Midterm 2 study set

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If humans burn 5000 GtC in a couple centuries, roughly what will the atmospheric concentration of CO2 be in the year 12017?

750 ppm

What is a GtC?

A billion tons of carbon

What is an AMSU?

Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit

What is plankton?

Any collection of microscopic organisms that drift in the sea.

What is the empirical formula for coal?

C or CH

What is the empirical formula for oil?

CH2

What is the empirical formula for gas?

CH4

Photosynthesis is best described by what chemical reaction?

CO2 + H2O + photon → O2 + CH2O

Which is not a contributing factor to the seasonal cycle in atmospheric Co2?

CO2 is a greenhouse gas

What chemical reaction ultimately removes the excess carbon from the atmosphere and ocean?

CaSiO3 + CO2 → CaCO3 + SiO2

When was most coal formed?

Carboniferous period 300 Mya

Natural gas is

Fossilized plankton

What is the first molecule that CO2 forms when dissolved in water?

H2CO3

Which chemical reaction describes ocean acidification?

H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3−

In what form is most of the dissolved carbon in the ocean?

HCO3−

When was most oil formed?

Jurassic period 150 Mya

Who created the cloud classification scheme that we still use today?

Luke Howard

Atmospheric Co2 decreases most rapidly in

Northern-Hemisphere summer

Respiration is best described by what chemical reaction?

O2 + CH2O → CO2 + H2O + photon

What causes the seasons?

The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted with respect to Earth's orbital plane

Which of the following federal agencies does not have its own climate model?

USPS

Roughly how much of the recoverable coal have humans used?

a few percent

What is an acid?

a molecule that adds H+ ions to water

With the exception of high-energy nuclear reactions, which of the following is always conserved?

all of the other answers

What is HCO3-?

bicarbonate ion

What is CaCO3?

calcium carbonate

What is CO3- -?

carbonate ion

What is H2CO3 called?

carbonic acid

Which of the following carbon pools has the largest amount of carbon at present?

coal

What do we call a fundamental law of physics that says that stuff is neither created nor destroyed?

conservation law

What is the most certain way to date glacial ice?

counting layers

The acidified ocean is returned to its original pH by

dissolution of calcium carbonate

Coal is

fossilized peat

Oil is

fossilized plankton

Roughly how much of the recoverable oil have humans used?

half

The higher the k and/or ρ of some gas in the atmosphere, the ______ the effective height of emission to space.

higher

What is H+?

hydrogen ion

What is so super about a supercomputer?

it has many ordinary computers connected together

An AMSU measures temperature at many heights in the atmosphere by measuring atmospheric emission at multiple wavelengths on the side of an oxygen resonance that each have a different

k and so a different τ=1 level

Which of the following is not one of the primary pieces of evidence for global warming?

lunar brightness records

For climate studies, what are the two most important instruments inside a Stevenson enclosure?

min-temperature and max-temperature thermometers

Which of the following is a violation of conservation of energy?

none of the other answers

Which of the following is a violation of conservation of mass?

none of the other answers

Which of the following is a violation of conservation of momentum?

none of the other answers

What kind of orbit do most AMSUs fly?

polar

The purpose of a Stevenson screen is to

reflect away sunlight, provide shade, provide a ventilated enclosure

What is peat?

soggy swamp soil

What is serial computing?

solving a single problem on a single computer

What is parallel computing?

solving a single problem on multiple computers at the same time

January is during the Southern Hemisphere's

summer

The timescale for a process is

the time it takes for the process to be mostly done

Studies of boreholes reveal that these layers of the ground are warmer than they would be in the absence of global warming.

upper layers

AMSU records show the atmosphere

warming at low altitudes and cooling at high altitudes

The unique fingerprint of CO2-induced global warming is

warming at low altitudes and cooling at high altitudes

What is acidic water?

water with a high concentration of H+ ions

When the Northern Hemisphere experiences summer, the Southern Hemisphere experiences:

winter

What is another way to write 300 Mya?

0.3 Gya

Ocean acidification puts 60% of the carbon burned by humans into the ocean on a timescale of

1 thousand years

Borehole paleothermometry reveals a mean global ground-temperature increase over the past ~100 years of

1/K

Roughly at what rate are fossil fuels being burned today?

10 GtC/year

The acidified ocean is returned to its original pH on a timescale of

10 thousand years

What is the timescale for a human to grow to its maximum height?

10 years

After ocean acidification and dissolution of calcium carbonate, silicate weathering removes the remaining 20% of the extra carbon still in the atmosphere on a timescale of

100 thousand years

In a business-as-usual scenario, what is a likely concentration of atmospheric CO2 in the year 2100?

1000 ppm

When was the universe formed?

14 Gya

By how much have Berkeley's warm-season maximum temperatures increased over the past 125 years?

2 K

Roughly at what rate is the atmospheric concentration of CO2 increasing?

2.5 ppm/year

What is roughly the per-capita consumption of oil in the United States?

20 barrels/year

Roughly what fraction of the carbon burned by humans is still in the atmosphere as CO2 after 10,000 years?

20%

If the concentration of atmospheric CO2 increases by 100 ppm, roughly how much more carbon is there in the atmosphere?

200 GtC

What is 3 Gya?

3 billion years ago

What is roughly the per-capita consumption of coal in the United States?

3 tons/year

When was Earth formed?

4.5 Gya

How much fossil fuel have humans burned?

400 GtC

What is the current concentration of atmospheric Co2?

400 ppm

Roughly at what rate are the ocean and plants absorbing CO2 at present?

5 GtC/year

If the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere increases by 100 GtC, roughly how much does the concentration of CO2 increase?

50 ppm

How many GtC were there in the preindustrial atmosphere?

600 GtC


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