Midterm AP 2
As exercise progresses, muscular activity __________ venous return. This increases the __________ on the right ventricle.
Increases; preload
Which of the following statements is not true of the hepatitis B vaccine?
It consists of an internal protein from the virus.
Identify the correct statement regarding leukocytes.
Leukocytes spend only a few hours in the bloodstream, then migrate through the walls of the capillaries.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the visual projection pathway? Check all that apply.
Light striking the medial retina of the right eye is perceived by the left visual cortex. Light striking the lateral retina of the left eye is perceived by the ipsilateral visual cortex.The left optic tract consists of nerve fibers from both eyes.
Which of the following statements is true about memory cells? Check all that apply.
Memory cells respond to antigens more rapidly than naive T cells. Upon reexposure to a pathogen, memory cells engage in the T cell recall response, destroying the pathogen quickly.
Which of the following statements are true regarding olfaction? Check all that apply.
Smell is a chemical sense. Odorant molecules dissolve in mucus before stimulating a receptor. Olfactory receptors have hairs on the apical surface that respond to stimuli.
The foot plate is part of which structure?
Stapes
The antigen presenting cell displays the antigen to the__ ______.
T cells
Which of the following statements are true regarding gustation? Check all that apply.
Taste is chemical sense. When gustatory hairs are stimulated, a receptor potential is created. All of the primary tastes can be detected throughout the tongue.
The ability to ward off a specific infection or disease, usually as a result of prior exposure and the body's production of antibodies or lymphocytes against one pathogen is called __________.
adaptive immunity
The vaccine used to prevent measles consists of live measles viruses. This type of vaccine is most likely __________.
an attenuated vaccine
By binding to ________ - _______ ________ red blood cells, complement can serve as a promoter of _________ __________ by transporting these elements to reticular tissue for removal.
antibody-antigen complexes, immune clearance
Any molecule that triggers an immune response is called a(n) __________.
antigen
A T helper cell becomes activated by a __________.
antigen presenting cell
The ______ _________ ____ encounters and processes the antigen.
antigen presenting cell
Helper T cells interact with target cells by recognizing __________.
antigen-MHC protein complexes
In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the globin chains __________.
are broken down by macrophages into amino acids.
During exercise, the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerves cause which of the following to occur?
Arterioles dilate in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine.
HIV leaves an infected macrophage by breaking down its cell membrane.
False
Helper T cells only interact with Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.
False
Our brain perceives different colors because each cone responds to a different wavelength on the visual spectrum.
False
The inflammatory response is a specific defense mechanism that the body initiates against tissue damage.
False
The middle ear has four bones.
False
Vaccines present antibodies from a pathogen to stimulate immunity.
False
Blood formation in the bone marrow and lymphatic organs is called, respectively, lymphoid and myeloid hemopoiesis.
False.
Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit are interchangeable terms used to describe the percentage of whole blood composed of RBCs.
False.
As the number of cycles per second increases, the sound we perceive __________.
Gets higher
Which viral receptor is involved in HIV attachment to the host cell?
Gp120
Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating cardiac output?
HR x SV
What are the components of the circulatory system?
Heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Which of the following is the correct sequence in the breakdown of the non-iron portion of the heme?
Heme, biliverdin, bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, bilirubin derivatives, feces and urine
Which of the following has a strong, positive inotropic effect, meaning it increases the strength of each contraction of the heart?
Hypercalcemia
Venoms and toxins are _______ _________ while others are components of ________ ___________or bacterial cell walls.
free molecules, plasma membranes
The HIV protein that is involved in attachment of the virus to host cells is called __________.
gp120
When the oil, urashiol, from the poison ivy plant is absorbed through the skin, it oxidizes and forms a substance called quinone. Quinone reacts with skin proteins creating a complex that now triggers an immune response. Quinone is an example of a(n) __________.
hapten
The T cells initiate the ________ _________ if the antigens are viral proteins or abnormal antigens.
immune response
In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the iron __________.
is transported by transferrin to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
The alternative and __________pathways of complement activation can both be initiated independent of antibody actions.
lectin
The classical, alternative and _________pathways all lead to the cleavage of complement C3 into C3a and C3b.
lectin
With the antigen, the antigen presenting cell migrates to the nearest_______ ________.
lymph node
Aggregations of lymphocytes in the connective tissues of mucous membranes are called __________.
lymphatic tissues
The type of cells infected by HIV are ________ early in the course of an infection and ________ late in the infection.
macrophages; helper T cells
During the inflammatory response ______ degranulate and release ________.
mast cells; histamine
Inflammation activates and attracts ____________and macrophages, two key cellular agents of pathogen destruction.
neutrophils
An antigen presenting cell presents antigen to a T helper cell __________.
on its surface on a class II MHC
During phagocytosis, ________occurs which is the coating of microbial cells.
opsonization
After maturation the cells move to lymphatic tissue and _______.
organs
What is the main chemical stimulus for cerebral autoregulation?
pH
Activated C3b can also directly attach to pathogens and later serve as markers for _________ through a process called opsonization.
phagocytosis
In some cases, ________cells are made and sent back to the bone marrow.
plasma
A subunit vaccine is composed of __________.
purified parts of a microorganism
The birth of T cells takes place in the _______ bone marrow.
red
The uniqueness of antigen molecules helps prevent the immune system from attacking _______ -_______.
self-antigens
From here, cells are sent to mature in the _________.
thymus
Cytotoxic T cells recognize __________.
viral antigens and class I MHC
If a person's heart is pumping 5000 mL of blood in one minute and the heart rate is 50 beats per minute, what is the cardiac output?
250,000 mL/min 25,000 mL/min 100 mL/min 1000 mL/min None of these choices is correct. is
Viscosity and osmolarity will both increase if the amount of ____________ in the blood increases.
Erythrocytes and protein.
Arrange the following in the proper sequence in which they occur during the inflammatory response. 1. Neutrophils roll along endothelium 2. Integrin activation 3. Margination
1, 2, 3
Most antigens have a molecular weight above _________ amu.
10,000
Which of the following terms describes the migration of neutrophils from blood vessels?
Extravasation
A receptor is an axon that carries sensory impulses to the spinal cord's dorsal horn of gray matter.
False
The three types of cones are differentiated by their __________.
Absorption peak
Which of the following is true concerning the heart's conduction system?
Action potentials pass slowly through the atrioventricular node.
Emphysema is COPD that may lead to which of the following? Check all that apply.
Alveolar wall breakdown,Reduced respiratory membrane surface area and gas exchange, Hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and respiratory acidosis, Polycythemia, Cor pulmonale
Which of the following are examples of the kind of information obtained from sensory receptors? Check all that apply.
Bitter. Brightness of light. Duration of an instrumental note. Placement of an item in your left vs. right hand.
Which of the following is not a way that receptors are classified?
By sensory projection
In order for HIV to attach, the host cell must have a __________.
CD4 antigen receptor and a cell specific co-receptor
Identify the incorrect statement regarding the fundamental causes of edema.
Capillary reabsorption does not depend on oncotic pressure.
The difference between the maximum and resting cardiac output is called __________.
Cardiac reserve
Because of the low pressure in the pulmonary circuit, blood flows more quickly through the pulmonary capillaries, and therefore it has less time for gas exchange.
False
The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that an additional stretch of the myocardium produces a significant increase in __________ on the next beat.
Contraction force
HIV core contains gp120 and gp41.
False
If a person is sick with the common cold on May 1st, gets well, and then memory cells are exposed to the same virus on May 31st, what would the person's symptoms most likely be?
No symptoms at all
Which of the following are antigen-presenting cells?
Only the first and second choices are correct answers. Macrophages B cells
Which of the following are needed for antibody production to occur with T cell dependent antigens?
Only the second and third choices are correct answers.
Which of the following is produced by cytotoxic T cells?
Perforin, which makes holes in cell membrane of infected cells
If the right ventricle begins to pump an increased amount of blood, this soon arrives at the left ventricle, stretches it more than before, and causes it to increase its stroke volume and match that of the right. This is an example of __________.
Preload
The amount of tension in the ventricular myocardium immediately before it contracts is called _________.
Preload
Which of the following statements is true regarding protease enzyme?
Protease enzyme cleaves poly-protein into individual functional viral proteins.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), commonly known as lupus, is a systemic disease in which the body's immune cells begin producing antibodies that attack the body's healthy tissues instead of just foreign invaders in the body. The result could be pain, inflammation, and tissue damage in various parts of the body. Which of the following T lymphocytes may be malfunctioning to trigger the events that cause a disease like lupus?
Regulatory T cells
Which HIV enzyme makes a double-stranded DNA copy of the viral genome?
Reverse transcriptase
Which of the following is a true statement regarding photoreceptors? Check all that apply.
Rods are responsible for night vision. Cones are associated with color vision. Cones function in brighter light.
Heart sound __________ is thought to result from the transition from expansion of the empty ventricles to their sudden filling with blood.
S3
A structure composed of nervous tissue along with other tissues that enhance its response to a certain type of stimulus is called a(n) __________.
Sense organ
In the heart, an action potential originates in the __________.
Sinoatrial node
Which of the following is the correct sequential path of an action potential in the heart?
Sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
Which of the following is true regarding infected cells?
They display peptide fragments of degraded viral proteins on their cell surface.
Identify the incorrect statement regarding blood groups other than ABO and Rh.
They frequently cause transfusion reactions.
What are the two principal functions of erythrocytes?
To pick up oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to tissues and to pick up carbon dioxide from the tissues and unload it in the lungs
A T helper cell must become activated before it can stimulate a B cell to produce antibody.
True
Attachment of HIV to a host cell requires a receptor and co-receptor on the surface of the host cell.
True
Blood pressure is expressed in millimeters of mercury because mercury is so dense it enables pressure to be measured with shorter columns.
True
Blood pressure is usually measured with a sphygmomanometer, which is a calibrated mercury manometer.
True
Cytotoxic T cells produce cytotoxins which cause apoptosis of infected cells.
True
Endothelial cells display selectins which bind to the integrins of neutrophils.
True
Plasma cells are B cells that produce antibodies.
True
Protein is usually a T cell dependent antigen.
True
Short wavelengths, from high pitched sounds, cause displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window.
True
The cerebral arteries dilate when the systemic BP drops and constrict when it rises.
True
When viral DNA is integrated into the host cell chromosome, it is called proviral DNA.
True
Free bilirubin is transported by the blood to the liver.
True.
In addition to the ABO and Rh groups, there are at least 100 other known blood groups, but they rarely cause transfusion reactions.
True.
Iron is transported in the blood by transferrin.
True.
During hearing, which of the following is the first to vibrate?
Tympanic membrane
Choose the correct statement(s) regarding the composition of plasma. Check all that apply.
Water represents 92% by weight, Albumin is 60% of the total protein portion, The most abundant nitrogenous waste is urea.
One way in which complement activation destroys pathogens is by C3a binding to ___________ _________ ___________ _______, which then causes inflammation through histamine and heparin release.
basophils and mast cells
Immune clearance will clear foreign antigens from the _______________.
bloodstream
Soluble plasma proteins, known as ________, can be activated in three ways. The classical mechanism requires antibodies.
complement
Helper T cells secrete ________ to stimulate the proliferation of B cells.
cytokines
Further cascades of reactions caused by C3b encourage the formation of membrane attack complexes in the membranes of pathogens, causing __________.
cytolysis
Infected or malignant cells are then ________ before they can do further harm to the body.
destroyed
Those two fragments activate processes that lead to _________inflammation, immune clearance and phagocytosis.
enhanced
The regions of antigens that trigger immune responses are called ________.
epitopes
