Midterm

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

1. Oral Stage Infant's pleasure centers on the mouth (Birth to 1 1/2 years) 2. Anal Stage Child's pleasure focuses on the anus (1 1/2 to 3 years) 3. Phallic Stage Child's pleasure focuses on the genitalia (3 to 6 years) 4. Latency Stage Child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills (6 years to puberty) 5. Genital Stage A time of sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside of the family (Puberty onward)

Erickson's stages

1. trust vs mistrust (Infancy year) 2. autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3 years) 3. initiative vs guilt (Early childhood, preschool years, 3-5 years) 4. industry vs inferiority (Middle & late childhood, elementary school years, 6-puberty) 5. identity vs identity confusion (Adolescence 10-20 years) 6. intimacy vs isolation (Early adulthood, 20s,30s) 7. generativity vs stagnation (Middle adulthood, 40s, 50s) 8. integrity vs despair (Late adulthood, 60s onward)

A genotype is _____ percent of a person's genetic material

100

Scientist had thought that humans had as many as 100,000 or more genes, but recently research indicates a figure of approximately

20,500

At birth the newborns brain is about __________ percent of its adult weight.

25

Approximately what percent of an infant's sleep is REM sleep?

50 percent

Uma has just given birth. Assuming that the baby is perfectly average, and was born in the U.S., he is most likely to weigh _____ pounds, and would be approximately _____ inches long.

7½ pounds; 20 inches

"My computer doesn't like me. It keeps eating my pictures" says 3-year-old Kimberly. This is an example of

Animism

Which of the following is a consequence of maternal smoking during pregnancy

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Erik Erickson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of ___________ versus shame and doubt.

Autonomy

A recessive gene exerts it's influence only if

Both genes in a pair are recessive

Piaget's Preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development

Cannot yet perform reversible mental actions

Piaget's cognitive development theory

Children actively construct their understanding of the world through four stages of cognitive development.

The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is known as

Congruence

Among the most important aspect of the relationship between parents and children that contribute to moral development are relational quality, parental discipline, proactive strategies

Conversational dialogue

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

Eight stage theory of psychosocial development, lifespan consists of eight dilemmas that must be solved correctly in order to solve the next dilemma

__________ especially plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interact with others. It is an important component of executive function.

Emotion regulation

What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children the word over?

Ethnic origin and nutrition

________ attention involves planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.

Executive

The _________ stage is the longest stage of the girth process.

First

Four Ages

First age: childhood and adolecences Second age: prime adulthood ages 20 to 59 Third age: approx 60 to 79 years of age Fourth age: approx 80 years and older

__________ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demand the child must cope with.

Goodness to fit

In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development, continuity refers to _________, while discontinuity implies __________.

Gradual change; distinct changes

When two individuals focus on the same object or even, the process is called

Joint attention

M_______ and ______ are two life-threatening conditions that can result from

Malnutrition

During __________, a cell of the testes in men or ovaries in women duplicates it's chromosome and then divides twice, thus forming four cells, each of which has only half the genetic material of the parent cell.

Meiosis

The theory of _______ refers to awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.

Mind

__________ involves in increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system during brain development in children between the ages of 3 and 15.

Myelination

The understanding that objects and evens continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched is called:

Object permanence

__________ emotions appear in the first 6 months of the human infant's development.

Primary

The _________ pattern of growth is the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves towards the extremities.

Proximodistal

__________ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotions

Psychoanalytic

__________ age is an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age.

Psychological

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

Sensorimotor stage (Birth-2 years) Preoperational stage (2-7 years) Concrete Operational stage (7-11 years) Formal Operational stage (11 years - adulthood)

"Easy child", "difficult child", and " slow-to-warm-up child" are three basic types of __________ identified by psychiatrist Alexandra Chess and Stella Thomas.

Temperament

Zone of proximal development is Vygotsky's term for

The range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults

Which of the following statements is TRUE of how neurons change in the first years of life?

The synaptic connections that are used became strengthened and survive, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear

Jeromy and Tyrone are fraternal twins. This means they developed from

Two eggs that fertilized by two different sperms

The sensorimotor stage of development last from birth to about:

Two years of age

The life-support system for the embryo includes the

Umbilical cord, placenta, amnion

According to Jean Piaget's theory of infant development what makes one stage more advanced than another?

When a child understands the world differently

__________ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.

accommodation

Jean Piaget believed that children:

actively construct their own cognitive world

Three types of cries

basic cry anger cry pain cry

According to Piaget, physical activities such as sucking, grasping, and walking are examples of:

behavioral schemes

Which of the following is an important role played by emotions during infancy?

communication

_________ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.

concepts

Psychoanalytic theory

describes development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion Freud's Problems are the result of experiences early in life

__________ parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion dismissing parents.

emotion-coaching

Paul Baltes says that natural selection among humans operates mainly during the ___ of life.

first half

The __________ includes the cerebral cortex and several structures beneath it.

forebrain

A fertilized human egg cannot grow into a crocodile, duck, or fish specifically because of

genetic code

The maximum life span of humans

has not changed since the beginning of recorded history

Remembering how to swim is an example of

implicit memory

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is:

initiative versus guilt

As defined by Erik Erikson, a crisis:

is not a catastrophe but a turning point of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential

__________ has the longest span of any period of development and the number of people in this age group has been increasing dramatically.

late adulthood

Palma and her husband Frankie are in their mid-forties. Which of the following developmental periods are they currently in?

middle adulthood

The leading cause of death in young children in the United States is

motor vehicle accidents

Many individuals become wiser as they age, but their performance on tasks that require speed in processing information starts to decline. This illustrates how throughout life, some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink, or how development is:

multidirectional

The most common infant sleep-related problem reported by parents is

nighttime waking

By age 51, most women enter menopause. This is an example of how a biological process can exert a _____ influence on development.

normative age-graded

Evolution takes place

over the course of many generations

Short sleep duration in children is linked with being

overweight

Five rules of language

phonology morphology syntax semantics pragmatics

The ________ consists of a group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not connect

placenta

Most characteristics are

polygenically determined

Periods of development

prenatal (conception to birth) infancy (birth to 18-24 months) early childhood (3-5 years) middle and late childhood (6-10/11yrs) adolescence (10-12 to 18-21 years) early adulthood (20s and 30s) middle adulthood (40s and 50s) late adulthood (60s-70s to death)

The theory that was created by Erik Erikson is known as the _____ theory of development.

psychosocial

Which of the following is not one of the five rules of language?

reciprocity Syntax. Morphology. Phonology. Semantics. Pragmatics.

__________ are built in reactions to stimuli; they govern the newborns movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborns control.

reflexes

__________ refers to the meaning of words and sentences.

semantics

What are gametes?

sex cells (sperm and egg)

The American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS (AAPTFIPS) (2000) recommends against:

shared sleeping

During early childhood girls are __________ than boys.

slightly smaller

Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through:

social interaction

During pregnancy, which of the following organs or systems are the first to develop

spinal cord

The most frequent expression of an infants fear involves

stranger anxiety

According to Freud, the moral element of personality is called the

superego

Chemical interactions in __________ connect axons and dendrites allowing information to pass from neuron to neuron.

synapses

Which of the following approaches holds that the processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior

the behavioral and social cognitive approach

Babies have three types of cries. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

the hunger cry

The __________ approach to the study of development emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, especially during infancy, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age.

traditional