Midterm Questions

In classical conditioning, the finding that no conditioning occurs to a stimulus if it is combined with a previously conditioned stimulus during training is known as _________.

Blocking

In _________________, you use raw sensory information to build towards a more conceptual representation of an object

Bottom-up processing

Neuroimaging studies on visual mental imagery have shown that ___________.

Brain areas that support perception are also activated during mental imagery

As the parallel parking module example illustrated, the neuroscience method, "Confirm a behavioral construct," can cause people a lot of confusion. What best illustrates the main source of confusion?

Brain imaging of a construct is incorrectly seen as proof of the construct's psychological reality

Insight problems are most often solved

By suddenly discovering a crucial element that leads to the problem's solution

Which of the following is NOT considered a universal characteristic of language ?

Constrained (basic units lead to a large but limited number of utterances)

What is the term for a manner of organizing memory where the meaning of the memory itself serves as the address for the memory?

Content-addressable storage

When your memory system makes errors they tend to be near misses. This is a feature of:

Content-addressable storage

Research on the effects of context on memory processing have shown that ______________:

Context does not affect recognition memory

Which of the following is NOT a pictorial cue to distance?

Correspondence

Linguistics proposed the situation model to explain how people _______.

Create mental representations a text that includes the ideas in the text and background knowledge about the world

Most people cannot remember episodic memories from about age 3 or earlier. Which account of forgetting has been suggested to play a role in this?

Cue bias

What are oculomotor depth cues?

Cues based on movements of muscles in the visual system which help us determine the distance of perceived objects

How do "cues" relate to memory retrieval?

Cues help when they make you think about material the same way it was encoded

Moroccan rug merchants have great memory for complex patterns, which is an example of:

Culture influencing crystallized intelligence

Your nephew only likes red M&Ms candies and so you pick out all the red ones from the candy jar to give to him. What type of visual process are you engaging?

Disjunctive search

Which of these brain imaging techniques measures the brain's electrical impulses, giving researchers a precise measurement of the timing of brain areas are active during which tasks?

EEG

According to the Feature Integration Theory of attention

Each feature of an object is analyzed separately by the visual system

Moray (1959) administered a dichotic listening task study in which subjects heard a list of words repeated in the unattended ear and found that subjects could later report none of the words. He interpreted this result as supporting

Early filter theory of attention

Which is a reason for why scientists use edge detection theory to solve the problem of impoverished input encountered by low level vision?

Edges reliably correspond to the outside boundaries of objects within a scene

Which constraint on theories is most frequently used in modern cognitive research?

Efficiency constraints

If you were conducting a study that required knowing precise information about when neural activity takes place, what imaging technique would be best?

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

The idea that the concept of "scissors" overlaps with the representation of "grasping" supports _______.

Embodied Respresentation

The idea that the concept of "scissors" overlaps with the representation of "grasping" supports _______.

Embodied representation

How we get things into our memory is called ____, how we bring them out of memory is called ____.

Encoding retriveal

How we get things into our memory is called ____, how we bring them out of memory is called ____.

Encoding, retrieval

Research investigating the retention of Spanish vocabulary words found which of the following?

Enough practice makes memory immune to forgetting

The vivid memory of the elation that you felt after scoring the winning goal in a soccer game last week would be an example of which type of memory?

Episodic memory

A mask influences iconic memory by

Erasing its contents

A scientist wants to investigate how soon after a visual stimulus appears there is activity in the visual cortex. This researcher should use which of the following methods:

Event-related potentials

What evidence did NOT present a clear challenge to behaviorism as much of the field of psychology shifted to a cognitive approach?

Evidence of imageless thought.

What is an example of when the ocular cue of accommodation would be used by your visual system?

Expanding the lens of your eye to focus on a distant person to determine if it is your friend

If you play games offered in a casino you are definitely violating

Expected value theory

How does expected value theory explain why people gamble in casinos?

Expected value theory does not explain why people gamble in casinos, because people do not make rational decisions to gamble.

The Allen & Brooks categorization experiment with 'builders' and 'diggers' resolved which problem with similarity-based models of categorization?

Experimenters hadn't been able to explain why categorization was not affected by context.

When it comes to problem solving, why does knowledge usually help?

Experts have extensive pattern recognition and have automatized many of the rules, freeing space in working memory

If someone is making a lot of errors or is stuck at a stage in problem solving that requires them to move away from the goal, they are most likely using this heuristic.

Hill climbing

Which of the following questions refers to memory encoding?

How are memories created?

Which of these question refers to memory encoding?

How are memories created?

Categorical perception resolves which problem of language?

How we correctly perceive phonemes that are produced in a slightly sloppy manner

Which of the following is one of the assumptions Greek philosophers made regarding the mind?

Humans are physical objects

Paulseu et al (2000) found that individuals with dyslexia show a common brain activation pattern, even though they spoke different languages. Why is this finding important?

Identifying a common neural mechanism underlying a problem with varying behavioral manifestations helped show that dyslexia was a single disorder.

Based on what we discussed in class, which of the following stimuli are most likely to attract your attention and why?

If someone across a quiet room shouts incoherently, because the physical properties of that stimulus are different from the others I had been experiencing.

What was the difficulty associated with using abstract constructs to explain behavior?

If you allowed abstract constructs in theories, many theories could explain the same behavior and it wasn't clear how to choose among them

During Sperlings partial report procedure, which of the following conditions would result in the most accurate recall after the visual array of digits and letters is flashed?

Immediate tone cueing which row to report

Research has shown that tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is most common ______________.

In people who are bilingual

Which of the following is an example of how language is generative?

Individuals can create novel sentences

"Memory consolidation" means:

Information in long term memory becomes more stable over time

Which of the following is a prediction that arises from the idea of survival processing (also called adaptive processing)?

Information related to survival will be prioritized in memory and recalled better

The Flynn Effect says that the average IQ of people within a country has significantly increased over a span of 20 years or so. This finding supports the idea that

Intelligence is more nurture than Nature, because researchers know that the gene pool countrywide could not change significantly in 20 years.

All of the following factors affect encoding, EXCEPT:

Intention

Which of the following strategies would be the least effective at improving memory encoding?

Intention to learn

Which of the following is a belief held by Introspectionists that differed from Behaviorists?

Introspectionists believed it was essential for psychologists to study imagery because it is so important to thinking

Implicit memory ___________.

Is a result of plasticity in perceptual and motor regions of the brain

Human decision making

Is illogical because humans use short-cuts when they think about decisions

There was a debate for close to a century about whether there is a single type of intelligence, or whether it makes more sense to think of different types of intelligence. The factor analytic view offers the most persuasive answer, and the conclusion from that research is that intelligence

Is sort of both; there's one type of intelligence at the top of a hierarchy, with other types embedded in it.

Which of the following is true about the Modal Model of Memory?

It allowed for the idea that there could be more than one type of sensory memory (e.g., visual, auditory, possibly others)

Single-cell recording is a neuroscientific method of measurement that is better than functional magnetic resonance imaging in which of the following ways:

It allows for direct measurement of electrical activity

The fact that we get tripped up by garden path sentences shows what about the parser?

It assigns grammatical roles word by word, as they are perceived.

Which statement about the function of imagery is the most accurate?

It can help you prepare for future actions.

Which is true about the template model of object recognition?

It could not account for how we can still identify an object when it changes in size.

In their exploration of implicit memory, experimenters found that emotional conditioning and skeletal conditioning are processes supported by distinct areas of the brain. Why is this important?

It gave experimenters clues to the structure (large-scale architecture) of a known cognitive function.

What's the consensus among memory researchers about repression as a mechanism of forgetting?

It happens, but it's rare

Perkin's laws tells us that particular conjunctions of lines are assumed to correspond to different three dimensional shapes. Why is this significant?

It helps us solve the shape/orientation indeterminacy

Which of the following is a characteristic of system 2 in the dual process model of decision making?

It involves abstract reasoning

Which of the following is true of the cognitive perspective to studying of the mind?

It involves inferring mental processes from observable behavior.

Which of the following is true about retrieval?

It is a reconstructive process

What is one challenge in testing the effect of emotion on memory in the lab?

It is hard to ethically and realistically create a powerful emotional experience in the lab

Which of the following is true about the type of processing of conjunctive visual search?

It is serial

Episodic memory has been shown to have many defining criteria; which of the following is NOT one of these criteria?

It may be retrieved automatically, without a conscious act of recollection

Which of the following is not true if repression of a memory is present?

It must involve a false memory replacing the repressed target memory

For a theory of decision making to be rational, it must adhere to which of the following requirements?

It must lead to choices that obey laws of transitivity

Which of the following describes why Phrase Structure Grammar is a better account of language than Word Chain Grammar?

It provides a natural explanation for why some sentences are ambiguous in meaning

Which of the following describes why Phrase Structure Grammar is a better account of language than Word Chain Grammar?

It provides a natural explanation for why some sentences are ambiguous in meaning.

Which of these statements is true about the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?

It relies on the normal curve to compute IQ scores

Mishkin & Ungerlieder performed several experiments on monkeys to show that a different network of brain regions were involved in object recognition and spatial reasoning. This is important because:

It showed a diversity of brain regions responsible for vision where there could have been unity

Which of these is true about neuroscientific data?

It sometimes can be used to support for one cognitive theory over another.

A person is asked whether a tennis ball or a grapefruit is larger. The fact that most people answer correctly shows that:

Mental imagery can make implicit knowledge conscious.

When viewing a painting, an example of atmospheric perspective would be ______.

Objects furthest away looking blurry and less detailed

The main feature of work using behaviorist principles is the focus on:

Observable behavior

The primary area for vision processing is in which lobe?

Occipital lobe

Which form of learning would most likely be studied in a Skinner box (that is, a stripped down environment with a way for the experimenter to create a light, a tone, a reward, and a punishment)?

Operant Conditioning

Which of the following is the best predictor of a preschool student's future reading proficiency?

Phonological Awareness

You need to learn to tie a bow tie for a formal event. Which of the following would create the most proactive interference?

Practicing how to tie a shoe, then practicing how to tie a bowtie, then tying a bow tie for a formal event

Which of the following theories of STM scanning in the Sternberg working memory task predicts that response time will be slower for "no" responses?

Serial, self-terminating search

Originally, the capacity of the short-term buffer in working memory was proposed to be seven; what was the seven in reference to?

Seven items of any sort can be stored in the buffer

If "Cat" is a basic category for you, "Siamese" is a _____________ category, while "mammal" is a ______________ category.

Subordinate level; superordinate level

Jenny and Ekon decide to go see a movie. Jenny dislikes the movie from the very beginning and Ekon offers that they should leave and take a walk instead. Jenny, however, refuses since they already spent the money on the tickets. Jenny's reasoning is an example of:

Sunk Cost

Jenny and Ekon decide to go see a movie. Jenny dislikes the movie from the very beginning and Ekon offers that they should leave and take a walk instead. Jenny, however, refuses since they already spent the money on the tickets. Jenny's reasoning is an example of:

Sunk cost

Combinatorial explosion is best described as ___________.

The exponential increase of possible combinations as the number of possibilities increases

"Time flies like an arrow" is an example of ambiguities that arise due to:

The fact that a single sequence of words is consistent with more than one phrase structure pattern

Why is the Fan effect incompatible with the spreading activation account of memory organization?

The fan effect is NOT incompatible with spreading activation; it is considered support for the spreading activation model.

Which is NOT an assumption that our visual system makes?

The greatest distance visible in any complex scene is the horizon line

Bob goes to a new local restaurant with some friends for dinner and orders haggis - which he has never eaten before. When Bob returns home, he quickly becomes sick. Once Bob recovers, he finds that even thinking about _______ makes him feel ill, in an example of _______.

The haggis, preparedness

The main reason why people see #TheDress as either white/gold or blue/black is due to which of the following:

The image falling on the retina is consistent with a white dress illuminated by blue light, or a blue dress illuminated by white light.

Which of the following is not a property of a semantic network?

The links in the network can be re-arranged but not re-weighted

Which of the following is NOT true about echoic memory?

The longer the delay between target and mask the more decay is observed

The effect called recognition failure of recallable words highlights the importance of ______.

The match between encoding and retrieval conditions

Which of the following was a drawback of Introspectionist method of research?

The method just looked ineffective to university administrators, so they were reluctant to establish departments of psychology

Why is the idea of a parallel parking module in the brain silly?

The module lacks generalizability (that is, the behavior is too specific)

Which model of object recognition is best able to identify that a bicycle viewed from above would be the same bicycle if it was viewed from the side?

The object-centered model

The decay theory of forgetting assumes that__________.

The passage of time decays the link between the target memory and its cues

Which is true of teaching children to decode?

The phonics method is better

What is one benefit to using the prototype approach to categorization over the definitional approach?

The prototype approach accounts for judgments that not all members of a category are considered equally good examples of the category.

To solve the problem of introspection, cognitive psychologists did which of the following:

They made specific predictions of behavior that would be observed if an internal mental process was involved

The main difference between prototype and exemplar theories of categorization is that

They use different mental representations to guide categorization

Which of the following tends to be the biggest problem when people try to reason by analogy?

Thinking of a source

Which of the following is an example of the availability heuristic often used in decision making?

Thinking that you're more likely to die in a terrorist attack than from diabetes

The computer metaphor of cognition is useful for

Thinking through the kinds of symbols and representations humans use

Which of the following statements is true about the phoneme restoration effect?

This is a top-down process; we use contextual information to resolve the ambiguity.

The best way to remember something is

To process the information at a deep level

Which of the following situations best represents a demand characteristic?

A participant trying to appear sad while viewing sad movie clips because they believe that is what is expected of them

"minimal attachment" is

A principle that is important in building phrase structures

Empiricism is a property of scientific method that is best defined as:

A process of experimentation that tests specific hypotheses

The rays-and-tumors problem described in class is one of the most widely used problems in research on which issue related to problem-solving?

Analogical transfer

One mechanism of forgetting suggests there's a spontaneous decomposition of memory, and the other mechanism suggests that there's a decomposition of memory, but it happens due to new learning. These are:

decay and unlearning

An important distinction of types of intelligence to come out of factor analyses studies suggests that one type of intelligence concerns a persons facility in manipulating information, and the other type concerns the amount of information they have in memory. What are these types of intelligence called?

fluid and crystallized

Neural evidence from brain imaging and lesion studies shows that there are likely ______________ brain structures associated with implicit memory:

four

Which of the following is an assumption the brain makes to help resolve shape/orientation indeterminacy in low-level vision?

how to interpret line intersections

Chunking is useful because it

increases the capacity of working memory

One day, Adam wakes up and seems to have forgotten all autobiographical details about his life, such as who his family is and where he grew up. Adam's condition is called:

retrograde amnesia

Research on framing effects has shown that people are _________ when a choice is framed in terms of gains and _________ when a choice is framed in terms of losses.

risk-averse; risk-seeking

The useful idea in cognitive psychology that the mind can be thought of as manipulating symbols (or representations), and as operating in a sequence of stages, was inspired by:

robots

Matheus learned German in high school, but hasn't used it in years. When taking a trip to Berlin, he indeed finds that, at first, his German is terrible, but he also finds that it improves rapidly. This improvement illustrates:

savings in relearning

Each person has a particular script for the sequence of events that take place in a restaurant: we are greeted by the hostess, led to a table, given a menu, place an order, etc. This is an example of our ________________ for/of a restaurant visit.

schema or script

Which of the following is the best example of an abstract construct in human behavior?

selecting a word to say

Even though people see and touch pennies every day, most will fail to remember which way Lincoln is depicted as facing. This is most easily explained by:

shallow encoding

You're standing in the Downtown Mall and there is an art exhibit that you have never seen before. It appears to be a flat looking object, almost like a sign. You then move in an arc around one side of it to get a better look, and are surprised to see that the object is not flat at all, but rather it is a large three-dimensional sculpture. This surprise you felt is the result of:

shape and orientation indeterminacy

As shown in your textbook, identifying foods that are cut into uniform cubes is difficult. That indicates that

shape is an important cue to identifying objects

Perkin's Laws help resolve______.

shape/orientation ambiguity

Which of the following features of objects may be processed without the allocation of attentional resources?

shapes

People with damage to the thalamus have difficulty with the "engage" part of directed attention in Posner's beam model. Because of this, they

show no advantage when they receive a valid cue, compared to no cue

People with damage to the thalamus have difficulty with the "engage" part of directed attention in Posner's beam model. Because of this, they:

show no advantage when they receive a valid cue, compared to no cue.

Relational research can:

show us the correlation between two variables (that is how they are associated)

Visual mental imagery uses what sort of representation?

structured representations

There are many methods for localizing brain activity in healthy participants. __________ is the technique during which experimenters have participants complete two slightly different tasks - an experimental task and a control task - while their brains are scanned. Then the experimenter compares the brain activity observed in both.

subtraction

Which of the following is an assumption humans make about light sources, reflectance and shadows?

surfaces are evenly colored

The main problem with introspectionism is that multiple theories could produce the same behavioral outcome. Regarding introspectionism, which of the following is an objection that a behaviorist is LEAST likely to have?

taking something complicated and trying to simplify them into component parts is a bad strategy for scientists.

What is the term for recent memories being more disrupted in amnesia than older memories?

temporal gradient

Structured representations are needed to represent relationships that are _____ and ______.

temporary; complex

The scientific method can be described as a three-step process by which the scientist observes, theorizes, and tests. This process is iterative, meaning that these three steps form a cycle that can be repeated over and over. Which of the following aspects of the scientific method was most problematic for introspectionism?

test

A task asks you to imagine a capital letter D, rotate it 90 degrees to the left, and place a capital letter J at the bottom. It then asks you what the final image is. The way that people do this task demonstrates:

that imagery and perception share many features

In class, Professor Willingham showed a spectrogram (depicted above) to show:

that pauses in speech do not consistently correspond to the separation of words

The mechanism of forgetting called "selective retrieval" includes

the theory that memory probes "light up" broad networks of memories, which then inhibit one another, leaving just one "winner" still active

The ecological approach to visual perception assumes

the world contains subtle visual cues that the visual system is sensitive to

Which of the following is not a reason why perceiving phoneme is so difficult?

there are hundreds of phonemes in English

Today researchers would say amnesic patients can learn a mirror tracing task because :

there is more than one memory system

Using the availability heuristic, people judge events as more probable when

they can think of more examples of the event

One reason why behaviorist theories were seen as inadequate is because

they could not account for the learning of some complex behaviors such as language.

What was the primary goal of Introspectionism?

to find basic elements of consciousness

In Palmer's (1975) experiment, he showed participants a scene, and then briefly flashed pictures of objects that would or would not fit into the context scene. When asked to identify the objects, participants were able identify the objects that were appropriate to the context much better than the ones which were not appropriate to the context. This is an example of

top-down processing

What you know already know about the topic of a passage is an important contributor to how well you will understand the passage when you read it.

true

Which of the following would be an example of deep processing?

trying to think of three characteristics of lions

In visual processing, edges are _______ in different lighting conditions.

unchanged

For which situation would an algorithm best solve the problem?

using a map to find a route to a new destination

Neuro imaging has shown that damage to the _____________ system impairs visual imagery, while damage to the _____________ system impairs spatial imagery.

ventral, dorsal

If a child shows less aggressive behavior after seeing another child be punished for aggressive behavior, this is an example of:

vicarious reinforcement

Which of the following best describes how working memories can be coded?

visuospatially, semantically, acoustically

Romeo's metaphor of Juliet brightening his life like the sun brightens the world is an example of which type of thinking?

Analogic

Transfer-appropriate processing is the idea that

Memory is best when the types of processing at encoding and retrieval match

Models of memory organization deal with what sort of memories?

Semantic

Which of the following is true about false memories?

A delay between study and test increases their frequency

The decline of introspectionism and the rise in the behaviorist movement in American psychology can best be described as the shift in asking the question of _________ to the question of ________?

"What are the contents of the mind?" to "What is the relation between stimuli in the environment and behavior?"

A researcher tells a participant that, as strange as it might sound, owls like onions. He then asks the participant "Do starlings also like onions?" How will the average participant answer this question, and what is this an example of?

"no"; novel characteristics of a less-typical category member will not easily generalize to other members of the same category.

In a _________ theory of choice, decision-making is internally consistent, while in a _________ theory of choice, decision-making is prescriptive (e.g. certain choices are valued over others).

.Rational; normative

The knowledge that most birds fly is an example of _________.

A default value

Which of the following would be a scenario in which an experimenter would want to use naturalistic observation study?

A real estate agent wants to know whether people drive more slowly when they pass a house that has a "For Sale" sign in the yard, compared to a house without a sign

What type of event is most likely to create a flashbulb memory?

A situation that provokes a strong emotional reaction

Which of the following is true about the proposition format of sentence representation?

An individual proposition is the most basic unit of meaning

Concepts are ways of efficiently remembering information because they allow for __________.

Abstract and general formulations derived from specific instances

If the figure below represents way cognitive psychologists conceive of behavior, what should replace the ?????

Abstract constructs

For over twenty years you have driven from UVa grounds to the airport about once a week. What problem-solving method are you most likely to use to solve the problem of finding your way there?

Algorithm

Research on the development of language has shown that _______.

All children around the world learn language in the same sequence of steps

Which of the following is an example of a conversion error?

All squares are rectangles, therefore all rectangles are squares

The primary effect of chunking is to:

Allow more to be stored in Working Memory

A tachistoscope was an invaluable piece of experimental equipment in the 20th century because it______.

Allowed for precise timing of how long stimuli were shown to participants

Voice activation systems allow users to control features of an automobile like the sound system and windshield wipers with vocal commands. Studies show such systems

Always require attention because issuing commands is still a second task that's being added to the primary task of driving

How are patients with anterograde amnesia expected to perform relative to healthy control participants on a stem-completion priming task?

Amnesic patients are equally likely as the healthy control participants to complete the word stems with previously presented words

Suppose I show you a series of photographs of people, and ask you to comment on how stylish the clothing of each person is. After you've seen all the photos I ask "how many adults and how many children were shown in the photos?" This question is

An incidental memory test

You're a contestant on a television game show and you're asked how much a microwave costs. However, the only kitchen appliance you've ever purchased is a coffee maker. Using the coffee maker as reference when figuring out the price of a microwave is and example of

Anchoring

One theory about forgetting for anterograde amnesics was that they might have some problems with their retrieval process. What is one reason that people gave up on this theory?

Anterograde amnesics can often retrieve memories from childhood without a problem

In an experimental research design, the researcher manipulates:

At least one independent variable

In the modal model, ________is important in ensuring that information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory.

Attention

Being able to focus on your reflection in a store front window while ignoring the contents inside the shop requires which of the following:

Attention selecting by object, not space.

What psychological construct do task-switching paradigms examine?

Attentional capacity

The Stroop effect is an example of:

Automaticity

The Stroop task is when observers are asked to name the color of the ink for lists of color words. Which of the following phenomena does the Stroop task demonstrate?

Automaticity happens without intention

The mental concept for "companion" would

Be a role governed concept

Why do current IQ tests no longer rely on a ratio of 'mental age' and 'chronological age' to assess intelligence?

Because IQ tests are also used to test adult intelligence, and after a certain age 'mental age' does not continue to increase, although 'chronological age' does.

In Tulving et al's "Recognition failure of recallable words" experiment, participants saw pairs of words (like ground: COLD), but were told they would only be tested on the words in capital letters. At test, they were asked (a) to identify target words they had seen from a list of words and; (b) to recall the words in response to their cues (which were the words in lower case letters). They found that participants could recall some words which they could not recognize. What was the reason for this?

Because of the cue, the target word was encoded in terms of a specific feature, which one retrieval test emphasized but the other didn't.

Algorithms are useful for problem solving

Because they automatize the process of solving familiar problems

In a memory study, participants are asked to listen to 4 separate lists of words. After each list is read, the participants try to recall as many words from that list as they can. In the first 3 lists, all of the participants heard lists of different types of fruits. For the 4th list, half of the participants heard a list of vegetables, and the other half heard a list of professions. The group that heard the list of professions would have __________ memory of their 4th list compared to the group that heard the list of vegetables.

Better

Your ability to identify objects from many different orientations (i.e. independent of viewpoint) is consistent with which model?

Biederman's recognition by components model

Which of the following pairings best could show the concept of preparedness?

CS = candy and UR = nausea

Typicality effects pose a problem for which model of categorization?

Categories as definitions (or rules)

Skeletal conditioning is primarily localized in which part of the brain?

Cerebellum

What is a crucial characteristic of experimental research?

Changing one variable and measuring how that affects another variable

If someone is given a long string of numbers to remember, what strategy is the best way for them to hold all of these in working memory at the same time?

Chunking

The use of attractive actors in advertisements is a strategic deployment of :

Classical Conditioning

People are very good at solving the Wason card problem when given a rule like this one to evaluate: "If you are cleaning blood, then you must wear protective gloves." Why does this success cause problems for the Evolutionary View of reasoning?

Cleaning blood is based on a health safety precaution, not on the detection of people cheating the system. The cheater-detection module is not broad enough to account for this ability.

The cognitive psychology notion of "efficiency" relies on the idea that:

Cognitive models can make different predictions about how efficiently the mind will accomplish a mental task.

Which of the following is a reason why psychologists do not believe that dogs and humans have a shared language?

Communication between dogs and humans is not generative

In the wintertime, branches often get weighed down from piles of snow and ice. When the weight is too much, there is a snapping sound, followed by the ice/snow falling from the branch. If you were walking under these branches and you heard a snapping sound, you might flinch, even if no ice/snow falls from the tree. In this situation, the snapping sound is the _________________?

Conditioned stimulus

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of a semantic network?

Connection weights are fixed

Which of these describes one of the main problems in the relationship between behavioral science and neuroscience?

Data from neuroscientific experiments are not compatible with behavioral theories

Which of the following is true of gestural languages like Nicaraguan Sign Language?

Deaf children living together will spontaneously create a sign language if they are not taught one.

One mechanism of forgetting suggests there's a spontaneous decomposition of memory, and the other mechanism suggests that there's a decomposition of memory, but it happens due to new learning. These are:

Decay and unlearning

Retinal disparity is the difference between what the left and right eye see. As an object moves further away, retinal disparity ___________.

Decreases

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _____ reasoning.

Deductive

What's the difference between the deep structure and shallow structure of a sentence?

Deep structure is grammar and shallow structure is word spelling (orthography)

Someone with damage to the dorsal stream of their visual system would experience deficits with which of the following tasks?

Describing what a capital letter R would look like if it were rotated 180 degrees

Which of the following visual search tasks would have the longest reaction time:

Detecting a small red q in an array of 40 q's, each of which may be big or small, and red or black.

Human brain imaging has made it possible to:

Determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes

We said there are several steps in using the "efficiency" method to gather evidence for cognitive models. If I said "In Sternberg's experiment on short term memory scanning. he proposed that scanning might be a serial exhaustive process, a parallel process, or a serial self-terminating process," that would be an example of which step?

Develop competing theories

Which of these created the biggest challenge to the feature model of object recognition?

Difficulty applying it to natural objects in the real world

A child is rewarded with praise for saying "mama" when her mother is present, but not when her brother is the only one present. In this example, the child's mother is acting as a:

Discriminative stimulus

Although people do very poorly on formal reasoning problems, that's just because it's hard to make the rules of logic conscious. If you give people problems to solve, they use those rule unconsciously, in the same way that people unconsciously apply the rules of grammar when they speak.

False

One of the most important impediments to the acceptance of using abstract constructs in psychology was that no other scientific fields used them

False

The quality of the school you attend doesn't affect your IQ

False

True or False: Automaticity can be observed in the laboratory, but it probably doesn't make a big contribution to task performance in daily life.

False

What are the two criteria required for a task to be defined as automatic?

Few attentional resources are required and intention is not required

An important distinction of types of intelligence to come out of factor analyses studies suggests that one type of intelligence concerns a persons facility in manipulating information, and the other type concerns the amount of information they have in memory. What are these types of intelligence called?

Fluid and Crystallized

Which of the following would be an unconditioned stimulus for a human?

Food

All Renaissance and Post-Renaissance philosophers argued

For a non-deterministic view when it comes to human thoughts and actions

You are presented with a series of pictures depicting household objects and then are asked a week later to write down as many objects as you can remember. What kind of memory test is this?

Free recall

The best method to fully assess the location of activation in a brain structure (e.g., the hippocampus)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

In movies, inventors frequently find themselves stuck on a problem, not making any progresss. Then, seemingly out of nowhere, they exclaim "I've found the solution!" This mental process is of most interest to psychologists with which viewpoint?

Gestalt

Models of high level vision use which principle to determine the features of natural objects (e.g., a dog)?

Good continuation

Gestalt psychologists suggested that insight problem solving involved _________.

Gradually increasing intuitions of the solution that are unconscious

The information processing view of intelligence

Has had some limited success, but really hasn't been the subject of much research.

Which of the following has been shown to help people become more effective problem solvers?

Having a high working memory capacity

Which of the following conditions would eradicate the McGurk effect?

Having the participant close their eyes

Chris recently saw a Labradingle, a breed of dog he has not seen before. According to the exemplar model, how did Chris process the Labradingle and decide it was a dog?

He compared the Labradingle to the prototypical "dog" in memory, found it similar enough to be a dog, and categorized it as a dog

Chris recently saw a Labradingle, a breed of dog he has not seen before. According to the exemplar model, how did Chris process the Labradingle and decide it was a dog?

He compared the Labradingle with his memories of other dogs, found it similar enough to be a dog, and stored the Labradingle in his memory with a category label, "dog."

When a child learns to read, what is the most difficult aspect of decoding by sound?

Hearing individual speech sounds

Perkin's laws state that different conjunctions of lines in a 2D drawing are assumed to correspond to different 3D shapes. Why is this assumption important?

Helps us to resolve the shape/orientation indeterminacy

How does a 3D feature model of object recognition adequately explain how one might identify an ovject in an unusual orientation, e.g. - dog when it is curled up in a ball?

It suggests that the spatial relationships between the features of the dog are perceived relative to the other features of the dog, rather than relative to the viewer or the environment.

All of the following are problems with using an exclusively logographic writing system, except one: which is NOT a problem?

It's hard to represent abstract ideas (e.g., "democracy") with logographs

Mikhail and Jim both arrive to the airport 30 minutes after their respective flights were scheduled to leave. Mikhail's flight left on time, so he missed his flight by 30 minutes. Jim's flight was delayed by 25 minutes, so he only missed his flight by 5 minutes. Which man will likely be more angry about missing their flight, and why?

Jim because he can simulate downhill, and catching his flight doesn't seem that far-fetched.

In a dichotic listening task, João is asked to shadow a story he's hearing in one ear while a list of words plays in the other ear. If attention is an early filter, which of the following would you expect:

João will notice a gap in speech in the unshadowed ear

Which of the following is true about languages and why?

Languages are rapidly disappearing because people are assimilating and using common languages of commerce.

Neuroimaging studies show support for the dual route model, and have shown which of the following results?

Letter pronunciation is associated with an area in the brain related to sound processing

According to the research on image generation, which letters would take longest to generate?

Letters with the most parts

In reading, translation rules help someone get from ____ to ____.

Letters; word sounds

Which of the following is an impediment to conducting neuroscience research?

Linking region-specific neural activation with behavior does not always provide insight into the underlying process of the behavior

An example of introspection would be ____________.

Listening to a metronome and describing the mental of perceiving the sounds

The subtraction task method helps to

Localize brain function

Having a schema for a situation that you're experiencing

Makes anything unusual about the situation more noticeable to you

If a theory of choice is normative, that means it

Makes claims about how someone should decide

Experiments investigating the prototype view of categorization have shown that:

Many exemplars are combined to form a concept

Which of the following lists would be the most difficult for people to recall in a typical working memory experiment, where the words are read aloud at a pace of one each second?

Map, man, mat, mop

Your goal is to make a pumpkin cheesecake for Thanksgiving. You have the recipe and are ready to start making it when you realize you don't have a can of pumpkin. Which of the following problem solving heuristics would allow you to set a new sub-goal of getting your car keys so you can drive to the store and buy a can of pumpkin?

Means-ends analysis

Researchers like Pylyshyn (1973) suggested that spatial experience of mental images in memory is an epiphenomenon. What did they mean?

Mental images accompany some mental processes like certain types of memory recall, but are not necessary for the mental processes to occur

Which of the following is an assumption that cognitive psychologists typically make in studying the mind?

Mental processes can be decomposed into parts

Ungerleider and Mishkin (1982) trained monkeys on tasks that involved recognizing an object for a reward and remembering the location of an object for a reward. They then removed part of the temporal lobe from the brains of some monkeys, and part of the parietal lobe from the brains of other monkeys. They found that

Monkeys with temporal lesions did well on the location task but not on the object recognition task, while monkeys with parietal lesions showed the opposite behavior

Retinal disparity is the difference between the images on the left and right retina. A closer object has ______ retinal disparity compared to the same object farther away.

More

Do researchers think that there is one type of motor skill or more than one type

More than one

Which one of the following statements about factor analysis in intelligence research is true?

Most researchers think that factor analysis shows that something like g exists

In an effort to understand how people use public space, Pierre decides to sit in the town's pedestrian mall, taking notes on relevant information. Pierre is using what research method?

Naturalistic observation

Why is it often difficult to use neuroscientific data to inform cognitive theory?

Neuroscientists collect data about the brain's anatomy and physiology, while cognitivists are concerned with behavior. It is difficult to effectively translate between the two disciplines

Why is it often difficult to use neuroscientific data to inform cognitive theory?

Neuroscientists collect data about the brain's anatomy and physiology, while cognitivists are concerned with behavior. It is difficult to effectively translate between the two disciplines.

People are supposed to ignore the content of a syllogism, and just judge it as valid or invalid based on the logical form. Are most people able to ignore the content?

No

Suppose an object has features that are rare for members of a category (e.g., jumping in a swimming pool with their clothing on), but when these features are observed, they are highly diagnostic of category membership (e.g., drunk people). People are likely to say such an object is a member of the category. Does this finding support probabilistic/similarity models of categorization?

No

Can you test people's ability to divide attention by giving them two tasks to do at once?

No, this method doesn't work

Research investigating if non-human primates can be taught language has revealed_____.

Non-human primates do not show arbitrary, structured, or generative language abilities

Suppose two semi-transparent words (one blue, the other red) are printed on top of each other, and you are asked to read the blue one. You are able to do that, and indeed, you would not be able to say what word was printed in red once the stimulus disappeared. This result should be interpreted as indicating that we attend to:

Objects

When watching a movie, we perceive a continuous, smooth picture but in reality the projector's shutter is opening and closing, so the picture rapidly alternates with darkness. Why do we not perceive these dark flashes?

Our sensory memory causes persistence of vision.

The early studies of twins (1990 and before)

Overestimated the contribution of genes to intelligence because the sample only included fairly wealthy families

A child saying "we goed to the store to buy some tooths-paste" is an example of _________.

Overregularization

What evidence supports Rosch's idea that a certain level of categorization is psychologically "privileged"?

Participants are faster to label items in basic level categories than superordinate level categories

Flashbulb memories of 9/11 indicate (note: this is currently considered our best guess as to what's true of flashbulb memories):

Participants have the same accuracy but higher confidence in a flashbulb memory compared to normal memories.

In an experiment, all participants understand the rule, "white wine pairs with fish," and are then given a reasoning problem, "when I eat haddock, then I drink gin." What do the researchers find about people's reasoning in this problem?

People are not great at solving some problems even if they are familiar with similar problems

In an experiment, all participants understand the rule, "white wine pairs with fish," and are then given a reasoning problem, "when I eat haddock, then I drink gin." What do the researchers find about people's reasoning in this problem?

People are not great at solving some problems even if they are familiar with similar problems.

Expected utility was incorporated into decision making theory to account for ___________.

People having different preferences for an outcome of a decision

The Bayesian information gain model of reasoning proposes which of the following?

People make decisions in ways that maximize how much information they'll gain, rather than use logical rules of reasoning

Experiments on the definitional view of categorization (also called the classical view) showed that _________.

People sometimes learn concepts by developing hypotheses about rule that define categories

Which of the following is true of heuristics in problem solving?

People use heuristics to guide their choice of operators

Which of the following best characterizes how habitual multitasking interacts with attentional control?

People who multitask a lot have worse attentional control than those who multitask infrequently

Participants were faster to respond with the color of a rabbit's nose when they imaged it next to a fly than when they imaged it next to an elephant. This finding was interpreted as showing

People zoom in on images to see them more clearly

Experiments on source memory have revealed which of the following?

People's memories can be easily altered by asking misleading questions about events

Which of these is a mechanism used by our visual system to solve the problem of indeterminate orientation/shape of objects?

Perkins Law

If an ambiguous sound is inserted into a sentence, it may later be disambiguated through context. For example, the sentence: "It was found that the *eel was on the shoe" may be heard as "It was found that the heel was on the shoe." The process by which this occurs is called:

Phoneme restoration effect

Descriptive language rules differ from prescriptive language rules in that:

Prescriptive rules describe rules that people would accept about how to speak, whereas descriptive rules characterize language as it is ordinarily used by fluent speakers and listeners

Which of the following has been shown to be helpful in preventing base-rate neglect errors?

Presenting the data in terms of frequencies

You study chemistry vocabulary for one hour. Then you study biology vocabulary for one hour. Then you take your biology exam. You would remember more biology vocabulary if you had not studied chemistry before you studied biology because of

Proactive interference

Chimps have been shown to have a "conversation" in which one communicates information about a hidden reward to another. Do most researchers take this to mean that chimps understand words as arbitrary symbols?

Probably not conclusive evidence because other work showed that pigeons can do the same thing and it's just hard to believe that birds can use language

Chimps have been shown to have a "conversation" in which one communicates information about a hidden reward to another. Do most researchers take this to mean that chimps understand words as arbitrary symbols?

Probably not conclusive evidence because other work showed that pigeons can do the same thing and it's just hard to believe that birds can use language.

When talking about a certain problem or puzzle, the many configurations of possible configurations of the puzzle on the way to the solution is called________.

Problem Space

Suppose I read a sentence to you and 30 seconds later ask you to tell me the meaning of that sentence. What representation of the sentence would you likely use to answer my question?

Propositions

Typicality effects are observed with ad-hoc categories. This result presents a challenge to:

Prototype models

The Fan Effect is characterized by which of the following?

Provides support for the spreading activation model.

What is one of the founding principles of behaviorism?

Psychologists should only study observable phenomena

After the study of psychology shifted from a Behaviorist approach to a Cognitive approach, what was the biggest difference in how psychological phenomena were considered and tested, and how theories were formed?

Psychologists supplemented studies of behavior with theories about abstract constructs that supported thought.

The Collins and Quillian hierarchical model predicts that "A pig is a mammal" should be verified more _______ than "A pig is an animal." This prediction was found to be ______.

Quickly, false

Sternberg proposed three possible ways in which we search our short-term memory. As he conceived of short term memory search, how would increasing set size affect reaction times, if the search is serial and exhaustive?

Reaction times decrease linearly as set size increases, for both "yes" and "no" responses

Patients with damage to the posterior parietal cortex show what type of response for the invalid/valid visual cue paradigm

Really slow for invalid trials (on contralateral side of damage) but they use the cue on valid trials on either side.

Select which test of memory provides the most information to the learner about the to-be-remembered content.

Recognition

Which experimental phenomenon does behaviorism a good job of explaining?

Reinforcement learning

A scientist measuring the number of selfies people post on social media after a breakup would be best described as what kind of research?

Relational

We ask people leaving the grocery store to fill out a questionnaire asking how much soda they consume and if they have any health problems, and we plan to look for a statistical association between soda consumption and diabetes. What type of research are we conducting?

Relational research

Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?

Remembering what you wore to your high school graduation

During the renaissance, the scientific method was not used to study the mind because

Renaissance philosophers assumed the mind does not take up space and cannot be measured

Memory experiments with frequently encountered information like coins or logos have shown which of the following?

Repeated exposure to information does not ensure it gets stored in long-term memory

A participant is shown a list of words (e.g., train). An hour later they are given word stems (e.g., tra__) and are asked to complete the stems with the first word that comes to mind. Results show that they complete the stems with words from the original list at a rate higher than control subjects who didn't see the list. This is an example of _______.

Repetition priming

Imagine that someone reads a list of different kinds of animals (including "monkey." An hour later they are asked to complete the word stem "Mon____" so that it forms a word. This is an example of ___.

Repetition priming

Which of the following heuristics describes why people tend to think you are more likely to get 3 tails and 2 heads than 5 heads when flipping a coin five times?

Representativeness

What was the resolution to the debate about imagery as a type of mental representation?

Researchers concluded that mental images are a type of mental representation

Which of the following best describes how a functionalist would approach studying the mind?

Researching the fundamental purpose of vision and what humans use it for

Which of the following substeps of task execution is the bottleneck to multi-tasking? That is, which of these substeps can only handle one task at a time?

Response Selection

The interference seen during the Stroop Task happens during _____:

Response selection

The psychological refractory period happens at which stage of processing?

Response selection

Which of the following substeps of task execution is the bottleneck to multi-tasking? That is, which of these substeps can only handle one task at a time?

Response selection

Which of the following was interpreted as supporting the early filter of attention?

Results from dichotic listening experiments

In class we went over an experiment that examined people's ability to solve a problem (rays-tumor) after reading an analogous story (armies-fortress). What did this experiment show?

Retrieval is often the source of difficulty in using analogies

In class we went over an experiment that examined people's ability to solve a problem (rays-tumor) after reading an analogous story (armies-fortress). What did this experiment show?

Retrieval is often the source of difficulty in using analogies.

Which of the following is not an example of priming?

Reverse word reading

Sierra's kitten Roo is very distracting when she tries to work from home. Occasionally she's able to habituate to his presence but it's usually extremely difficult. This is probably because:

Roo is constantly in motion

After taking Prof. Willingham's class, you want to use all of your wonderful new knowledge about attention to help your friends with their study habits. You ask them to email you details about their current study environments. Bob says he studies in Old Cabell Hall in front of the detailed and complex mural. Sam says he studies in his dorm while listening to classical music. Jen says she turns the volume all the way up on her white noise machine when she studies. From these responses, who would you recommend to change their study habits and why?

Sam, because the constantly changing nature of music is difficult to habituate to.

Which of these shows the correct order for how much people remember on each type of memory test, in general?

Savings in relearning > Recognition > Cued recall > Free recall

Each person has a particular script for the sequence of events that take place in a restaurant: we are greeted by the hostess, led to a table, given a menu, place an order, etc. This is an example of our ________________ for/of a restaurant visit.

Schema or script

When you go to a drive-thru to get fast food you know the typical sequence of actions: look at the menu, place an order, drive to window, pay, and then collect your food. This is an example of a ____________

Script

Which of the following is the best example of an abstract construct in human behavior?

Selecting a word to say

Research has shown that word representations become active even when just the first few phonemes of a word are heard. Which of the following is true related to these activated representations?

Several active word representations compete with one another

Even though people see and touch pennies every day, most will fail to remember which way Lincoln is depicted as facing. This is most easily explained by:

Shallow encoding

What is the most effective way to train a rooster to learn a complex behavior like jumping through a hoop?

Shape its behavior with operant conditioning

Which of the following features of objects may be processed without the allocation of attentional resources?

Shapes

Cognitive economy refers to the idea that:

Shared properties of a category are stored only once with the higher level concept

When searching for an analogy to solve a problem people are most likely to find an analogous situation in memory that

Shares the deep shallow of the problem—that is, that has the same specific elements

Mingmei wants to log into a website. She has forgotten the last few characters of her password. Which of the following is an example of the hill climbing heuristic of problem solving? (Note: not necessarily successful problem-solving, just an example of using the hill-climbing heuristic.)

She opens the browser window. She types in the first few characters, which she knows

Mingmei wants to log into a website. She has forgotten the last few characters of her password. Which of the following is an example of the hill climbing heuristic of problem solving? (Note: not necessarily successful problem-solving, just an example of using the hill-climbing heuristic.)

She opens the browser window. She types in the first few characters, which she knows.

What was seen as the major challenge that cognitive psychology needed to overcome for it to be considered a science?

Showing that theories using abstract constructs could be scientific

In lecture, we saw that President Obama could be judged as similar to as a pack of gum. This example illustrates:

Similarity can be influenced by the features used in comparisons.

A restaurant patron consumes spoiled mussels, becomes physically sick, and subsequently never tries mussels again. This sequence of events is an example of which phenomenon?

Single trial learning

For Posner's beam theory of attention, his experimental design asked participants to continuously stare at a fixation cross while an arrow either pointed in the direction a stimulus was going to appear (valid trials) or pointed in the opposite direction from where the stimulus would appear (invalid trails). When he tested participants with damaged posterier parietal cortex, who had trouble disengaging, they were:

Slower on invalid trials but not valid trials

The fan effect predicts that a person who knows more about dog breeds would be ____ to identify a husky as a breed of dog, than a person who only knows the one breed of dog, the husky. This assumption of the fan effect is _____.

Slower; true only in lab contexts

Insight problems differ from other types of problems in which of the following ways?

Solving insight problems is sudden and not incremental

How many memories of adults are permanent (that is, never forgotten)?

Some are permanent, but not all.

Different languages divide the visible light spectrum into different numbers of color names. This provides an opportunity to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Do these tests provide evidence for the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

Some evidence for the weak version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Which of the following would be predicted by the Whorfian hypothesis?

Some ideas and meanings cannot be translated into another language

Visual mental imagery uses what sort of representation?

Structured representations

Mateo doesn't know much about musical instruments, but his girlfriend thought he might enjoy learning to play one, so she bought him an electric guitar. For Mateo, the category level of "electric guitar" would be:

Subordinate level

Which of the following is true about the Dual process models applied to reasoning?

System 2 is a uniquely human process

When training an animal, it is best to reward them immediately. Why?

Temporal contingency

What is the term for recent memories being more disrupted in amnesia than older memories?

Temporal gradient

The scientific method can be described as a three-step process by which the scientist observes, theorizes, and tests. This process is iterative, meaning that these three steps form a cycle that can be repeated over and over. Which of the following aspects of the scientific method was most problematic for introspectionism?

Test

In testing what relates to the best recall, researchers have found that ___________.

Tests that prompt the same mental processes present during encoding lead to the best recall

In his studies of short term memory, Sternberg had three different predictions about how people mentally scan letters in a set: serial/self terminating; serial/exhaustive; and parallel. After testing, he found that the serial/exhaustive prediction best fit his data. However, what assumption did he make that could have affected his predictions?

That it took the same amount of time to scan each letter, regardless of the size of the set

The acoustic confusion effect shows support for which of the following features of working memory?

That people usually code words acoustically even if they are presented visually

Noam Chomsky made the distinction between competence and performance to highlight which of the following?

That people's knowledge of grammar often differs from their spoken use of it

What did Plato mean by the idea that we can "carve nature at its joints"?

That real boundaries of categories exist in nature

What conclusions did researchers draw when members of the Kpelle people sorted cards functionally rather than categorically?

That the Kpelle people highly value the functional relationships between things, and 'smart' Kpelle know these relationships.

Framing effects tell us what about how the average person makes decisions?

That the description of the problem will influence decision-making.

Patient H.M. taught us a lot about memory processes, which of the following ideas was supported by studies with H.M.?

That there are different memory systems that can operate independently of one another

A task asks you to imagine a capital letter D, rotate it 90 degrees to the left, and place a capital letter J at the bottom. It then asks you what the final image is. The way that people do this task demonstrates:

That you can learn something new by inspecting an image

Which of the following is a typical effect of extensive knowledge about a topic on solving problems related to that topic?

The application of some rules required to solve the problem will have been automated, so there will be fewer demands on working memory.

In working memory, the process of talking to yourself to rehearse something is handled by which part of the model?

The articulatory control process

Articulatory suppression is a phenomenon that provides evidence for

The articulatory control process being similar to speech

In what way does the cognitive perspective differ from Introspectionism?

The cognitive perspective attempts to identify the processes and representations that support thought while introspectionism was more concerned with describing the contents of consciousness

What's the difference between the deep structure and shallow structure of a sentence?

The deep structure corresponds to meaning and the shallow structure to the phrase structures corresponding to the words of the sentence.

Research investigating violations of social contracts has shown which of the results?

The definition of a cheater depends on the social perspective someone adopts

Why did researchers begin to doubt the classical view of categorization? What was the major problem?

The definitional view could not explain the typicality effect.

If scientists wanted to study the effects of mindfulness meditation on emotion regulation compared to playing video games, which of the following would be the dependent variable?

The degree of emotion regulation

What is a common criticism of cognitive psychology?

The experiments conducted in the lab don't reflect real-world experiences

You're doing a memory experiment in which one group of participants makes a rhyming judgment (shallow encoding) and another group makes a meaning judgment (deep encoding). When given a memory test using rhyming cues, which group will do better, and why?

The rhyming group, because of transfer-appropriate processing

We said that thinking about memory tests as differing in their sensitivity is limited. What does this theory fail to account for?

The similarity of the distractors to the to-be-remembered information influences the difficulty of a recognition test

In a semantic priming experiment, participants are shown two strings of letters and must say whether both letter strings are words. When the letter strings are semantically-related words, participants are faster to respond than when both are unrelated words. Which model of explicit memory organization is best able to explain this semantic priming effect?

The spreading activation model of Collins and Loftus

What was tested in Sperling's 1960 task where participants were briefly presented with an array of numbers and letters and asked to immediately report as many as they could?

The storage capacity of sensory memory

Hygge, the Danish word or the pleasant, genial, and intimate feeling associated with sitting around a fire in the winter with close friends, doesn't have a specific word in the English language. Which of the following is true:

The strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that English speakers will not be able to understand the idea of Hygge because they can't locate the English equivalent in their lexicon.

Which of the following is true about the Recognition by Components theory (the one that uses geons)

The theory proposes that geons are fundamental shapes, from which all objects can be recognized.

If a critical period for learning a musical instrument were to exist, that would mean:

The timing of when in life the instrument is learned is important.

According to expected utility theory,

The value of an outcome varies from person to person, and even within the same person at different times

According to expected utility theory,

The value of an outcome varies from person to person, and even within the same person at different times.

Orthographic processing is

The visual process that allows recognition of individual letters

In Simons and Chabris's inattentional blindness experiment, participants watched a video of people passing a ball. Many participants failed to report that a gorilla walked through the scene, because:

Their attention was focused on the ball, because they were counting the number of ball passes

Sperling's experiment (in which participants were asked to report a specific row of visual stimuli that appeared for 50 ms) solved which issue present in earlier versions of this experiment?

There was no way to test participants' claims that their perception faded rapidly as they were reporting the letters they had seen

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of flashbulb memories?

They are more accurate than other memories

Behaviorists objected to the use of abstract constructs in explaining behavior because:

They argued it was unscientific, because abstract constructs are unobservable

Using the availability heuristic, people judge events as more probable when

They can think of more examples of the event

Which of these is true about very experienced readers?

They directly associate the spelling of a word with its meaning

Which of the following is true about using algorithms for problem solving?

They don't require much mental effort to use

Which of these is a characteristic of semantic memories?

They lack contextual information

Sperling briefly flashed an array of letters to participants and then presented a tone after the visual stimulus disappeared to indicate which row of stimuli the participant should recall. What was the goal of this experiment?

To test the capacity of sensory memory

In Palmer's (1975) experiment, he showed participants a scene, and then briefly flashed pictures of objects that would or would not fit into the context scene. When asked to identify the objects, participants were able identify the objects that were appropriate to the context much better than the ones which were not appropriate to the context. This is an example of

Top-down processing

Knowing that an object is in a parking lot informs your identification of the object as a car. This is an example of:

Top-down processing

The parsing paradox concerns

Top-down processing occurring at the same time as bottom-up processing

Experimental findings about which of the following was the greatest challenge to the strength view of memory?

Transfer-appropriate processing

What you know already know about the topic of a passage is an important contributor to how well you will understand the passage when you read it.

True

Which of the following would be an example of deep processing?

Trying to think of three characteristics of lions.

Research has shown that infants learn to segment the speech stream into words by

Using statistical regularities in speech

Which of the following would be an example of an object-centered representation of a tree:

Using the knowledge that the leaves are connected branches and the branches are connected to the trunk.

Neuro imaging has shown that damage to the _____________ system impairs visual imagery, while damage to the _____________ system impairs spatial imagery.

Ventral, dorsal

Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement or punishment of another person is known as __________.

Vicarious Reinforcement

Paivio's groundbreaking experiments with the paired associates task comparing the effect of concrete and abstract nouns showed that_____.

Visual imagery affects memory

In Kosslyn's mental scanning study, participants memorized a map, and then were asked to mentally travel between different locations on the map they visually imaged. They were to report when they had "arrived" at the destination. He found that it took longer for participants to "arrive" at locations that were further from the starting point. This experiment supports which aspect of visual imagery theory?

Visual images are spatial

As we read a sentence we parse its phrase structure. Which of the following describes that process?

We assign phrase structure roles to each word as it is perceived

Shading in a picture gives us the impression of 3 dimensions. Which assumption of the visual system is most important to this phenomenon?

We assume that surfaces are uniformly colored

Which of the following is true about how mental imagery differs from perception?

We image things oriented closer to being vertical or horizontal, even if what we are trying to image is oriented on a diagonal.

The McGurk effect shows

We rely on both visual and auditory signals to disambiguate phonemes.

Visual illusions show differences based on culture, which has been interpreted as showing:

We shouldn't trust the results of psychology experiments, because most of the participants come from a small set of similar cultures

If you are asked to summarize a story that you read several weeks ago, you will typically recall:

What you remember will depend on what your goals were when you read it

In which of the following instances would lexical access occur, even if the word is mispronounced?

When mispronunciations are natural, ie. like those that people commonly make.

Suppose you present participants with lists of words to remember briefly in a working memory task. These words may be either semantically or perceptually similar. In which condition would the participants respond with the highest accuracy?

When the words are neither semantically or perceptually related

Vector flows are thought to be important under which of the following conditions?

When you're moving through space and estimating your speed

When cognitive psychology first developed, one of the field's greatest challenges was the question of:

Whether you could develop testable theories using abstract constructs

Which model of grammar seemed promising, but had problems accounting for how dependencies in language structure could be modeled?

Word chain theories

Which of the following heuristics is most effective at problem solving when the goal state is known but the initial state is unknown?

Working backwards

Joaquin has acquired dyslexia from a brain injury. If this injury has damaged the connection between his visual input and his lexicon, which of the following words would he think is not an actual word?

Yacht

A syllogism can be valid but not true:

Yes, it can

A syllogism can be valid but not true:

Yes, it can.

Do very young children (age 4 or 5) rely on perceptual similarity—that is, things looking alike—to make category judgements?

Yes, they are very influenced by things looking alike BUT they recognize that non-perceptual qualities matter too.

Suppose I give subjects a lexical decision task. Some subjects see "doctor" and then "nurse" and others see "plant" and then "nurse." Will the first group response to "nurse" faster than the second group?

Yes, this is semantic priming

One major drawback to relational studies is that:

You don't have the opportunity to manipulate anything

Which of the following is most clearly an example of an operant response?

Your dog barks so you'll let him go outside

Which of these is an example of a concept?

Your mental representation that a spider is a small, eight-legged animal

According to the definitional view of memory concepts (also called the classical view) we use the following to classify a pear:

a list of necessary and sufficient features

Which of the following is the BEST definition of "induction"?

a process in which you draw general conclusions from specific facts or observation

One of the chief problems for behaviorist researchers was

accounting for human language

____ is often studied in the lab through the use of prism goggles:

adaptation skill

For over twenty years you have driven from UVa grounds to the airport about once a week. What problem-solving method are you most likely to use to solve the problem of finding your way there?

algorithm

In an experimental research design, the researcher manipulates:

at least one independent variable

Your textbook describes an experiment in which subjects watch a video of two teams playing a ball-passing game. Subjects are asked to count the passes of one of the teams, and often fail to notice a person in a gorilla suit who walks through the game. This experiment shows

attention is necessary for perception

If a schema or script from long term memory becomes active at the time of encoding, you're more likely to remember the _______ things that happen. At retrieval, schemas make _______ things seem more likely to have happened.

atypical; typical

In order to understand and use optic flow as a cue to visual processing, an organism must

be able to move of its own volition

Algorithms are useful for problem solving

because they automatize the process of solving familiar problems.

Which of the following fields of scientific study rejects abstract constructs as a mechanism to explain behavior?

behaviorism

In a memory study, participants are asked to listen to 4 separate lists of words. After each list is read, the participants try to recall as many words from that list as they can. In the first 3 lists, all of the participants heard lists of different types of fruits. For the 4th list, half of the participants heard a list of vegetables, and the other half heard a list of professions. The group that heard the list of professions would have __________ memory of their 4th list compared to the group that heard the list of vegetables.

better

Skeletal conditioning is associated with which area of the brain?

cerebellum

A dog is very excited to see his owner when she sees her owner when the owner enters the door to the house after work each day. Gradually, the dog starts to become excited as soon as he hears the car door slam shut. In the classical conditioning model, the dog's excitement from hearing the door shut would be a(n):

conditioned response

Moroccan rug merchants have great memory for complex patterns, which is an example of:

culture influencing crystallized intelligence

The fact that some types of furniture (e.g., couch) are more furniture-y than other types of furniture (e.g., credenza) discredits which concept theory most directly?

definitional model

The capacity of the visuospatial sketch pad

depends on the number of objects and their visual complexity

Our visual system can easily find discontinuities in intensity through computation. These discontinuities are known as

edges

The idea that the concept of "scissors" overlaps with the representation of "grasping" supports _______.

embodied representation

Which component of working memory enables the movement of information between auditory and visual storage?

episodic buffer

The vivid memory of the elation that you felt after scoring the winning goal in a soccer game last week would be an example of which type of memory?

episodic memory

A mask influences iconic memory by

erasing its contents

You are in a dark movie theatre intently watching a scary horror movie when someone behind you sneezes, and it startles you. Which of the following best describes your attention toward the sneeze?

exogenous attention

One of the most important impediments to the acceptance of using abstract constructs in psychology was that no other scientific fields used them

false

The Hierarchical Model would predict that confirming that "a gorilla is a mammal" would be _______ than confirming that "a gorilla is an animal." This prediction turns out to be ________.

faster; false

Models of high level vision use which principle to determine the features of natural objects (e.g., a dog)?

good continuation

You want to impress your friends by training your pet squirrel to pick up an acorn you toss and bring it back to you. You are humiliated in front of your friends when, instead of bringing the acorn to you, your squirrel runs up a tree and stores the acorn in its nest. Which of the following influences on learning does this example best represent?

instinctual drift

An analog representation (i.e., an image)_______; a proposition ________.

is concrete and occurs in a spatial medium; has syntax and truth value

An analog representation (i.e., an image)_______; a proposition ________.

is concrete and occurs in a spatial medium; has syntax and truth value.

There was a debate for close to a century about whether there is a single type of intelligence, or whether it makes more sense to think of different types of intelligence. The factor analytic view offers the most persuasive answer, and the conclusion from that research is that intelligence

is sort of both; there's one type of intelligence at the top of a hierarchy, with other types embedded in it.

What's the consensus among memory researchers about repression as a mechanism of forgetting?

it happens, but it's rare

Which of these question refers to memory encoding?

it makes connections to existing knowledge

In reading, translation rules help someone get from ____ to ____.

letters; word sounds

What is the name of the principle consistent with the idea that lines appearing straight in two dimensions will be interpreted as being straight in three dimensions?

likelihood principle

Which of the following characteristics of a visual scene is most likely to distract you? A scene that is:

moving

Suppose an object has features that are rare for members of a category (e.g., jumping in a swimming pool with their clothing on), but when these features are observed, they are highly diagnostic of category membership (e.g., drunk people). People are likely to say such an object is a member of the category. Does this finding support probabilistic/similarity models of categorization?

no

The primary area for vision processing is in which lobe?

occipital lobe

The early studies of twins (1990 and before)

overestimated the contribution of genes to intelligence because the sample only included fairly wealthy families

Which of the following represents a challenges to Skinner's behaviorist theory of language learning in children?

parents seldom correct children's grammar

In a _________ theory of choice, decision-making is internally consistent, while in a _________ theory of choice, decision-making is prescriptive (e.g. certain choices are valued over others).

rational; normative

The interference seen during the Stroop Task happens during _____:

response selection

Which of the following was interpreted as supporting the early filter of attention?

results from dichotic listening experiments

"Time flies like an arrow" is an example of ambiguities that arise due to:

the fact that a single sequence of words is consistent with more than one phrase structure pattern.

Conversational implicature often happens due to __________.

the fact the language is imprecise

Anterograde amnesia is a memory deficit best described as ____________.

the inability to form new memories

The effect called recognition failure of recallable words highlights the importance of ______.

the match between encoding and retrieval conditions

In the Gestalt theory of problem solving, flashes of insight are explained by

the reorganization of the parts of a problem

In the Gestalt theory of problem solving, flashes of insight are explained by

the reorganization of the parts of the problem

What was tested in Sperling's 1960 task where participants were briefly presented with an array of numbers and letters and asked to immediately report as many as they could?

the storage capacity of sensory memory