Midterm 345, Combined Chapters 1,2,Supp,3,4,5,6,7

In chemistry, any compound that contains carbon, except carbon oxides and sulfides and metal carbonates. This term also is used to denote crops that are grown without synthetic fertilizers or chemicals

"Organic"

What are the five overarching guidelines of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015-2020? Please provide at least two.

(1) Follow a healthy eating pattern across the life span. All food and beverage choices matter. Choose a healthy eating pattern at an appropriate calorie level to help achieve and maintain a healthy body weight, support nutrient adequacy, and reduce the risk of chronic disease. (2) Focus on variety, nutrient density, and amount. To meet nutrient needs within calorie limits, choose a variety of nutrient-dense foods across and within all food groups in recommended amounts. (3) Limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats and reduce sodium intake. Consume an eating pattern low in added sugars, saturated fats, and sodium. Cut back on foods and beverages higher in these components to amounts that fit within healthy eating patterns. (4) Shift to healthier food and beverage choices. Choose nutrient-dense foods and beverages across and within all food groups in place of less healthy choices. Consider cultural and personal preferences to make these shifts easier to accomplish and maintain. (5) Support healthy eating patterns for all. Everyone has a role in helping to create and support healthy eating patterns in multiple settings nationwide, from home to school to work to communities.

The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans recommends that adults need at least __ minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week. A. 145 B. 130 C. 150 D. 160

150

According to the current health recommendations for fat intake, an individual who is on a _____-kcal diet should consume about 40 to 70 grams of fat per day.

1800 For a man or woman on a 2,000-calorie diet, the target fat-calorie range is 400 to 700 calories. Fat contains nine calories per gram, so divide each number of the fat-calorie range by nine to determine your daily fat grams. For a 2,000-calorie per day diet, the recommended daily fat intake is 44 to 78 grams.

The % Daily Values are based on the values for a ____ -calorie diet: A. 2,400 B. 2,000 C. 2,200 D. 1,800

2000

How many grams of protein are in a product that supplies 160 kilocalories from protein? A. 35 B. 40 C. 20 D. 30

40 Calc: Multiply every answer by 4 OR 160/4

If a single honey-glazed doughnut contains 50 grams of carbohydrate, 10 grams of protein, and 20 grams of fat, what is the energy contained by the doughnut? A. 450 kcal B. 350 kcal C. 320 kcal D. 420 kcal

420: Multiply each gram given number by the standard gram per kcal amount and add up

Body mass index (BMI), assessed as______, is a reasonably accurate measure of the health risks associated with body weight: A. A ratio of body weight for height B. A ratio of body weight for waist circumference C. Waist circumference D. Skinfolds

A ratio of body weight for height BMI is a person's weight in kilograms (kg) divided by his or her height in meters squared. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) now defines normal weight, overweight, and obesity according to BMI rather than the traditional height/weight charts. Overweight is a BMI of 27.3 or more for women and 27.8 or more for men.

How do portions and serving sizes differ? What is portion distortion and its potential consequences?

According to the National Institutes of Health, a portion of food is defined as the amount of food that you choose to eat at one time, whereas a serving is a specific amount of food or drink. Many foods that are packaged as a single portion actually contain multiple servings. Sometimes the portion size and serving size are the same, but not always. Americans have created the perception that large portion sizes are appropriate, creating an environment of portion distortion. The phenomenon of portion distortion has the potential to hinder weight loss, weight maintenance, and health improvement efforts.

Iron deficiency, the most common nutritional disorder in the world, causes _____.

Anemia: a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness.

According to the Food and Nutrition Science Alliance, what are some signs of "junk science"? Please provide three signs. What suggestions would you provide to your client when evaluating health and nutrition information on the Internet? Please provide two suggestions.

Answers may vary: The 10 signs of Junk Science: (1) Recommendations that promise a quick fix; (2) Dire warnings of danger from a single product or regimen; (3) Claims that sound too good to be true; (4) Simplistic conclusions drawn from a complex study; (5) Recommendations based on a single study; (6) Statements refuted by reputable scientific organizations; (7) Lists of "good" and "bad" foods; (8) Recommendations made to help sell a product; (9) Recommendations based on studies not peer reviewed; (10) Recommendations from studies that ignore differences among individuals or groups. Suggestions on evaluating health and nutrition information on the Internet: (1) remember that everyone can post on the Internet, (2) consider the source, and (3) when it comes to claims for a product, evaluate the scientific method.

What are functional foods? Please provide five examples. For each example, list (1) food sources, (2) potential benefit, and (3) tips for including this functional component in the diet.

Answers may vary: students can select any five dietary supplements in table SF. 4 and their (1) food sources, (2) potential benefit, and (3) tips for including this functional component in the diet. Functional foods are foods that have a potentially positive effect on health beyond basic nutrition. Proponents of functional foods say they promote optimal health and help reduce the risk of disease. A familiar example of a functional food is oatmeal because it contains soluble fiber that can help lower cholesterol levels. Some foods are modified to have health benefits. An example is orange juice that's been fortified with calcium for bone health. The Food and Drug Administration regulates the claims that manufacturers can make about functional foods' nutrient content and effects on disease, health or body function. If you want to try functional foods, choose wisely. And keep in mind that while functional foods may help promote wellness, they can't make up for poor eating habits.

What are the mandatory components of food labels? Provide a brief description of any two components.

Answers will vary but should list the five components of a food label: (1) a statement of identity; (2) the net contents (by weight, volume, or measure) of the package; (3) the name and address of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor; (4) a list of ingredients; and (5) nutrition information. The answer should provide a short description of two of these components.

Why should a person take precautions when reading news stories related to food and nutrition in the media?

Answers will vary but should mention the possibility of media falsely reporting scientific research, distorting facts through the omission of details, overstating findings of a study, and introducing personal biases.

Substances that combine with, or otherwise neutralize free radicals, thus preventing oxidative damage to cells and tissues.

Antioxidants

Fat-soluble vitamins: A. Are usually involved in some way with the pathways for energy metabolism. B. Are safe to be consumed in large quantities. C. Have very limited roles. D. Are more likely to be stored in larger quantities than water-soluble vitamins.

Are more likely to be stored in larger quantities than water-soluble vitamins. Fat soluble vitamins: ADEK Water soluble vitamins: C and eight B vitamins

Among those who are infected with the HIV virus, the infection progresses faster in people who: A. Are poorly nourished. B. Use alcohol and marijuana to control pain. C. Are deficient in calcium. D. Do not take iron pills and become anemic.

Are poorly nourished.

The FDA provided several tips for consumers when buying supplements. Please provide three of them.

Be a savvy supplement user. Here's how: When searching for supplements on the internet, use noncommercial sites (e.g. NIH, FDA, USDA) rather than depending on information from sellers. If claims sound too good to be true, they probably are. Be mindful of product claims such as "works better than [a prescription drug]," "totally safe," or has "no side effects." Be aware that the term natural doesn't always means safe. Ask your healthcare provider if the supplement you're considering would be safe and beneficial for you. Always remember - safety first!

All the following are functions of nutrients except: A. Providing energy. B. Maintaining body processes. C. Preventing chronic diseases. D. Contributing to body structures.

C. Preventing chronic diseases.

Minerals like _____ may reduce the risk of osteoporosis.

Calcium

For healthful eating, you should balance your: A. Consumption of minerals and water-soluble vitamins. B. Intake of sugary and salty foods with high-protein foods. C. Calorie intake and energy expenditure. D. Consumption of low- and high-calorie foods.

Calorie intake and energy expenditure.

A study that examines the incidence of bulimia among female athletes at a community college compared to other female students at the college would be a type of _____ study. A. Case control B. Cultural cell C. Biological D. Epidemiological

Case control Definition: An investigation that uses a group of people with a particular condition, rather than a randomly selected population. These cases are compared with a control group of people without the condition.

Taking doses of vitamin B6 that are 50 to 100 times the DV may: A. Interfere with absorption of vitamin C. B. Increase blood pressure. C. Cause nerve damage. D. Cause dermatitis.

Cause nerve damage.

_____ are considered to be the most vulnerable group to hunger. A. The homeless B. Older adults C. The working poor D. Children

Children

This hormone is released when fatty acids and amino acids move into the small intestine. It reduces gastric emptying and triggers the release of bile.

Cholecystokinin

Amino acids are different from other building blocks of nutrients because they: A. Are completely digested in the stomach. B. Contribute the most concentrated energy. C. Contain the element nitrogen. D. Contain only double-bonded carbon-hydrogen groups.

Contain the element nitrogen. Definition of amino acids: Organic compounds that function as the building blocks of protein. Contain nitrogen unlike carbs or lipids

An after-school program can apply for food funding through the _____ program. A. WIC B. Food Stamp C. Child and Adult Care Food D. School Lunch

Correct answer: Child and Adult Care Food Definitions A. WIC: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is a federal assistance program of the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for healthcare and nutrition of low-income pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and children under the age of five. (See child nutrition programs.) Their mission is to be a partner with other services that are key to childhood and family well-being [1] The basic eligibility requirement is a family income below 185% of the federal poverty level. B. Food Stamp C. Child and Adult Care Food: A federally funded program that reimburses approved family child care providers for USDA approved foods served to preschool children; it also provides funds for meals and snacks served at after school programs for school-age children and to adult day care centers serving chronically impaired adults or people over 60 D. School Lunch: provide low-cost or free school lunch meals to qualified students through subsidies to schools.[1] The program was established as a way to prop up food prices by absorbing farm surpluses, while at the same time providing food to school age children.

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015 suggest that we consistently eat too much of all of the following foods except: A. Saturated fats. B. Added sugars. C. Dairy products. D. Sodium.

Dairy products.

During a scientific study, 50 subjects received vitamin E pills and 50 subjects received sugar pills. None of the subjects or investigators knew what was contained in the pills. This type of study is a: A. Placebo effect elimination study. B. Blind trial. C. Double-blind study. D. Case-control study.

Double blind study: an experimental procedure in which neither the subjects of the experiment nor the persons administering the experiment know the critical aspects of the experiment

Approximately what percentage of the food produced in the United States and in the world is wasted? What type of food recovery approach can help to address this problem?

Each year, 40 percent of the food produced in this country and 33 percent of the food produced worldwide is wasted. Programs throughout the country are rescuing much of this wholesome food and distributing it to people in need. Gleaning is harvesting excess food from farms, orchards, and packing houses. Perishable items are also salvaged from wholesale and retail markets; fresh foods that are wholesome but will spoil before they can be sold are given to local food pantries and meal providers. Canned goods and other staples are collected from groceries, distributors, food processors, and individual homes. Even surplus food from restaurants, caterers, and other food services is collected by some charities for local food programs.

Which of the following examples demonstrates following the healthy eating concept of "balance" in your diet? A. Balance the amount of sugary and salty foods you eat with the same amount of high-protein foods. B. Eat the same amount of calories that you use for energy expenditure each day. C. Consume equal amounts of water-soluble vitamins and of all minerals. D. Consume the same amount of low- and high-calorie foods.

Eat the same amount of calories that you use for energy expenditure each day.

Describe the impact of environmental degradation on food production.

Environmental degradation has nutritional consequences because it threatens food production. Urbanization and the expansion of cities reduce acreage available for farming. The pressure to supply food to growing populations leads to clear-cutting marginal land, eventually eroding hilly terrain or quickly exhausting fragile rainforest soils. Overdependence on irrigation can drain water, eventually creating deserts. The destruction of vast areas of natural ground cover can lead to global climate changes. Overuse of pesticides and fertilizers pollutes waterways, destroying fish and seafood.

What are the three major problems causing hunger?

Environmental deterioration, poverty, and population growth

In the United States, the _____ is the government agency with the primary responsibility for regulating labeling and content of dietary supplements.

FDA

Which U.S. government agency is responsible for truthfulness of advertising? A. HHS B. FTC C. FDA D. USDA

FTC

True or False? Even with proprietary blends, manufacturers are also required to list specific amounts for each ingredient.

False

True or False? In the United States, as long as someone is employed, he or she will not be hungry.

False

True or False? In the United States, there are fewer cases of obesity among low-income, food-insecure groups than among people with higher incomes.

False

True or False? Phytochemicals are considered nutrients.

False

True or False? Megadoses of vitamin C prevent the common cold.

False: A megadose are doses 10 times the recommended amount of a nutrient.

True or False? An epidemiologic study found that individuals who consume a high saturated fat diet were more likely to develop cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that consuming a high saturated fat diet causes cardiovascular disease.

False: Assuming because you cannot base your interpretations only on one study: CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION Epidemiology defined: The science of determining the incidence and distribution of diseases in different populations.

The food label of a grain product can include a claim that the product may reduce the risk of heart disease, if the grain product is low in fat and contains certain types of: A. Saturated fats. B. Sugar alcohol. C. Fiber. D. Folate.

Fiber

Describe how dietary fiber can benefit health.*******

Fiber can be beneficial for weight control because it enhances the feeling of fullness. It can improve glucose regulation in the blood. By increasing the elimination of bile, it can help control blood cholesterol levels. Fiber also promotes regular bowel movements and ease of stool elimination. By adding bulk to fecal material, fiber can help prevent diverticulosis.

What are food deserts, and do they exist in wealthy countries?

Food deserts refer to areas that lack access to affordable healthful foods such as low-fat milk products, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Yes, food deserts do exist in wealthy countries

What is food insecurity, and what characteristics are associated with food insecurity? Provide at least two characteristics.

Food insecurity is defined as limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways. Food insecurity is strongly associated with poverty and is interlinked with economic and social factors. Food insecurity and hunger were highest in households headed by single women with children and in Hispanic and African American households. Geographically, food insecurity is more common in large cities and rural areas and, regionally, more prevalent in the South.

A patient is on a 2,000-kcal diet but is meeting only 80 percent of his total energy need. Which of the following food items could provide adequate kcal for the remaining 20 percent? A. Food item B (10 grams of fat, 20 grams of carbohydrate, and 35 grams of protein) B. Food item C (20 grams of fat, 10 grams of carbohydrate, and 35 grams of protein) C. Food item A (20 grams of fat, 20 grams of carbohydrate, and 35 grams of protein) D. Food item D (20 grams of fat, 20 grams of carbohydrate, and 25 grams of protein)

Food item A (20 grams of fat, 20 grams of carbohydrate, and 35 grams of protein) Calculation: 2000 X 0.8 = 1600 kcal are being used 2000-1600 = 400 kcal needed Which answer gives a total of 400 kcal? (Multiplying by 9 or 4 and adding up)

Which of the following is the least nutrient-dense? A. Plain baked potato B. Boiled potato C. French fries D. Mashed potato with butter

French fries

This hormone is released when there is a distention in the stomach. It stimulates the release of pepsinogen.

Gastrin

Nutrients are defined as the chemicals: A. That must be consumed in equal amounts daily. B. That provide energy to the body. C. In foods that are needed for normal body functions. D. Found in all plants that are needed for prevention of disease.

In foods that are needed for normal body functions. Book defines nutrients as: Any substances in food that the body can use for obtaining energy, synthesis tissues, regulation of functions

Discuss the health effects associated with iodine deficiency during pregnancy.

In pregnancy, iodine deficiency can cause spontaneous abortion and stillbirths. In some cases, the deficiency can cause cretinism, a birth defect that results in severe mental retardation. There can also be deafness and paralysis along with the mental retardation.

All of the following conditions are likely to result from suboptimal nutrition except: A. Increased risk of chronic diseases. B. Increased need for medications. C. Increased growth rate in young children. D. All of these are correct.

Increased growth rate in young children.

Any substance that does not contain carbon, excepting certain simple carbon compounds such as carbon dioxide and monoxide. Common examples include table salt and baking soda

Inorganic

_____ deficiency is the greatest source of preventable brain damage in the world.

Iodine

When taken in high doses, which mineral often interferes with the absorption of other minerals? A. Chloride B. Iron C. Potassium D. Sodium

Iron

Which of the following is not considered a group of nutrients? A. Protein B. Lipids C. Water D. Kilocalories

Kilocalories

Nutrients that are needed in relatively large amounts in the diet

Macronutrients: Carbs, Proteins, Lipids

Children who are vitamin A deficient have a greater risk of suffering severe complications from the common childhood infection _____ than children who are not vitamin A deficient.

Measles

Which is a common example of a nutrient megadose interfering with a prescribed medication? A. Megadoses of vitamin B12 interfering with medications that treat gastritis B. Megadoses of vitamin C interfering with antibiotics given for sinus infections C. Megadoses of vitamin K interfering with a medication to control blood clotting D. Megadoses of potassium interfering with a diuretic that lowers blood pressure

Megadoses of vitamin K interfering with a medication to control blood clotting

Nutrients that are needed in relatively small amounts in the diet

Micronutrients: Vitamins and minerals

Which statement is true about nutrients and food? A. Each food usually supplies one type of nutrient. B. Most foods contain mixtures of many nutrients. C. Macronutrients are mostly found in solid foods. D. Each nutrient is best absorbed if eaten alone.

Most foods contain mixtures of many nutrients.

An essential nutrient is a chemical that: A. Can only be made in the body of the person who eats healthfully. B. Must be consumed in the diet because the body cannot make it in sufficient quantity. C. Is found only in plant foods. D. The body can only make if given enough kilocalories.

Must be consumed in the diet because the body cannot make it in sufficient quantity.

Beta-carotene, a phytochemical, has a potential benefit of: A. Increasing blood glucose levels. B. Reducing the risk of renal disease. C. Contributing to the maintenance of healthy skin. D. Neutralizing free radicals, which may damage cells.

Neutralizing free radicals, which may damage cells. Free radical defined: Short-lived, highly reactive chemicals often derived from oxygen-containing compounds, which can have detrimental effects on cells, especially the DNA and cell membranes Beta-carotene: Prevents cancer and heart disease, boosts immunity, improves eye health; diets rich in beta carotene containing fruits and veggies reduce heart disease and cancer risk. Supplements have not been shown to be beneficial. Taking supp may increase lung cancer risk in smokers. In combo with vitamin C, E, and zinc, may slow progression of age related macular degeneration

"Food insecurity" refers to: A. Not having access to nutritionally adequate and safe foods. B. Food that is safe to eat. C. Not having enough food to eat. D. A nutritionally adequate diet.

Not having access to nutritionally adequate and safe foods.

Which would be an example of an anthropometric component of a nutritional assessment? A. Amount of protein in the diet B. Hemoglobin levels in blood C. Type of vitamin and mineral supplements the person usually consumes D. Number of pounds a person weighs

Number of pounds a person weighs anthropometric component defined: measurements are used to assess the size, shape and composition of the human body. Learn about common methods used to gather these measurements, such as BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, skin-fold test and bioelectrical impedance.

How does the "American diet" contribute to global warming?

Our food choices not only contribute to our state of health, both current and future, but also are a significant part of greenhouse gas emissions known as the carbon footprint. This impact includes production, transport, processing, packaging, storage, and preparation of food that is delivered to our dinner plates. The food sector contributes 15 to 30 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions, the primary promoter of global warming. The average American diet creates 2.8 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per person per year, which far exceeds the 2.2 tons of (CO2) emissions generated by Americans driving cars and trucks.

_____ are pathogenic organisms that can cause intestinal bleeding and malabsorption that increase the risk of iron deficiency.

Parasites

One way to ensure that only high-quality research findings are published is to use: A. Statistical analysis. B. Congressional committees. C. Committee evaluation. D. Peer review.

Peer review: ensures only high quality research is published; an appraisal of research against accepted standards by professionals in the field.

_____ are organic compounds made of smaller building blocks called amino acids.

Proteins

Which of the following actions often contributes to an increase in the number of hungry people in a country by limiting access to agricultural supplies, fuel, and food-processing supplies? A. Urban renewal programs B. Farm subsidies C. Sanctions and embargoes D. Emergency relief efforts

Sanctions and embargoes The definition of an embargo is a government ban on moving commercial ships in and out of certain ports, or a restriction of trade for a specific product or with a specific country. An example of an embargo is the trade ban in place that prevents the US from trading with Cuba. A sanction is a penalty for wrongful action.

This hormone is released when acidic chyme moves into the duodenum. It reduces gastric secretion and also triggers the release of bicarbonate.

Secretin

Compared to adults, why may children be more likely to prefer unhealthy food choices (e.g., sugary beverages) from a taste standpoint?

Studies show that, relative to adults, children naturally prefer greater levels of salty and sweet tastes and dislike bitter tastes. This may explain why children naturally gravitate toward more unhealthy food choices (e.g., sugary beverages) versus vegetables (e.g., broccoli) when compared to adults.

Phytochemicals are: A. All the micronutrients listed in the DRI. B. A group of vitamins that participate in metabolic reactions. C. Usually found in all types of food. D. Substances in plants that may reduce the risk of some chronic diseases.

Substances in plants that may reduce the risk of some chronic diseases.

One of the sensory influences that determines a person's food preferences is the: A. Diet trends that exist at a given time. B. Texture of food that a person likes. C. Culture to which a person belongs. D. Genetic predisposition of a person.

Texture of food that a person likes.

A health claim can be approved for use on a food label only if: A. The claim is supported by scientifically valid evidence. B. The claim has a precedent set by another manufacturer. C. The food is in its natural form or it is not processed. D. The food is consumed by more than 50 percent of the average population.

The claim is supported by scientifically valid evidence.

Which of the following situations describes the obesogenic environment most accurately? A. An environment in which the number of overweight and obese children is increasing at a more rapid rate than the national average B. An environment that has high rates of obesity despite access to healthy foods and safe recreational activities C. The environment in which many of us live a life that promotes overconsumption of calories while at the same time discouraging physical activity D. An environment in which the number of diseases related to poor eating habits is increasing at a rate higher than the national average

The environment in which many of us live a life that promotes overconsumption of calories while at the same time discouraging physical activity

Protein can supply: A. Less energy per gram than carbohydrates. B. More energy per gram than lipids. C. The same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates. D. More energy per gram than carbohydrates.

The same amount of energy per gram as carbohydrates. Proteins: 4 grams/ kcal Carbs: 4 grams/ kcal Lipids: 9 grams / kcal Alcohol: 7 grams/ kcal

Phytochemicals in foods may reduce the risk of certain diseases by: A. Stimulating the excretion of carcinogens and toxic cofactors. B. Their antioxidant activity. C. Altering the structure of proteins in liver and kidney tissue. D. Increasing the production of intestinal and pancreatic enzymes.

Their antioxidant activity.

The prevalence of obesity among low-income, food-insecure groups in America is explained by: A. Their tendency to engage in binge eating regularly. B. Their need to maximize calorie intake for every dollar spent. C. Their tendency to spend more of their budget on fixed expenses than food. D. Their need to rely on low-calorie foods to stave off hunger.

Their need to maximize calorie intake for every dollar spent.

True or False? Functional foods may provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition.

True

True or False? Phytochemicals are plant chemicals.

True

True or False? Phytochemicals can neutralize free radicals.

True

True or False? Red grapes and red wine contain phytochemicals that appear to reduce the risk of heart disease.

True

True or False? Whereas poverty is the underlying cause of chronic mild to moderate malnutrition, war and its aftermath cause severe malnutrition and famine.

True

Pellagra is still found in countries where the diet is corn based and low in the amino acid _____.

Tryptophan Defined: a deficiency disease caused by a lack of nicotinic acid or its precursor tryptophan in the diet. It is characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, and mental disturbance, and is often linked to overdependence on corn as a staple food.

Define undernutrition and overnutrition.

Undernutrition is a condition in which some food is being consumed, but the intake is not nutritionally adequate. Today undernutrition is most often associated with extreme poverty, alcoholism, illness, or some types of eating disorders. Overnutrition is the chronic consumption of more than is necessary for good health. Overnutrition is the regular consumption of excess calories, fats, saturated fats, or cholesterol.

Throughout the world, the leading cause of preventable childhood blindness is _____ deficiency. A. protein B. folate C. iron D. vitamin A

Vitamin A

High-dose _______ can cause bleeding during surgery: A. Vitamin A B. Vitamin B6 C. Vitamin E D. Calcium

Vitamin E

Taking a vitamin pill with water in the morning does not supply energy because: A. Vitamins and water do not supply energy. B. Vitamins are not absorbed unless taken with juice or milk. C. Water encourages the excretion of vitamins from the body. D. Only water-soluble vitamins are dissolved.

Vitamins and water do not supply energy.

Based on sensory studies, can food preference be shaped early in life (e.g., during prenatal or early infancy development)? Please provide an example to support your answer.

Yes. Examples may vary: (1) A pregnant woman who consumes a diet rich in healthy foods can shape her child's taste preferences in a positive way because flavors from foods can be passed through the amniotic fluid. (2) Similarly, a lactating woman who consumes a diet rich in healthy foods can shape her child's taste preferences in a positive way because flavors from foods can be passed through the breast milk. (3) Infants fed formula may take a longer time to accept some food items, such as fruits and vegetables, because these flavors are not found in formula.

Kwashiorkor

a form of malnutrition caused by protein deficiency in the diet, typically affecting young children in the tropics.

Naturally occurring plant chemicals, especially from citrus fruits, that reduce the permeability and fragility of capillaries

bioflavonoids: Flavonoids are a group of plant metabolites thought to provide health benefits through cell signalling pathways and antioxidant effects. These molecules are found in a variety of fruits and vegetables. Flavonoids are polyphenolic molecules containing 15 carbon atoms and are soluble in water.

Short-lived, highly reactive chemicals often derived from oxygen-containing compounds

free radicals

What are the two major types of protein-calorie malnutrition?

kwashiorkor, marasmus

Conditions that result in imperfect, inadequate, or otherwise disordered gastrointestinal absorption

malabsorption syndromes Your small intestine does most of the digesting of the foods you eat. If you have a malabsorption syndrome, your small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from foods. Causes of malabsorption syndromes include Celiac disease Lactose intolerance Short bowel syndrome. This happens after surgery to remove half or more of the small intestine. You might need the surgery if you have a problem with the small intestine from a disease, injury, or birth defect. Whipple disease, a rare bacterial infection Genetic diseases Certain medicines Symptoms of different malabsorption syndromes can vary. They often include chronic diarrhea, abnormal stools, weight loss, and gas. Your doctor may use lab, imaging, or other tests to make a diagnosis.

A family of more than 25,000 molecules found in chromosomes, nucleoli, mitochondria, and the cytoplasm of cells

nucleic acids

The _____ environment in which many of us live promotes overconsumption of calories while at the same time discourages physical activity.

obesogenic

Plant compounds that have weak estrogen activity in the body

phytoestrogens

The expectation that a medication will be effective can be nearly as effective as the medication itself because of a phenomenon called the _____.

placebo effect: Better defined: A physical or emotional change that is not due to properties of an administered substance, the change reflects participant's expectations. placebo: an inactive substance that is outwardly indistinguishable from the active substance whose effects are being studied.

Marasmus

severe undernourishment causing an infant's or child's weight to be significantly low for their age (e.g., below 60 percent of normal).

The most essential nutrient is _____.

water!