Midterm #3: Chapter 8
How do Bronsted and Lowry define acids and bases?
- acids: any compound that donates H+ ions (proton donor); includes Arrhenius acids - bases: any compound that accepts H+ ions (proton acceptor); usually metal hydroxides
How does Arrhenius define acids and bases?
- acids: compounds that produce H3O+ (H+) ions when dissolved in water - bases: compounds that produce OH- ions when dissolved in water
Key solubility rules to remember?
- group 1A cations, halogen anions, and NO3- substances are usually soluble
What does it mean to say a substance is amphiprotic/amphoteric?
- substance can behave as either an acid or a base (proton donor or proton acceptor) ex - WATER!!!
A _________ ______ is balanced equation that describes a reaction in solution in which the reactants are written as undissociated molecules. A _________ ______ _______ is a balanced equation that shows all species - including spectator ions + present in a reaction (molecular compounds and ions). ________ _________ are ions that are unchanged in a chemical reaction (show up on both reactants and products sides). A ______ ______ _____ is a balanced equation that describes the actual reaction taking place and does not include spectator ions.
A MOLECULAR EQUATION is balanced equation that describes a reaction in solution in which the reactants are written as undissociated molecules. A TOTAL IONIC EQUATION is a balanced equation that shows all species - including spectator ions + present in a reaction (molecular compounds and ions). SPECTATOR IONS are ions that are unchanged in a chemical reaction (show up on both reactants and products sides). A NET IONIC EQUATION is a balanced equation that describes the actual reaction taking place and does not include spectator ions.
A _________ is a solid product formed after a reaction in solution. Precipitation reactions can be used to determine the concentration of ______ in a solution.
A PRECIPITATE is a solid product formed after a reaction in solution. Precipitation reactions can be used to determine the concentration of IONS in a solution.
A _______ __________ is a solution that contains the max amount of solute possible at a given temp. A __________ _______ is a solution that contains less than the max amount of solute. What is a supersaturated solution and how do you make one?
A SATURATED SOLUTION is a solution that contains the max amount of solute possible at a given temp. A UNSATURATED SOLUTION is a solution that contains less than the max amount of solute. What is a supersaturated solution and how do you make one? - a solution that contains more than the max quantity of solute predicted to be in solution at a given temp - made by heating the solution to a higher temp to get more solute to dissolve - as the solution cools, agitating the solution will cause the extra solute to precipitate out (crystals)
A _______ ______ is a solution of accurately known concentration. A __________ is the process of lowering the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent. This (does/does not) change the number of particles in solution. What is the equation for this process?
A STANDARD SOLUTION is a solution of accurately known concentration. A DILUTION is the process of lowering the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent. This DOES NOT change the number of particles in solution. What is the equation for this process? M1V1 = M2V2
A ____________ is a method for determining the concentration of a solute in a sample by reacting the solute with a solution of known concentration (standard solution). What is a titrant? analyte? equivalence point? end point?
A TITRATION is a method for determining the concentration of a solute in a sample by reacting the solute with a solution of known concentration (standard solution). What is a titrant? analyte? equivalence point? end point? - Titrant - the standard solution added to the sample - Analyte - the substance whose concentration is unknown - Equivalence point - the point in a titration when just enough titrant has been added to react with all of the analyte - end point - the point in a titration when a color change or other signal indicates that enough titrant has been added to react with all of the analyte
A nonelectrolyte may or may not actually _______ in solution (based on how ______ it is) but either way it will not form _____. Some examples of nonelectrolytes include....
A nonelectrolyte may or may not actually DISSOLVE in solution (based on how POLAR it is) but either way it will not form IONS. Some examples of nonelectrolytes include.... - sugars - alcohols - insoluble ionic compounds
An _________ is a solid electrical conductor used to make contact with a solution or other nonmetallic component of an electrical circuit. An ______ is a solute that produces ions in solutions, which enables its solution to conduct electricity. A ____________ is a molecular substance that does not dissociate into ions when it dissolves in water.
An ELECTRODE is a solid electrical conductor used to make contact with a solution or other nonmetallic component of an electrical circuit. An ELECTROLYTE is a solute that produces ions in solutions, which enables its solution to conduct electricity. A NONELECTROLYTE is a molecular substance that does not dissociate into ions when it dissolves in water.
True or False: Solutions are always liquids.
FALSEEEE they can be any homogeneous mixture like air (gas) and brass (solid)
What is the net ionic equation for all neutralization reactions?
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) --> H2O(l) BUT ONLY FOR STRONG ACIDS AND BASES
What are the six strong acids?
HCl HBr HI HCLO4 HNO3 H2SO4
Aqueous solubility of most solids _______ with increasing temperatures.
INCREASESSS
____ _______ Is the process in which one ion is displaced by another. It is the basis for _______ _________: softening hard water by removing ions and replacing them with other ions. _________ are natural crystalline minerals of synthetic materials consisting of 3D networks of channels that exchange Na or other 1+ cations. They are used as water softeners.
ION EXCHANGE Is the process in which one ion is displaced by another. It is the basis for WATER PURIFICATION: softening hard water by removing ions and replacing them with other ions. ZEOLITES are natural crystalline minerals of synthetic materials consisting of 3D networks of channels that exchange Na or other 1+ cations. They are used as water softeners.
What are the eight strong bases?
LiOH KOH RbOH NaOH CsOH Ca(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 Sr(OH)2
True or False: Add acid to water when preparing a dilute solution.
TRUE
True or False: There is always a max solubility for even highly soluble substances - a max mass of solute that will dissolve in a given volume at a given temp.
TRUE
True or false: all acids, monoprotic, diprotic, etc, all donate ONE hydrogen ion at a time.
TRUE
The strength of ion-ion interactions increase with increasing ________ and decreasing ____ ______.
The strength of ion-ion interactions increase with increasing CHARGE and decreasing ION SIZE.
When an ______ dissolves in water, it produces H+ ions that combine with water molecules to form ______ ions. H+ are found in this form when acids dissolve in water.
When an ACID dissolves in water, it produces H+ ions that combine with water molecules to form HYDRONIUM (H3O+) ions. H+ are found in this form when acids dissolve in water.
What is molarity?
mol of solute / liters of solution
What is the difference between a monoprotic, diprotic and triprotic acid?
monoprotic - capable of donating 1 H+ ion diprotic - capable of donating 2 H+ ions triprotic - capable of donating 3 H+ ions
What happens in a neutralization reaction? What are the typical reactants? What are the products?
neutralization reaction - reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to produce a solution of a salt in water reactants - acid and base products - salt and water salt - an ionic compound produced in the neutralization of an acid and base; made up of cation of base and anion of acid
What are the differences between and some examples of strong and weak electrolytes?
strong electrolytes - dissociate COMPLETELY into ions in water, usually ionic (soluble ionic compounds, strong acids, strong bases) weak electrolytes - partially dissociate into ions when dissolved in water (weak acids and bases, some polar covalent compounds)
What kinds of substances and what types of reactions undergo double replacement reactions?
substances: ionic compounds, acids, bases reactions: neutralization, precipitation
Why might the equivalence point by slightly different than the end point?
the end point might be a slightly higher pH (if titrating an acid with a base) or a slightly lower pH (if titrating a base with an acid), but the volume of titrant used to get to the end/equivalence point is about the same
What does the solubility of a substance depend upon?
the interactions between/among solute and solvent particles
