Midterm Exam for Speech Communication
What defines an internal preview?
A connective that provides a link by forecasting the points that are yet to be developed in the speech.
An internal summary is ____________.
A kind of connective that links parts of the speech by recapping what has been covered so far.
The connectives "consequently" and "as a result" signal which kind of relationship?
Cause-effect
What is an example of a time-ordered organizational pattern?
Chronological
What is NOT a style of concept mapping?
Collapsing
True or false, the use of a questionnaire prior to speaking helps in arousing the interest of the audience but gives very less information for the speaker.
False
A school principal has planned to speak regarding digital media for the annual day. Being a conservative person, he presents only the negative side of it and tries to persuade his students to avoid using digital media. What is the principal's level of understanding when relating to his audience?
Poor
What guideline should you NOT follow when creating a title?
Use a title that will make your audience eager to listen.
When developing a speech, what is a realistic estimate of the amount of preparation time likely required?
1 hour for each minute of a speech.
What gap needs to be bridged between speaker and audience?
Conduct Interviews
Jean has been called to speak to a group of environmentalists. Before gathering materials for his speech, he talks to his friend, who is an eco-activist. Which method of seeking audience information is Jean following for his speech?
Conduct selected interviews or focus groups
True or false, ethical decisions do not vary with context.
False
What is NOT recommended as a way to manage fears about public speaking?
Focus on your failures in order to improve.
Incubation is a phase marked by ____.
Frustration
Which option explains how to order information in a linear chronological pattern?
Past, present, future
When using a cause-effect pattern, a speaker should ensure _________________.
The causal effect that is proposed in the pattern is a valid one.
What is is NOT recommended as a general purpose for a speech?
To manipulate the audience.
What example best exemplifies the use of an internal preview in a speech?
"First, I will discuss how the dough is prepared. Then I will explain how to decide if the cake should be made in an oven or in a pressure cooker."
Recognizing one of the four purposes of speech can help:______.
A speaker to decide what he or she wants to accomplish with the topic.
Which statement(s) is false?
A speech to persuade is designed to influence or motivate, among other actions.
The EXCEPTION for strategies narrowing your audience analysis include:
An expertly delivered speech may fail based on audience perception.
Before a speaker reviews the brainstorming list of ideas for a speech, what should be considered?
Are there any that stand out as main points, are there any that seem to fit together, and are there any that are naturally subordinate to others?
What should a full-sentence outline NOT be used for?
As a word-for-word manuscript to be read by the speaker
To practice effective listening skills, what is NOT recommended?
Asking questions immediately as they arise during the presentation to clarify the information.
What is recommended for listeners who have been asked to provide feedback to a speaker?
Assume positive intent, make important comments first, and use the 90/10 principle.
What is an example of a speaker treating the audience irresponsibly?
Assuming the audience won't understand the points you are making
What is NOT recommended during active listening?
Avoid taking notes
What is NOT recommended when creating a title for your speech?
Avoid using questions in the title.
What technique is used by a speaker to discourage independent thinking?
Bandwagon
Tyler asked his co-worker Jaime for feedback on a project. Jaime told Tyler, "Everyone is good at developing ideas here but there are some areas we could all improve on." What guidelines for providing constructive feedback did Jaime NOT follow?
Being descriptive about strengths and weaknesses.
What is required to establish empathy during holistic listening?
Being receptive to the message
What behavior does NOT fulfill what is expected of a public speaker?
Being technically correct when presenting information but creating a false impression
What is a trait(s) shared by effective public speakers?
Being true to yourself and your core values, respecting your audience, and honoring the integrity of ideas.
Identify the method that can be used to convert even an unworkable idea into more workable ideas.
Brainstorming
When organizing a speech, the speaker ____________.
Can choose the organizational format that makes the most sense for each set of sub-points.
Organizing main points following traditional organization schemes ________.
Can help audience members understand the structure and direction of the speech.
Invention, organization, style, delivery, and memory are known as the five areas of study, or ______________, that combine to form effective speaking skills.
Canons of rhetoric
During the refinement phase of speech development, you should:
Check the details
Roger has decided to give a motivational speech using Nelson Mandela as an example. First, he will speak about Mandela's childhood, then his revolutionary activities, and finally about his presidency and retirement. What organizational pattern has Roger chosen to arrange his points?
Chronological
_________ can be used when organizing the main points of a topic.
Chronological pattern
John is invited to give a motivational speech at his college but he declines the offer because he fears he would fail to motivate the audience. What technique should John utilize to help him overcome his fear?
Cognitive restructuring
____________ is a technique that acknowledges negative thoughts that cause one to lack confidence and then replaces them with positive beliefs.
Cognitive restructuring
Which is likely to result in convincing and strong statements in a speech?
Concise and parallel language
Marla just received feedback through a performance evaluation at work and her supervisor informed her that she needs to improve her public speaking skills. What stage of skill learning best applies to Marla's situation?
Conscious incompetence
What actions should a speaker implement when selecting a speech topic?
Consider how you are uniquely prepared to assist your audience in understanding the topic.
What three communication skills do you need to balance and adapt to be a successful public speaker?
Conversation, composition, and performance
The text suggests that speakers use a variety of tools to identify potential speech points. What is NOT recommended?
Create a predetermined number of sticky notes to organize ideas.
To increase the efficiency of your internet search, you should:
Create a research strategy by narrowing your topic and using keywords effectively, use advanced search functions to limit your search to pages that were updated recently, and use Boolean operators.
Which of the rules of outlining is NOT followed in the following example? I. Bananas are the best fruit. A. Bananas are more nutritious than other fruits. B. Bananas are cheaper than other fruits. 1. Bananas cost less than a quarter C. Bananas can be eaten on the run. 1. You can easily carry a banana with you. 2. You don't need any silverware to eat a banana.
Develop each level of subordination with two or more points.
In order to improve your listening ability, what activity should you NOT engage in when listening to a speaker?
Discretely make a to-do list while he is speaking to clear your mind of distractions.
How to make your audience listen?
Do not gather details about specific speech situation.
What is considered an effective approach when providing constructive feedback about problems that are likely to be very obvious to most listeners of the speech?
Encourage the speaker to review a video recording of the speech
By using _____, the speaking style becomes effective for almost all speech situations.
Enhanced conversation
What is recommended to develop a visual outline format?
Ensure each symbol designates only one point, and that every point has a symbol.
Sam used the following connectives in a speech he presented to his class: Similarly, additionally, also. Indicate the kind of relationship he signaled with these connective words.
Equality
Which actions are involved in an illumination phase of creativity?
Exhilaration, relief, dawning awareness
True or false, "after a few years, we arranged to meet up with each other again" is an example of a connective that signals an equity relationship.
False
True or false, a cause-effect organizational pattern is well suited to speeches where the goal is overt action.
False
True or false, an outline can include vague phrases, questions, and incomplete ideas since it is just for the speaker to use as a general guide.
False
True or false, ethos, one category of persuasive appeals in the rhetorical process, refers to the content of the speech and the feelings evoked.
False
True or false, focusing in on small errors in grammar or pronunciation made by the speaker will make you a more effective listener.
False
True or false, heavy exercise helps in eliminating the rush of adrenaline experienced before a speech.
False
True or false, ideas that are phrased in concise, colorful, parallel language are more difficult to remember for both speakers and listeners.
False
True or false, internal thoughts are not habitual and will change easily.
False
True or false, main points in a speech should be clustered together and set apart without any examples or statistics to support them.
False
True or false, most decisions in life are clear-cut and do not have an ethical dimension.
False
True or false, only two of the five standard formats for citing references require an alphabetical listing of research sources.
False
True or false, persuasive speeches that advocate a new policy or specific course of action often use a cause-effect pattern.
False
True or false, project management is one of the four phases of creativity when developing a speech.
False
True or false, research shows that severe fear of public speaking cannot be reduced with the use of medications.
False
True or false, speakers should make decisions based on static traits of your audience.
False
True or false, speeches often have more than one purpose, and a good speech will not have a dominate purpose.
False
True or false, the speech focus should not be on the factors that influence communication.
False
True or false, transitions are important in written works, but they are not an important part of an oral presentation such as a speech.
False
True or false, visual aids and props are introduced early in the preparation phase of planning for a public speech.
False
True or false, when a speaker uses a topical pattern to organize main ideas, other organizational patterns should never be used to organize sub-points.
False
True or false, when giving constructive feedback to a speaker during the final rehearsal of a speech, it is expected you will make large, sweeping suggestions for revision.
False
What response(s) can commonly be triggered when a public speaker is anticipating an upcoming speech or presentation?
Fight-or-flight response, the body's natural defense mechanism intended to keep one safe, release of cortisol from the adrenal gland, or sweaty or clammy hands.
To relax and manage nervousness, a speaker should ____________ .
Find a relaxation technique that works for them
What connective word can often be used to signal a part-to-whole relationship?
For instance
While organizing his speech, Alexander finds many of his ideas fit into more than one category or main point. He decides this is okay. What advice would you give him, based on the recommendations in the text?
He should reorganize the information so his main points are mutually exclusive.
A full-sentence outline can ________.
Highlight key points in a speech.
Identify the statement that explains cognitive restructuring.
Identify the unrealistic beliefs that compound our fears.
Colleen is thinking about how the pieces of her speech fit together. What phase of creativity is Colleen performing?
Illumination
What is an example of an unethical decision made by a public speaker?
In a departmental meeting, an employee recalls an idea a colleague shared with him just prior to the meeting and he presents the proposal as his own idea.
What theoretical foundation of public speaking states that communication is never complete until feedback has been received and interpreted?
Information transmission theories
What are the benefit(s) of phrasing points in a speech outline in concise, parallel language?
It highlights key points, it enables the speaker to clarify points, and it makes each point stand out.
When assembling ideas and information for a speech, what is recommended?
Jot down every item that might possibly be covered in the speech, brainstorm and work quickly, or quickly judge and immediately dismiss bad ideas.
What should be avoided when planning a speech?
Keeping your answers to yourself.
A benefit(s) of using the library for researching your speech topic are:
Librarians can help you locate information on your topic, libraries may subscribe to search databases that aren't available through Google, and libraries have various sources of media, such as specialized dictionaries and art collections, that you might not be able to access online.
What is recommended to determine the scope of a speech?
Limiting the scope to a few main ideas.
A strategy for NOT narrowing your topic include:
Limiting yourself to the number of points.
_____ is defined as a complex and active process of receiving, processing, and evaluating an oral message.
Listening
What statement is recommended when outlining a speech?
Main points in a full-sentence outline should be phrased to lead into subpoints.
__________ notes can assist with idea development.
Moveable
What type of citation is likely to result in a loss of credibility during your speech?
No citation
What accurately reflects what is expected of a public speaker?
One should speak from the heart to express passion and conviction on a topic
Connective words like on the other hand, conversely, and in spite of often signal what type of relationship?
Opposition
Performance-related preparation begins with _____.
Oral practice
What can a listener do to focus more intently while a message is being delivered by a speaker?
Overcome superficial distractions
When using information from another source in your speech, it is acceptable to ___________.
Paraphrase, as long as the original source is cited in the speech.
What is the kind of data that is recorded in index cards?
Paraphrased ideas, references for later use, and citations.
What example uses connectives that signal an equality relationship?
Parents dealing with a teenager need to learn to deal with the most common mood swings teens experience. In addition to dealing with the teenager's temper tantrums, parents need to learn to handle any feelings of confusion the teenager might have. Moreover, it is important for every parent to establish a strong relationship with the child at this stage.
____________ can enhance a public speaker's learning experience.
Participating constructively in public speaking class discussions, applying the skills of preparation and organization, and applying the skills of development and presentation.
The concept of the social construction of meaning states that:
People make meaning together, and meaning varies depending on context.
A speech designed to influence, convince, motivate, sell, preach, or stimulate action primarily seeks to __________.
Persuade the audience
Citing your sources aloud is required to avoid____.
Plagiarism and to build credibility with your audience.
Identify the factors that can help people overcome their inhibitions about speaking in public.
Practice and coaching
When a person is afraid of losing continuity of the speech, they should ____________.
Practice it several times aloud to internalize the flow of ideas.
Sharon has a fear of speaking to a large audience. She tries to overcome her fear by accepting speaking opportunities for smaller audiences. What strategy is Sharon following to overcome her public speaking anxiety?
Practice systematic desensitization.
How can effective speakers learn to control their fears?
Preparing thoroughly, practicing in advance, and managing the anxiety.
What is considered an ethical balance of language and persuasion?
Presenting a well-documented, logical argument and adding emotional appeals to emphasize your points.
A public speaker should NOT strive to do ________.
Prioritize his or her goals for the speech rather than the listeners' welfare
A well-planned research strategy does NOT include:
Progress from the specific to the general
A speech outline should include declarative sentences that can be _________.
Proved or disproved or accepted or rejected
___________ is an event in which a group of people agree that one person will direct the event as a speaker.
Public speaking
Using Search Engines, you should be able to develop a sense for the ___.
Ranking algorithm
What stage of speech planning and practice includes locating resources and conducting interviews?
Research
What is NOT the function of a connective?
Reveal the obscure structures in a speech.
______________ describes the rekindling of a preference for intense, visceral, immediate kinds of communication.
Secondary orality
What is an example of a possible main point in a full-sentence outline?
Secondhand smoke harms nonsmokers
During the preparation phase of speech development, you should:
Select and arrange your points and choose your support.
What guideline should you NOT follow when preparing for a speech?
Shortened perception makes better understanding of audience.
What is used in a topic outline to identify the essential points of a speech?
Single words or phrases
Phillip is going to give a speech highlighting Europe's massive railway system. He organizes the information to highlight the size and distance between different regions. What organizational pattern is he using?
Spatial
____________ is an organizational pattern that can be used to describe large geographic areas, as well as smaller areas such as the floor plan of a house.
Spatial organization pattern
What best describes public speaking?
Speakers are born, not made
What best describes how points in a speech should be arranged?
Speakers can choose the format that works best for each set of sub-points.
What is NOT a common public speaking misconception?
Speaking will always be easy when you are first learning it.
What demonstrates effective listening skills?
Staying mentally active
____________in a speech should support and elaborate on the main points.
Subpoints
What strategy seeks to manage public speaking anxiety by routinely exposing one to the aspects of public speaking that cause the fear?
Systematic desensitization
What examples are topics could be suitable for a speech that is generated from personal experiences, expertise and/or interests?
Talking about what you learned in a recent pottery class, explaining how you play piano as a form of relaxation therapy, or discussing highlights from your recent trip to the Alps.
Because the meaning of a speech depends on the interaction between a speaker and listeners, a speech should be created by:
Talking to a number of other people about your topic, working some of your ideas into everyday conversations, or trying out your ideas and incorporating feedback from others.
What is a common structured time-management tool?
The Google metasearch engine
What Web references is likely to provide the most current statistical data?
The Population Reference Bureau
The text recommends having only two to five main points because _______________.
The audience is unlikely to remember more than a few main points, the audience should be able to cluster your ideas around a few main themes, and the speaker should include the most relevant points and provide supporting evidence.
The thesis sentence, referred to as ______, defines the topic as a theme to be developed and gives the speech focus.
The central idea
People often turn to research sites such as ______ for initial information, which can be helpful tools.
The metasearch engines Google and Bing.
What scenario will likely lead someone to develop good public speaking skills
The speaker developed an interest in public speaking during his school days and practiced his public speaking skills.
If a speaker is making ethical choices, what would likely NOT happen?
The speaker withholds factual information that would weaken the argument.
Before determining the main points in a speech, what should be considered?
The specific purpose, the general purpose, and the thesis statement.
Armando wants to give a speech about his experiences of backpacking through Europe. What would be a good thesis statement(s)?
There are many ways to backpack through Europe.
Identify the statement which does NOT describe metasearch engines.
They are comparable to the index of the book.
What outline format is recommended in the early stages of speech organization development?
Topic outline
Which statement(s) is true?
Topic selection can come from your life experience, expertise, and interests.
Which topic(s) could be suitable for a speech when one is suggested to get ideas from personal experiences, expertise, and/or interests?
Traveling to the Alps, playing a piano as a relaxation therapy, or elaborating the work that is involved in making a pottery.
True or false, Federal Digital System search information databases are produced by the U.S. government.
True
True or false, a topical pattern consists of simply developing topical areas, without implying the points have a specific logical relationship or a relationship in time or space.
True
True or false, a well-developed central idea helps a speaker find a way to achieve the goals for the speech.
True
True or false, an effective speaker is one who expresses passion and conviction on a topic.
True
True or false, an organizational pattern refers to the ordering and organization of content within a speech.
True
True or false, an outline can help a speaker clearly understand a speech topic.
True
True or false, cognitive restructuring is a technique used to reduce fears.
True
True or false, concept mapping is a visual method used to show how ideas in a speech relate to each other.
True
True or false, connectives are often referred to as transitions.
True
True or false, connectives are words or phrases that serve as bridges between speech points.
True
True or false, effective listeners are able to navigate between the following two extremes: being resistant to any new ideas, and receiving all new ideas without a critical eye.
True
True or false, effective planning involves making realistic estimates of the time needed to complete each task.
True
True or false, meaning is created through social interaction with others.
True
True or false, often, the thesis statement establishes for the listener a list of questions that will be answered during the speech.
True
True or false, public speaking requires understanding how a mutuality of concern between speakers and listeners is central to the effective communication of a message.
True
True or false, speakers are expected to properly cite from credible sources and avoid plagiarism, lying, and oversimplification.
True
True or false, start constructive feedback by identifying strengths and making positive comments.
True
True or false, the book catalog in most libraries is not an online database system.
True
True or false, the logical structure of a speech is revealed through the connective terms used.
True
Listeners share an ethical responsibility for the meanings that come out of speeches. What abandons that responsibility?
Uncritically accepting a message.
For conducting an interview, what should be done?
Use questions to summarize and direct the interview.
Psychologists have discovered the positive power of ____________ , which can lead to effective speech performance.
Visualization
While gathering research for your upcoming speech on women's roles during World War I, you find an interesting story about a woman named Rose and you decide to summarize her story in your speech to illustrate a point. How you should incorporate the information from Rose's story?
You can use Rose's story, but you need to cite the original source in your speech.
What statement(s) are true?
You should avoid gathering details about the speech situation.
What type of data should you NOT include on index cards to assist in the preparation of your speech content?
Your speech written word-for-word.
Shifts from __________ voice can make ideas seem disconnected.
active to passive
Historical development is the most common __________.
chronological pattern
In a speech intended to evoke emotion in the audience, a common technique is to ______.
entertain
A _______ outline can help a speaker fully develop speech content and determine which points to include or leave out.
full-sentence
"I will discuss three sources to find potential job openings. First, I will discuss newspaper listings. Then, I will review services provided by the campus placement office. Finally, I will explain the benefits of word-of- mouth recommendations." This sentence is an example of an ____.
internal preview
In the example "Shapes: square, circle, rectangle," "Shapes" is a __________.
superordinate point
Main points of greater importance are called ________ points; points of lesser importance are called ________ points.
superordinate; subordinate