Midterm

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.

conditioned stimulus

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

Benigno wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

distortion

Thalia suffers from insomnia. She tries everything, and she finally develops the habit of counting backward when she wants to sleep but cannot. Thalia finds that she falls asleep much easier once she starts counting backward, so she continues to do so. ________ theory suggests that she continues this habit because it results in homeostasis.

drive

Fatima was daydreaming about her college plans during a boring lecture on the history of computers. Later on a test, she didn't remember that ENIAC was the first functioning digital computer because she wasn't paying attention during the lecture. Fatima's poor memory can be explained by which of the following:

encoding failure

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

esteem

When comparing negative reinforcers and punishments, negative reinforcers _____ the rate of operant responding and punishments _____ the rate of operant responding.

increase; decrease

Which of the following is an example of instinct?

infant rooting for a nipple

An infant sucking is a good example of a(n) ________.

instinct

Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation.

intrinsic

Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. One could predict that her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a _____ reinforcer.

negative

Imagine your son hits the neighbor's child. You remove his TV privileges. Your actions support using _____.

negative punishment

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

Tesla crafts imitation dream catchers in her spare time. Her father constantly encourages her to sell them on eBay. When she finally agrees to sell them, she notices that while she still enjoys making the dream catchers, she no longer does it for fun—she does it to make money. This is an example of the ________ effect.

overjustification

Boyd, a suspect in a criminal investigation, has agreed to take a lie detector test. The machine used in this test measures certain types of bodily responses. Thinking about physiology that we studied, which of the responses below would be likely experienced during a lie detector test?

perspiration levels

Thinking about different levels of processing information in our memories, how would you classify an example of an eyewitness describing an auto accident?

recall

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

relearning

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the unconditional response corresponds to _____.

salivation to the food in the mouth

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________.

self-reference effect

A psychotherapist suggests that Theresa can reduce the anger she feels toward her ex-boyfriend by tearing pictures of him into little pieces. This therapeutic technique is based on the _____.

sensory memory

The buzzing sound from an alarm clock startled Jeremy from sleep into wakefulness. Jeremy concluded from his Psychology class lecture that he was using _____.

sensory memory

Five-year-old Trevor refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher first gives him candy for any sound, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. In terms of behavioral theory, the teacher is using the method of _____.

shaping

Nancy immediately remembers she had promised to return her grandmother's call from earlier this morning. What type of memory is being proposed here?

short term memory

When examining how our bodies respond to emotional arousal, if we are confronted by an armed robber, our emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by _____.

slowing of digestion

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

spontaneous recovery

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the unconditional response corresponds to _____.

the sequence of your day's events

You are most likely to automatically encode information that is: relevant to you, brought to your attention, actively rehearsed and thought about, and is currently in your mind. Choose the example that best illustrates this "encoding".

the sequence of your day's events

Jamilla is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as _____.

the spacing effect

Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding?

thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind

In Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World," infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise supports the learning role of a(n)_____.

unconditioned stimulus

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Alexis is addicted to drugs. The room in which she usually takes them is likely to become a(n) _____ for drug cravings.

CS - conditioned stimulus

Conclude from the following examples, in which situation would intense emotion be the LEAST conducive to success.

Studying for an exam

Evaluate which of the following as being UNTRUE of individuals with a high need for achievement.

They are drive by a desire for fame and fortune.

Which example best demonstrates the theory of drive reduction?

Victims of a famine eating unappetizing food

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

acquisition

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, when is the most efficient time for Carl to mow the lawn?

after he has received some exciting news

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

amygdala

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.

anterograde

Professor Morooka works 60 hours a week for 9 months of the year. During this time he longs for a break. When he finally gets a break, he misses the sense of accomplishment he feels when he is working. ________ theory suggests that this is because there is an optimal level of arousal that we all try to maintain.

arousal

Which of the following exemplifies intrinsically motivated behavior?

attending a mosque because you believe it is the right thing to do

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.

bias

A psychotherapist suggests that Theresa can reduce the anger she feels toward her ex-boyfriend by tearing pictures of him into little pieces. This therapeutic technique is based on the _____.

catharsis hypothesis

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

Which of the following is the best example of a habit?

chewing on your hair to relieve stress

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

Which of the following examples accurately reflects the Yerkes-Dodson law?

A low level of arousal will lead to optimal performance when disarming a bomb.

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

Bob tells Jan that he is feeling fine, but Jan doesn't believe him. In analyzing his outward appearance and behaviors, what should she focus on to have the BEST chance to identify any emotions Bob might be hiding?

His facial expressions

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. Today, she can once again fly without distress. This indicates that her fear has undergone _____.Which example best demonstrates the theory of drive reduction?

extinction

Which of the following are examples of the social level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

family and friendship

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This concept supports the process of

flashbulb memory

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Gustav is afraid of any woman wearing a white dress. Gustav's reaction best illustrates _____.

generalization

Amir bites his fingernails. This is an example of ________, a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.

habit

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.

hindsight

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

hippocampus

Empty stomachs contract, causing both hunger pangs and the secretion of chemical messages that travel to the brain to serve as a signal to initiate feeding behavior. This is an example of ________.

how physiological mechanisms serve as the basis for hunger

On some college football teams, players are rewarded for outstanding performance with a gold star on their helmets. This practice supports the use of ___

incentives

On some college football teams, players are rewarded for outstanding performance with a gold star on their helmets. This practice supports the use of _____.

incentives

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

learning

Jose was surprised that he remembered his locker combination from last year. It shouldn't have been a surprise because he used that locker combination for an entire school year. In comparing the types of memory, which form is Jose using in this example?

long term memory