ignored the pope, and started a fight that led to some cultural changes. He was excommunicated by Gregory VII. He wasn't well educated, so that led to some bad decisions. Henry was de-throned and caused Europe's next king Gregory VII to have the people's full support.

Where were the Magyars from?

Hungary

What are some tribes that migrated to Europe?

Huns, Germanic, Angles, Franks, Jutes, Lombards, Saxons, Visigoths, and Vandals

What are the 3 peninsulas are in Southern Europe?

Iberian, Italian, and Balkan

Where does the Pope live?

Vatican (its its own country)

What are the peninsulas of Europe?

Italian, Balkan, Scandinavian, Iberian

Who was another State and Church conflict between?

King Henry II and Thomas Becket

Who introduced a strong feudal system?

King William

Who got the largest share of lands?

King's family

What two languages became the languages of law, culture, and government?

Latin and French

What 2 languages did Charlemagne study?

Latin and Greek

How did missionaries help spread Christianity throughout Europe?

Missionaries traveled Europe and tried to convert Pagans. They taught the Bible to those who would listen.

How do monasteries and convents differ?

Monasteries were for men and convents were for women.

How did monasteries help keep classical Greek and Roman civilization alive?

Monks copied and illustrated religious manuscripts and works from the Christian Roman empire and Greece .They also taught Latin, the language of the church.

Moors

Muslims in Spain

What three groups were hugely affected by the Crusades?

Muslims, Christians, and Jews

Who did King William give about 180 lands to?

Norman barons

What is an alias for the Vikings?

Normans

What was another name for the Vikings?

Normans

Where did these invaders eventually settle?

North America, England. Ireland, northern France, and some of Russia

Most westerly winds blow inland from a warm current in the ocean around Europe called the.....

North Atlantic Drift

Where were the Vikings from?

Northern Europe

What two rivals did Harold face?

Norwegian king and William

Who controlled Europe before the Middle Ages?

Roman Empire

Where did they come from, the most successful invaders?

Scandinavia and northern Europe

When did the Norwegian king land in northern England?

September 1066

Where became the center of Muslim culture?

Sicily

Why does Europe have so many countries unlike the US?

Since many kingdoms began to fight, land began to have borders. Europe was ruled by sovereigns, so everything was separate not united.

How did Charlemagne unify much of the Roman Empire in western Europe?

Since the emperor had much authority in the Church, he made Christianity an important thing to the people. He also fought many neighboring tribes and fought for land. He fought tribes like, Lombards, Muslims, and Avars.

What group of invaders covered the most territory?

Vikings

What group of raiders did William the Conqueror descend from?

Vikings

Where did the Spanish invade?

Southern Europe

What is the only part of all of Europe that the Muslims have ruled?

Spain

Who were the boldest and most successful invaders of Western Europe?

Vikings

What happened because Charlemagne protected Pope Leo lll?

The pope crowned Charlemagne as emperor and that created much conflict.

Conflict between Church and State

The pope issued rules listing his power over church and non church leaders (secular)

How did Europe's geography attract people to different regions?

There was good, fertile land for farming in Europe, unlike the mountainous Russian area, or the desertous African sand. With three large rivers, and land for tilling crops, many people were amazed with how many other people were moving up north just to farm. The flat plains made it easy to travel from country to country.

Who were the most successful raiders?

Vikings

Name 8 different tribes that migrated into Europe during the Early Middle Ages.

Visigoths, Vandals, Saxons, Lombards, Jutes, Huns, Franks, and Angles

How did different groups and individuals take power in early medieval Europe?

They must be approved and anointed by pope. This was Pope Leo III's idea, that the pope should be the only one to crown the king or emperor. However, in smaller territories, tribes found for land and whoever had the most authority and land, was the king.

Who were some major battles against that Charlemagne led?

Umayyads and Saxons

What mountain range separates Europe and Asia?

Urals

A few days after the Norwegian invasion, who invaded southern England?

William

Who claimed the English crown?

William

What balanced wealth and power?

William's giving of the land

heresy

a belief that is rejected by official Church teaching

Common law

a body of law that has developed from custom and from judge's decisions rather than from laws passed by a lawmaking assembly

What were Henry II and Thomas Becket once?

allies and friends

Who was Edward the Confessor?

an Anglo-Saxon king

What was the Concordat of Worms?

an agreement in which the Church could only appoint bishops

Who was Thomas Becket?

an important archbishop

A government ruled by a few people is....

an oligarchy

What was included with a fief?

any buildings or towns; peasants

Who had power in the Church and government?

anyone of Norman birth

Who helped run Charlemagne run his empire?

appointed nobles and clergy

What did Spain do all Jews in 1492?

banished the Jews who refused to convert to Christianity

What did the chivalry require the knights to do?

be loyal, generous, and brave

Why were the Vikings interested in England?

because of its wealth

How did the church have so much power?

because the people thought that the Church had the highest authority and they were the guardian of God's truth

What were the major like features between European feudalism and Japanese feudalism?

began during a time of war; both warriors were expected to follow a code; involved exchange of land

Where in Europe did Benedict establish a new way of monastic life?

central Italy

What code did knights live by?

chivalry

Many of Charlemagne's advisers were a part of the.......

clergy

The central courtyard that a monastery was traditionally built around was called what?

cloister

chivalry

code of conduct that required knights to be brave, loyal, and honest

What led to feudalism?

collapse of western Europe

What 2 things were central to medieval Catholic beliefs in Europe?

concepts of heaven and hell

What was created because popes gained more power?

conflict

In 1073 in Rome, Pope Gregory believed the emperor should NOT have power over the church......this led to...

conflict with Henry IV, the Holy Roman emperor at the time

What did this tribe accomplish on a major scale?

conquering other kingdoms

What could the Church do to show power?

could punish people by denying their sacraments

Charlemagne protected Pope Leo III from enemies in Rome. The pope showed his thanks by......

crowning Charlemagne emperor

What kind of worshiper was Charlemagne?

devout Christian; worshiped day and night

What 3 things did Catholics in early Europe believe were the only ways to avoid hell?

do good deeds; believe in Jesus; participate in the sacraments

One of Charlemagne's great accomplishments was uniting Europe. One of the ways he felt would help to unite the continent was by introducing and improving.......

education

What did Charlemagne feel would strengthen his empire?

education

Why did feudalism start?

emperors were nearly powerless and could not defend their people from invaders

What did Pope Gregory VII believe?

he believed that the emperor should have no power in the Church

Did Harold defeat or lose the Norwegian invasion?

he defeated

What did Thomas Becket do to Henry II?

he excommunicated him

What did Henry II do to Becket?

he murdered him

Who was Patrick of Ireland and what did he do?

he was a missionary born in Britain

What happened to Charlemagne in 800 and why was it so important to his rule?

he was crowned emperor by Pope Leo; created an idea that the pope could be the only one to name an emperor ( strengthened Church's power)

What is the Northern European plain

heart of Europe

What happened to western Europe after Charlemagne's death?

his empire fell apart

What did Henry II want to increase?

his power

What did Henry IV do to the Pope?

ignored his rules

Where did the Pope control lands?

in central Italy

When did the Muslims conquer Sicily?

in the 800s

Between 800 and 1000 what threatened Western Europe?

invaders

As Christianity spread, what happened to the church?

it became more powerful with more force

Why was the pope crowning Charlemagne so important?

it established the idea that only the pope had the power to name an emperor

Spain has the lowest population density in Western Europe What does this mean?

it means Spain probably has more farms than most countries in Europe

vassals

lesser lords who received land or a fief in return for their services

What 2 main ideas did the early church teach to the people of Europe?

live a life based on Jesus' teachings; sins were a violation of God's laws

What did the economy rely on after Charlemagne's death?

manors

How did missionaries affect Europe?

missionaries change people's lives by convincing them to change their religion and lifestyle; therefore many churches were built and people traveled all over the world to convert people to Christianity

Early medieval Europe had no hospitals or public schools. As a result who provided basic health and educational services?

monasteries

What did the raiders target?

monasteries

Where did the most successful raiders invade first?

monasteries

What were formed when Christian men and women lived religious lives?

monasteries and convents

What was the importance of cloister?

monks and nuns ate, slept, and worshipped there

Reconquista

movement to drive the Muslims from Spain

On October 14, the two armies met where?

near village of Hastings

What did the feudal lords want?

new lands to rule

Was the accomplishment by Clovis I long term?

no

Who did the Battle of Hastings wipe out?

noble Anglo-Saxon families

secular

nonreligious

How did the English fight?

on foot

What did travel do for Europe?

opened trade routes

How long did the Crusades last?

over 200 years

Many of Charlemagne's advisers were what?

part of the clergy

Who gained more power overtime?

popes

What is the hierarchy of feudalism?

powerful lords

Under this new way of monastic life, what 2 things were supposed to be balanced in life?

prayer and work

What took place in the monasteries. Give 5 examples.

provided educational and health services; cared for poor and sick people; built schools for children; copied and illustrated religious manuscripts; grew food in gardens

Common practices of people of the same cultural group Which term best defines the above?

regional customs

What were the major difference features between European feudalism and Japanese feudalism?

religion; Japanese were Shinto and Europeans were Christian

The lifeline of any civilization is always.......

rivers and streams

The rituals of the Catholic church are called the......

sacraments

What did the Vikings do to attack?

sailed up rivers to burn villages

Education made Charlemagne create what?

schools

How much influence did the pope and Catholic leaders have in medieval Europe?

significant or a lot of influence

What did all these tribes in Europe cause?

small, fighting kingdoms

What did the tribes develop into?

small,warring kingdoms

After the Roman empire collapsed, Western Europe began a era of.............

social, political, and economic decline

Who forced Pope out of the city?

the emperor

Which of the following made Europe an attractive place for people to immigrate to?

the fertile ground of the plains

What was one thing the Europeans learned from Muslims?

the hygienic practice of washing the hands with soap

Iberian Peninsula

the peninsula where present day Spain and Portugal are located

Catholics believe...................

the way people lived would affect what happened to their souls after death

What still remained, although the Pope forgave Henry?

their conflict

Who did the knight serve and protect?

their lords

What happened to the Vikings?

they DIFFUSED with new cultures and peoples

What were the lords like in Early Japan?

they built castles with drawbridges, high walls, and moats

What was one advantage of the crusaders?

they took Muslim kingdoms by surprise

Why was his unification so important?

they were united with one ruler

excommunicate

to exclude or ostracize a person from a church or a religious community

What was the purpose of the Crusades?

to gain control of the "Holy Land"

What 5 promises did these new monks make?

to live and worship within their communities for their entire life; to obey leaders; work for the good of their community; remain unmarried; own nothing to themselves

Monasteries libraries contained Greek and Roman works. What were they attempting to accomplish by protecting ancient works?

to preserve ancient works and keep learning alive

Charlemagne's victory accomplished what important goal?

to united much of the Western Roman Empire

What did Catholic missionaries do during the Early Middle Ages across Europe?

traveled across Europe to convert pagans, who are believers in nature not in God

What kind of Europe did Charlemagne want?

unified Christian Europe

What did Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) do in 717?

united Frankish lands

knights

warriors mounted on horseback

How do we remember Patrick of Ireland?

we celebrate St. Patrick's Day or March 17th

Why did the Vikings choose monasteries to invade?

wealthy and poorly defended

What region of Europe collapsed after the death of Charlemagne?

western Europe

Where did Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings all raid?

western Europe

How did the Normans fight?

with a calvary

Who was Patrick and what did he do?

Patrick, a British saint, converted Ireland to Christianity

monarchs

a ruler that is from a family of royalty importance- Monarchs held all the power in feudal Europe. They owned the land, managed trading, and shaped an important cultural movement, the Renaissance.

manorialism

a social and economic system in which peasants were given lands through their lords to be independent and balance the caste system importance- Manorialism gave peasants opportunities and privilieges. They had land and gained control in social Europe. With their wages they received made farming more important.

feudalism

a social system involves peasants or ,vassals, doing work, like military fighting, for nobles, while being protected and given a small plot of land, or a fief. importance- Feudalism divided power up in the social system of Europe. It also protected Europe from invaders.

hierarchy

a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority

What did Charlemagne want?

a unified Christian Europe

How long was Charlemagne's reign?

46 years

When did Charles Martel unite Frankish lands?

717

When was Charlemagne crowned king of Franks?

768

What are some mountain ranges and where are they located?

Alps above Italy, Pyrenees divide France and Spain, Urals divide Europe and Russia

Norman Invasion

An invasion that was part of Norman Conquest; the Normans settled in England; invaded and conquered the Saxons importance- The invasion led to the Battle of Hastings, which changed England's culture forever. This was a great strategy by William the Conqueror, to win the Conquest.

Why was the Catholic Church a center of authority?

Because the Church was the guardian of God's truth and the Church also controlled the administration of sacraments

What was Benedictine Rule and who created it?

Benedict created a series of rules for monastic life, called ¨Benedictine Rule¨

What made Catholicism powerful?

Black Plague

How did Christian teachings affect the lives of medieval Europeans?

Catholic faith became a part of every day life. It became the center of European society and a place of worship.

What are Europe's most important rivers?

Danube, Rhine, Siene

How did Germanic tribes affect Europe?

Germanic tribes settled in during the Roman Empire, around 300 A.D. Clovis I conquered many Germanic kingdoms.

What were sins a violation of?

God's laws

What were the Middle Ages?

It is the medieval period of Europe, when the Crusades and Black Death occurred. Medieval is Latin for "Middle Ages". It became a European civilization. The Middle Ages began after the fall of the Roman Empire.

What did Charlemagne read and understand?

Latin and Greek

Magna Carta

Latin for "Great Charter"; a set of laws granting freedom; created by King John; referred to the law of the land importance- It set a historic example for kings to abide by the Magna Carta's laws. It affected the US' laws, because we adopted some principles: trial by jury and people's rights.

What is the definition of medieval?

Latin for Middle Ages

William the Conqueror

Norwegian king; he built many manors and castles; won Battle of Hastings; crowned king of England for his win importance- His win over Hastings changed the history of Europe. He and his men might be slaves and prisoners in their adversary's country! He was crowned king and made important decisions in his reign.

Thomas Aquinas

a Catholic priest and philosopher, who was a professor at the University of Paris; believed in natural law importance- He was obsessed with Aristotle's writings. He brought Europe's attention to theology and philosophy. He changed the way Europe viewed the world.

Who was Boniface?

a Christian saint

Who was Clovis I

a Frankish leader, defeated last Roman army in Western Europe

Habeas Corpus

a Latin phrase meaning "you shall have the body"; this is pertaining to a court order to bring a person in jail to see a judge about their future importance- It prevented secret arrests and injustice. This legal practice kept innocent people out of jail, and guilty people in.

medieval

a Latin word meaning Middle Age; the time in Europe when the Western Roman Empire collapsed and the Renaissance began importance- Jobs became more obtainable. Social and research changes made Europe stronger. After the Black Death ,during the Middle Ages, medical researchers learned more about medicine and surgery. Art reforms became apparent and religious reformations strengthened European society.

Bubonic Plague

a bacterial disease that is spread by fleas, that are carried by rats importance- The Black Plague was important because it led Europe into the Renaissance. It was a culturally great time for Europe. The Church's power was strengthened, the Peasant's Revolt surfaced, and social structures were diminished. Europe forever changed after the Plague.

When did Benedict organize a monastery in central Italy?

about 529

parliament

an assembly of representatives who make laws; kings had power over them at first, then they became a separate body of the government importance- The Parliament strengthened Europe's government by allowing there to be two parts of the government,king and parliament; Common and wealthy men were allowed to participate, that created less of a caste system.

Natural Law

an idea that the laws in nature pertain to the natural world and human affairs and life importance- Thomas Aquinas believed in this concept. He also said that it could be discovered through reasoning. Natural law change the way society viewed the world's laws, human and natural.

What did Charlemagne do to ensure that the officials jobs were being well done?

appointed nobles and sent out officials

What and why did Charlemagne build?

built schools, so officials could write accurate reports

List two examples of sacraments.

communion and baptism

What word is associated with Henry IV?

conflict

What did Catholic do on their missionaries?

convert Pagans to Christianity

What did the King of Kent do after Pope Gregory I sent monks?

converted to Catholicism

What word is associated with Charlemagne?

cooperation

What thing did Pope Leo III do to strengthen the Church's power

crown Charlemagne

What was one appositive to describe Charlemagne?

devoted Christian

What did Catholic missionaries do?

during Middle Ages, Catholic missionaries traveled Europe to convert pagans

manor

self-sufficient estate if a medieval lord; included villages and fields; agriculture was very critical to the lord at the estate importance- The manors provided many goods and services. Manors may have improved city structures. Manor systems made villages more civilized. The lord managed crimes and his accounts. Most people who resided on the manor were peasants, who were harvesters of the lord's crops. The manor was critical to later times in Europe like the Renaissance.

What did Charlemagne promote to unify Franks?

education

Catholic

having to do with the whole body of the church importance- Catholicism changed the medieval church forever. The church had power over the people and Catholic followers became very important to society. They were high social-status and many people recognized them.

Charlemagne

he was a king of the Franks, tribes derived from Germanic tribes; united most of Western Europe; aka Charles l; holy Roman emperor importance- He advocated education to expand his empire. He was also a committed Christian. He affiliated himself with the Catholic Church to promulgate Christianity throughout Europe.

What did Charlemagne fight for?

land and power

Europe´s Geography

made up of plains, mountains, and rivers

What did monks and nuns do?

monks and nuns made vows, obeyed leaders, worked for community, remained unmarried, and owned nothing

Gregory VII

pope and saint; first pope to kill a king; Christian; he had disregard for disobedience; made many alliances across Europe; political; aka Pope Gregory the Great. importance- He declared the Dictatus Papae, which gave him supreme power. He "excommunicated" Emperor Henry IV from the Catholic community. He believed that the pope should not have control over the Catholic church.

What MAJOR goal did Charlemagne accomplish?

reunified original western Roman Empire

What was a title for someone who converted someone to Christianity?

saint

Battle of Hastings

the battle in which William the Conqueror defeated Harold II, who led the Saxons, in 1066 importance- If this battle had not occurred, the Norman conquest would not have happened. The Normans became the sovereigns over Europe, since Harold II was the last Anglo-Saxon leader. Culture and religion changed forever in Europe.

Papacy

the power of the pope, someone who manages the main government of the Roman Catholic Church importance- The Papacy made a strengthened Catholic community. Catholics looked to the Pope to guide them through life. The Pope held power, Papacy, and made Europe stronger.

absolutism

the tolerance of principles in philosophy, politics, and ethical affairs importance- A monarch ruled in absolutism. He/She ruled with ABSOLUTE power. It produced strong leaders and triumphed all across western Europe. There were many theories of a king's power. Either power came from God or from obeying the rules.

What did the Catholics believe

the way people lived would affect what happened to their souls after death

What is the North Atlantic Drift?

warm water current

Who was St. Patrick?

was a missionary who converted many Irish pagans to Chirstians