Midterm 4 Psy Questions

Which of the following is true about dyslexia and those who suffer from the condition? Those with dyslexia have normal levels of intelligence. Dyslexia results from poor sound and visual processing. Those with dyslexia struggle to interpret words. All of the options are true.

All of the options are true.

Shawna is deciding whether to breastfeed her baby. In light of the known relation between breastfeeding and cognitive development, what would you advise her to do?

Breastfeeding is associated with enhanced cognitive development, so Shawna should strongly consider breastfeeding her baby.

Speech is produced in which of the following areas of the brain? Wernicke's area Broca's area amygdala hippocampus

Broca's area

The sound of the word cow is a(n) ______________ for a cow, while the sound of the word moo is a(n) ______________ for the sound a cow makes.

symbolic representation; analogical representation

The word crow is a(n) ____________________ for a type of bird, while the word caw is a(n) ____________________ for the sound a crow makes.

symbolic representation; analogical representation

When Beatrice was a baby, her first word was mama. When she was 10 years old and capable of more complex thinking, Beatrice was able to solve a puzzle by picturing the solution in her mind. In this example, the word mama is a(n) ______________ representation, and the visualized solution is a(n) ______________ representation.

symbolic; analogical

Jenny's best friend, Doris, got a bad case of food poisoning after eating at a Greek restaurant. For weeks afterward, whenever they would hang out, Doris would go on and on about how awful it was. Now Jenny refuses to touch Greek food herself, because she thinks she may get sick too. It appears Jenny has fallen prey to the bias in decision making called ____________________.

the availability heuristic

According to research noted in the text, dyslexia is more prevalent in children who live in ______________.

the inner city

Sarah and Imani strike up a conversation while sitting next to each other on an airplane. Imani thinks Sarah is very intelligent and knowledgeable. When Sarah tells Imani that she works at an elementary school, Imani assumes that Sarah is a teacher, but Sarah is actually a secretary. Imani used which of the following to form her incorrect conclusion? the representativeness heuristic the availability heuristic an algorithm framing

the representativeness heuristic

When Luther plays miniature golf, he sometimes lines the ball up with the hole. Other times, he walks behind the hole and looks back to where the ball is. In problem solving, the latter strategy is called ________.

working backward

The word reframed has _____ morphemes and _____ phonemes.

3; 7

Approximately how many words will the average adult know in their native language?

60,000

Which of the following is true about representations? A mental map relies on both analogical and symbolic representations. A mental map is a combination of neural and symbolic representations. An analogical representation relies on both a mental map and symbolic representations. A symbolic representation is a combination of analogical and mental map representations.

A mental map relies on both analogical and symbolic representations.

Dr. Cisneros found in her research that people who earn high scores in mathematical ability are usually gifted musicians. For whose theory of intelligence is this a problematic finding? Sternberg Spearman Gardner Binet

Gardner

Genet takes a test that she believes men typically score higher on than women. Lupita takes the same test, but she does not hold such a belief. All else being equal, which of the following is the most likely outcome and explanation? Genet will score higher than Lupita, because Genet is motivated to do better than men. Lupita will score lower than Genet, because she is less motivated than Genet. Genet will score lower than Lupita because of stereotype threat. Lupita will score lower than Genet because of stereotype threat.

Genet will score lower than Lupita because of stereotype threat.

Instead of worrying about finding his future dream job, Dan breaks this big problem down into smaller, more manageable parts by doing which of the following? He forms subgoals of visiting the career center, researching occupational salaries, and talking to people in professions he is considering. He creates analogies. One friend found a job through networking at an alumni event, and another found a job through an online recruiter, so Dan tries both these methods. He works backward. Once he determined the salary he wants, he finds occupations that pay that amount and then considers whether they interest him. He changes the representation of the problem using insight. He stops thinking about finding his dream job, and one day he suddenly realizes that it is teaching elementary school.

He forms subgoals of visiting the career center, researching occupational salaries, and talking to people in professions he is considering.

Which of the following sets of twins is likely to have the strongest similarity in their overall intelligence quotients? Marcia and Bobby, fraternal twins who were raised in the same home Greg and Peter, non-twin siblings who were raised in different homes Jan and Cindy, identical twins who were raised in the same home Mike and Carol, fraternal twins who were raised in different homes

Jan and Cindy, identical twins who were raised in the same home

The text describes research on how many more women have joined orchestras since the introduction of the blind audition process, where candidates audition behind a curtain and their names are withheld from judges. What role did schemas play in limiting the number of women in orchestras before the blind audition process was introduced?

Schemas are used to assign social roles in various social situations. The blind audition process prevented women from being overlooked, as they previously had been due to cultural assumptions that their social role is that of caregiving.

Cici is very good at math. According to the notion of general intelligence, how would you expect her to perform in other subjects, such as writing?

She would perform about as well in writing as she does in math.

After sustaining a head injury, Nandarani has difficulty understanding her parents when they speak to her. Her neurologist informs them that an area in the left hemisphere of Nandarani's brain, just where the temporal and parietal lobes meet, has been damaged. This is called ______________ area, and can lead to a condition called receptive aphasia.

Wernicke's

Advocates of whole language instruction assert that humans should learn to read the way they learn to talk, and that breaking down words into phonemes is unnatural. Given this and everything else you know about whole language instruction, which of the following is a possible critique of the whole language approach? Whole language instruction is harder to implement and boring for students to learn. Whole language instruction requires more intensive teacher training. Whole language instruction overlooks the meaning of morphemes, because students do not break words down into morphemes as they would in phonics. When children learn to talk, they learn phonemes before they learn words. If learning to read should be modeled on how children learn to speak, then breaking words down into phonemes is, indeed, natural.

When children learn to talk, they learn phonemes before they learn words. If learning to read should be modeled on how children learn to speak, then breaking words down into phonemes is, indeed, natural.

Which of the following is true about differences in intelligence between identical twins? There is no correlation in IQ test scores between identical twins. The correlation between identical twins' and fraternal twins' IQ scores is about the same, but both are much higher than the correlation between the IQ scores of biological siblings who are not twins. Biological siblings who are not twins have a higher correlation in IQ test scores than do identical or fraternal twins. Whether raised together or apart, identical twins score much more similarly on IQ tests than any other pairs of siblings.

Whether raised together or apart, identical twins score much more similarly on IQ tests than any other pairs of siblings.

Ming's computer crashed suddenly the other day. Ming kept trying the solution that worked last few times it had crashed, even though it is clear that it won't fix his computer now. Ming's failure to solve this problem is most likely due to ______________.

a mental set

Lewis took a test that assesses his current skills and knowledge. Alice took a test that assesses her ability to learn in the future. Lewis has most likely taken an______________ test, and Alice has most likely taken an ______________ test.

achievement; aptitude

Jason was recently informed by one of his clients that their company will no longer be using his services. He is very angry about their decision and concludes that they must have hated his work all along, even though they had worked together for about 15 years. What Jason doesn't know, however, is that the client's decision had much more to do with changes in their company's policy, than the quality of his work. Jason's conclusion demonstrates the ______________ theory.

affect-as-information

To figure out the attendance of her Introductory Psychology class on any given day, your professor could simply count the number of students in the room. Or she could break the class into four equal groups, estimate the number of students in one group, and then multiply that number by four. In the first case, your professor would be using ______________ to calculate attendance, and ______________ in the second case.

an algorithm; a heuristic

When Daraja thinks about the various members of her family, she envisions a "family tree" that shows how each person is related. In this example, the "family tree" is an example of a(n) ____________________ representation.

analogical

According to Sternberg's theory of multiple intelligences, Vicky, who is an accomplished theoretical physicist, would likely score high in ______________ intelligence, whereas Marco, who is a successful politician, would probably score high in ______________ intelligence.

analytical; practical

Maquinna takes the SAT, a test designed to assess his potential to do well in college. Sayen takes the Advanced Placement English Literature exam, which is designed to assess how much she has learned in that subject. Maquinna is taking an ______________ test, whereas Sayen is taking an ______________ test.

aptitude; achievement

Robert is a very careful and precise person. He does not make decisions in a hasty fashion, and is very deliberate with his actions. Although Robert is extremely bright and intellectually gifted, one might expect that he would score rather low on a test of ______________.

choice reaction time

Courtney is a highly intelligent person and also a successful attorney. She is thankful that both of her parents not only had very high IQs but also gave her educationally rich childhood full of diverse experiences. Generally speaking, Courtney's high intelligence can be attributed to the ____________________________.

contributions of nature and nurture

Strawberries and bananas are ______________ for the category of ______________.

exemplars; fruit

Taavi is making a multilayered wedding cake for the first time and looking for ways to prevent the cake from collapsing. He then remembers a bridge he once saw that had an interesting support system, which gives him the idea to reinforce the cake in a similar way. Taavi solved this dilemma by ______________.

finding an appropriate analogy

Being highly creative and capable of thinking about novel situations would be most salient to ______________ intelligence.

fluid

Corinne performs well at the word game Scrabble because she is good at problem solving and rearranging letters to form many words, which demonstrates her ______________ intelligence. Another reason she is good at Scrabble is her large vocabulary, which demonstrates her ______________ intelligence.

fluid; crystallized

Erika is building a Lego structure of two towers. She finds that she can only build them so high before they collapse. She then remembers a cartoon she watched about how archways don't fall because of the keystone at the top of the arch, and so she rebuilds her towers that way. This time her towers stay upright. Erika has solved her problem by ____________________.

forming an appropriate analogy

Kelvin is listening to the radio when a commercial trying to sell gold as an investment comes on. "The gold market is about to take off," says the woman in the ad, "Imagine all of the money you can make when the price of gold skyrockets!" She conveniently forgets to note that the price of gold could just as easily drop, and investments could lose money. Kelvin does not fall for this, because he understands how ______________ can influence decision making.

framing

You use a paper clip as a temporary replacement for the screw that fell out of your glasses. Which barrier to problem solving have you overcome?

functional fixedness

One of the smoke detectors in Francesca's house has been chirping to signal low battery, but she can't tell which one it is. After days of searching for the chirping smoke alarm, it suddenly occurs to her that if she removes and reinstalls the batteries one detector at a time, she will be able to locate the one in need of new batteries. This sudden "aha" moment is an example of ______________.

insight

Samir lost his car keys. After hours of searching through the house for them, he gives up and sits down to watch television. Thirty minutes later, he jumps up and runs straight to the basement, where he finds his keys sitting on his tool bench. The moment when the answer to a problem suddenly comes to a person, as it did for Samir, is called ________.

insight

You continue to push on a door when, according to a sign on that door, you should try pulling open the door instead. Which barrier to problem solving are you failing to overcome?

mental set

Which theory of intelligence includes musical intelligence? multiple intelligences general intelligence practical intelligence fluid intelligence

multiple intelligences

There are two sections on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV). One section includes tasks that assess verbal intelligence, while the other section includes tasks that measure ______________ intelligence.

performance

The Hebrew language has a very guttural "ch" sound that is formed in the back of the throat. The Spanish language does not have that sound, but does have a rolled "rrr" sound, which is formed using the front of the tongue and not present in Hebrew. These two languages, therefore, differ in some of their ______________.

phonemes

Children learn language in which order? morphemes, basic words, overgeneralizations, telegraphic speech morphemes, telegraphic speech, basic words, overgeneralizations phonemes, basic words, telegraphic speech, overgeneralizations phonemes, telegraphic speech, overgeneralizations, basic words

phonemes, basic words, telegraphic speech, overgeneralizations

As a child, Ben was taught to read by his father. When Ben encountered a word he didn't know, his father would always tell him to "sound it out." Ben's father taught him to read by way of the ______________ approach.

phonics

According to Sternberg's theory of multiple intelligences, Boris, who is a lobbyist in Washington, D.C., would likely score higher in ____________________ intelligence, whereas Amber, who is a successful physicist, would probably score higher in ____________________ intelligence.

practical; analytical

The process of overcoming obstacles to move from our current position to a desired goal is called ______________.

problem solving

Julie does not know what a "clunker" is. Her friend Bob says, "You know that old car Fred has? That is a great example of a clunker." Bob is describing the "clunker" concept in terms of the ______________.

prototype model

Yuri asks his father, Vadim, what a triangle looks like. Vadim gets out a piece of paper and draws a triangle that has three identical angles and sides, rather than drawing one that is oblong and asymmetrical. Vadim has shown his son a triangle using the ____________________.

prototype model

Pilar and Mauritza are having a conversation about flowers. Pilar asks, "What would you say is the perfect example of a flower?" Mauritza replies, "I don't think there is a perfect example, since there are so many different kinds of flowers." Pilar seems to subscribe to the ______________ model of concepts, while Mauritza follows the ______________ model.

prototype; exemplar

Coleman is 30 years old. He took the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and earned a score of 110. If the test is ____________________, when Coleman takes the same intelligence test again at age 50, his score will likely still be 110.

reliable

Jaden has a horrible pain on his right side, a symptom that is prototypical of appendicitis. Even though he does not have any of the other symptoms of appendicitis, he is convinced he has it and goes to the emergency room. He is mortified to learn that all he had was a bad case of gas. Because Jaden's error was based on the prototype of the symptom he had, he relied on the ______________ heuristic.

representativeness

"First, you need to drive to your date's house, bring her flowers, and talk to her parents. Then, ask her where she would like to go to eat. Afterward, take her to the movies. Then, be sure to drive her back to her house, walk her to the door, and be back home by midnight." This advice is an example of which of the following?

script

Magda and Eriq are married, and have a very traditional family arrangement. Magda is a stay-at-home mom who cleans the house, cooks the meals, and takes care of the kids. Eriq leaves the house for work every morning and gets home right at dinnertime. Both are happy with this arrangement. Their teenage daughter, Isabella, is struggling to see value in going to college because she expects to be a homemaker like Magda. Isabella affected by the ______________ that she has learned from her parents.

scripts

Victor and Stanislaus are two elderly gentlemen in line at the Division of Motor Vehicles. They are both waiting to take a written test on driving laws to renew their licenses. Stanislaus overhears a DMV employee commenting that elderly men usually perform worst on the exam, but Victor does not hear the comment. Victor scores higher than Stanislaus on the exam, even though their performances are usually quite similar. Stanislaus's lower score may have been due to the effect of ____________________.

stereotype threat

While standing in line to audition for a hip-hop dance contest, Micah notices that he's the only white male in line. He suddenly becomes so anxious that the judges may not see him as a serious contestant, that he flubs his audition, even though he was in fact a better hip-hop dancer than any of the other contestants. Micah has been negatively affected by ______________.

stereotype threat

Trina has been having trouble paying her bills lately. She comes up with steps she can take to help balance her budget. First, she decides to make coffee at home instead of buying her daily latte at the expensive coffee shop near work. Then, she decides that her wardrobe is sufficient and she does not need to spend money on clothes for a while. These steps are an example of ________, which help(s) Trina solve her problem.

subgoals

Different languages have different words to represent the same object. This reflects the fact that language uses ______________ representations as a way of communicating meaning from one person to another.

symbolic