Midterm Review Developmental Psych
Libido (Freud)
(psychoanalysis) a Freudian term for sexual urge or desire
Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)
0-1 years. Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner
formal operational stage
11+ years abstract thinking leads to reasoning with more complex symbols
identity vs identity confusion
12-18 years. - the period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves
Intimacy vs. Isolation
18-35 years - Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
2-3 years. Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt
pre operational stage
2nd stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development -Ages 2-7 years -Children learn to use language: rapid language growth -Children think literally and egocentrically here--> unable to take on perspective of others
Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson)
3-6 yrs, good: sense of purpose, ability to initiate activities, ability to enjoy accomplishment, bad: fear of punishment, restrict himself, show off
Generativity vs. Stagnation
35- 65 years.- Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service
concrete operational stage
3rd stage ; 7-11 years ; can reason about physical objects
Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)
6-11 years - Children busily learn to be competent and productive or feel inferior and unable to do anything well.
Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson)
60- death.- involves reevaluating what we have done in our lives. If we feel we have done well we have a sense of integrity, otherwise we experience gloom and doubt.
Oral Stage (0-18 months)
Freud's first stage of psychosexual development during which pleasure is centered in the mouth, sucking biting chewing
castration anxiety
In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers.
super ego (freud)
The conscience or "moral stopper" (guilt is here)
ego
The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
Id
The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
(1) This has been proposed by some scholars as a new conception of development representing a distinct developmental period of late teens through the twenties, with a focus on ages 18-25: a. Stilted adulthood b. Emerging adulthood c. Quarter-life crisis d. Expansion of the identity crisis
b. Emerging adulthood
Anal Stage (18-36 months)
pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
Latency stage (6-12 years)
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious
(1) This is the first step of the scientific method: a. Establishing a hypothesis b. Data collection c. Developing the study or research design d. Publication
a. Establishing a hypothesis
10)During which of the stages of psychosexual development does the child experience castration anxiety? a. Oral b. Anal c. Latency d. Phallic
d. phallic
Given that intimacy is far more difficult for individuals who do not have a strong and stable sense of self, resolution of the intimacy versus isolation conflict is heavily dependent on the crisis that occurs in the developmental stage right before it, which is during this approximate developmental period: a. Adolescence b. Emerging adulthood c. Middle Adulthood d. Pre-adolescence (6-12 years)
a. Adolescence
(1) The developmental task during this crisis according to Erikson is to develop the desire to make choices and the self-control to regulate one's behavior so that choices can be actualized: a. Autonomy versus shame, doubt b. Industry versus inferiority c. Identity versus identity confusion d. Trust versus mistrust
a. Autonomy versus shame, doubt
(1) Which of the following stages in development prize the parents—or mother in particular, as was common historically—as the primary agent of socialization for the child during this developmental period? a. Autonomy versus shame, doubt b. Initiative versus guilt c. Ego integrity versus despair d. All of the above
a. Autonomy versus shame, doubt
) This psychosocial crisis also overlaps with when the child is potty trained, which could partially influence how the child overcomes the developmental task during this period: a. Autonomy versus shame, doubt b. Industry versus inferiority c. Identity versus identity confusion d. Trust versus mistrust
a. Autonomy versus shame, doubt
(1) Which of the following reflects how Freud conceptualized or defined the concept of the libido? a. Energy that comes from drives or instincts that direct our behaviors b. The eternal struggle between the life and death instincts c. Sexual energy or psychosexual energy d. The basis of hysteria
a. Energy that comes from drives or instincts that direct our behaviors
(1) In questioning Arnett's (2000) conception of an additional developmental stage across the lifespan, his critics in one of our required readings also pose this point regarding some of the assumptions this scholar makes: a. If there is a prolonged or delayed course in reaching adulthood, is it always marked as being positive, as Arnett (2000) appears to be suggesting with his focus on the role of exploration and choices marking this period? b. In the case of unwanted or earlier pregnancies, isn't it possible that adulthood could be accelerated for some young girls? c. Overall, it seems that emerging adulthood reflects idleness or privilege for those who stay in this "in-between" stage for longer. d. In the case of drug or alcohol use, isn't it possible that adulthood will remain delayed forever?
a. If there is a prolonged or delayed course in reaching adulthood, is it always marked as being positive, as Arnett (2000) appears to be suggesting with his focus on the role of exploration and choices marking this period?
(1) Which of the following reflect autobiographical similarities between Anna Freud and Erikson? a. Neither one of them were credentialed or had formal schooling in the field of psychology b. Both of them became disillusioned by the elder Freud's over-reliance on the role the unconscious played in development c. Neither of them was interested in studying child development but became focused on the subject by necessity during wartime d. Both of them fled to London to avoid Nazi persecution in occupied Austria
a. Neither one of them were credentialed or had formal schooling in the field of psychology
(1) What was the primary mode of study that Anna Freud and others conducted as they interacted with children at the Hampstead War Nursery? a. Observational design b. Correlational studies c. Experimental design d. None of the above
a. Observational design
For purposes of a given study, researchers measure how physically attractive a person is by how symmetrical the features of their face are, and by asking 35 people in a focus group to rate their photos on a scale of 1 to 10 (10 being the most attractive). The researchers then combine the symmetry and focus group scores to come up with a number from 1 to 25 for attractiveness, with higher numbers representing more physically attractive participants. What is this process an example of? a. Operationalization b. Validity c. Hypothesis Testing d. Double blinds
a. Operationalization
According to Freud, as the individual matures across the psychosexual stages of development, what stops emerging sexuality from turning into incest? a. Strong cultural restrictions and the process of socialization shuts down the likelihood of any sexual acts with family or kin by the time the individual enters the genital stage of development b. Sibling rivalry is so prominent for Freud that he sees this as the primary impediment against incestual acts starting with the oral phase of development c. Freud sees incest as a high probability, given the emergence of sexuality and libido at the start of the psychosexual stages of development d. All of the above
a. Strong cultural restrictions and the process of socialization shuts down the likelihood of any sexual acts with family or kin by the time the individual enters the genital stage of development
Which of the following reflect an argument made in the required reading in favor of adding a stage between adolescence and young adulthood? a. The periods between 18-25 reflects one of the only times of life in which nothing is normative demographically b. The periods between 18-25 reflects the only developmental period across the lifespan in which there are the most choices or opportunities for exploration and growth c. During this period of life one can predict a person's demographic status on the basis of age alone d. There is demographic uniformity in experiences during this period on the basis of age alone
a. The periods between 18-25 reflects one of the only times of life in which nothing is normative demographically
(1) According to Freud, children go through two experiences prior to the Phallic stage that sets the stage for them to fear the loss of valued body parts, contributing to castration anxiety that is one of the processes demonstrated during this developmental period. Which of the following represent at least one of those two experiences? a. Withdrawal of the mother's breast following the oral stage b. Lack of the mother's breast for those who never experience breast feeding as infants c. Threat of castration as a consequence of masturbation d. All of the above
a. Withdrawal of the mother's breast following the oral stage
(1) Based on the lecture on nature and nurture, what examples were used to demonstrate processes or development of specific features that exclusively reflect nature? a. Eye color b. Gender c. Social class d. All of the above
a. eye color
In Freud's psychosexual stages of development, if an individual becomes "stuck" in a particular developmental phase, he used this specific term: a. Fixation b. Libido c. Castration anxiety d. Eros
a. fixation
(1) Which of the following factors increases the generalizability of a given study's results? a. Larger sample size b. Proper standards for measuring variables c. Random assignment d. Confidentiality
a. larger sample size
According to Sigmund Freud, why would girls or women be more prone to jealousy than boys or men? a. Penis envy in females may be expressed as jealousy b. Because females do not have castration anxiety as males do, they have more time to focus on other feelings, such as jealousy c. Their "hysteria" could translate as excessive suspicion and/or jealousy d. All of the above
a. penis envy in females may be expressed as jealousy
(16) Female scholars, many of them trained in psychoanalysis, such as Karen Horney, would develop their own interpretations of Freud's theories, challenging some of his assumptions about women. For instance, rather than accepting the notion of penis envy, critics would claim that male anatomy was not envious per se, but rather their elevated social status in the culture, also referred to as this: a. Power envy b. Castration anxiety c. Libido d. Erogenous zones
a. power envy
(1) This is defined as how consistently a method measures something, and can be quantified by researchers through various techniques over the course of constructing the study design: a. Reliability b. Validity c. Generalizability d. Random assignment
a. reliability
Which of the following qualities may be associated with fixation during the anal phase? a. Sloppiness b. Gullibility c. Depression d. All of the above
a.sloppiness
Fixation
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. Biting your nails smoking, issues in the oral stage cause this.
(1) Given the intricate relationship between biology and environment, for purposes of understanding development, what type of question regarding nature and nurture would be most apt for a researcher to pose given what we know today regarding complexity of biological and environmental influences? a. How continuous are biological versus environmental influences on maturation b. How genetic effects are modulated across lifespans of environmental interactions c. How discontinuous are environmental influences on maturation, and how does this impact biological growth d. All of the above
b. How genetic effects are modulated across lifespans of environmental interactions
Based on the video of epigenetics that we watched in class, which of the following conclusions were drawn? a. Identical twin pairs show similar patterns of epigenome expression regardless of age, demonstrating the powerful influence of nature on how genes are expressed b. Identical twin pairs show marked difference in their epigenomes as they get older, suggesting that epigenetic influences accumulate over time and reflect variations in gene expression based on changes in environmental exposures between twin pairs c. If the body/brain were a computer, the genome operates as the software, while the epigenome operates as the hardware, regulating gene expression d. All of the above
b. Identical twin pairs show marked difference in their epigenomes as they get older, suggesting that epigenetic influences accumulate over time and reflect variations in gene expression based on changes in environmental exposures between twin pairs
As discussed in class, average age of onset in the United States for getting cell phones adds the potential for digital gadgets and more readily available access to the Internet and/or social media platforms to intersect with the developmental tasks starting during which period of development? a. Autonomy versus shame, doubt b. Industry versus inferiority c. Identity versus identity confusion d. Initiative versus guilt
b. Industry versus inferiority
Undue failure or frustration during this developmental period may hinder successful resolution of the crisis, leading the individual to feel worthless and/or bad about themselves, especially in relation to others: a. Autonomy versus shame, doubt b. Industry versus inferiority c. Identity versus identity confusion d. Initiative versus guilt
b. Industry versus inferiority
(1) According to researchers, one way to conceptualize this particular concept is as, "everything that occurs outside of the womb" that has the potential to impact or influence a person's development: a. Nature b. Nurture c. Continuity d. Discontinuity
b. Nurture
(1) What is one of the flaws of traditional twin studies in regards to how concordance rates are interpreted by researchers? a. Researchers have assumed when identical twins have higher concordance rates that this reflects higher shared genes, rather than accounting for the likelihood that shared environment may also be more similar for identical twins than fraternal pairs b. The majority of the data collected is based on self-report or observational designs, which are inherently flawed and lacking in validity c.Researchers assume that fraternal twins will have lower concordance rates by downplaying the role of shared environment, and these biases are often reflected in how the research is conducted d. All of the above
b. Researchers have assumed when identical twins have higher concordance rates that this reflects higher shared genes, rather than accounting for the likelihood that shared environment may also be more similar for identical twins than fraternal pairs
(1) Based on the required reading about Anna Freud's wartime work, what was her original plan that eventually developed into the Hampstead War Nursery? a. She planned to visit other orphanages with her father during the war to observe how displaced children were faring, and eventually was inspired to open her own institution b. She planned a temporary war shelter for children, but as the scale and scope of difficulties facing children grew over the course of the war, her plans also grew along with it c. She originally just wanted a small center to observe infants, but ended up turning the center into a larger shelter when it became apparent that many kids had become displaced and orphaned by the war d. Encouraged by her father, Anna had always known that war would break out, and thus the Hampstead War Nursery reflected her accuracy in predicting world events at the time
b. She planned a temporary war shelter for children, but as the scale and scope of difficulties facing children grew over the course of the war, her plans also grew along with it
What was the purpose or intention behind Anna Freud's inviting six young men—all conscientious objectors who had refused to fight in the war—to come and work in the Hampstead War Nurseries? a. She wanted to expose children early to ideologies associated with peacekeeping and conflict resolution to insulate the children from idealizing the war or becoming drawn to the violence that was happening around them b. She realized that male attachment figures were vitally important in the children's lives, and was attempting to offer such figures in the absence of their actual fathers, most of whom were serving overseas c. Having regular male employees in the institution insulated them from harassment and allowed them to continue their work with minimal government-intervention or bureaucratic hurdles d. All of the above
b. She realized that male attachment figures were vitally important in the children's lives, and was attempting to offer such figures in the absence of their actual fathers, most of whom were serving overseas
(1) Which of the following influences does NOT reflect nature on the nature and nurture continuum? a. Instincts b. The epigenome c. The genome d. Biology
b. The epigenome
What "surprising" finding was identified in the Klass (2011) reading when 200 twin pairs were studied regarding autism rates in July of 2011? a. The identical twin pairs had higher concordance rates for autism than the fraternal twins in the study b. The fraternal twin pairs had higher concordance rates for autism than the identical twins in the study c. Neither pairs of twins had particularly high concordance rates for autism d. Concordance rates for autism varied for identical versus fraternal twins based on when they were born
b. The fraternal twin pairs had higher concordance rates for autism than the identical twins in the study
According to Freud, boys do not take the threat of castration seriously until this incident occurs over the course of their development: a. They see their fathers naked b. They observe the genitals of girls, and see their lack of a penis c. They are threatened with castration when caught masturbating d. They are shamed for having sexual urges
b. They observe the genitals of girls, and see their lack of a penis
(1) Over the course of her observation of children, Anna Freud noted that their mode of communication regarding the wartime traumas they had endured varied from that of adults. In fact, one of the most observable and prominent ways that children would communicate about the bombings they had witnessed or the deaths they had experienced was through this: a. Writing poems b. Through play, and in particular, acting out of war games c. Drawing violent images d. Repeating obsessively specific details they remembered regarding what they had seen
b. Through play, and in particular, acting out of war games
This part of the structural model of the psyche or mind according to Freud is present at birth, and regulated by the pleasure principle: a. Libido b. Id c. Superego d. Ego
b. id
(1) At the start of the roll out of vaccines to protect against COVID-19, many pregnant women were unsure regarding whether or not it would be safe for them to receive these shots. They were also getting mixed messages from the CDC regarding vaccine safety, in addition to from their doctors. Much of this confusion was based on the lack of representation of pregnant women in the clinical trials for the vaccine, a common bias in samples that reflects a lack of this feature in clinical trials: a. Large sample size b. Sample diversity c. Convenience samples d. Random assignment
b. sample diversity
What historical event was the catalyst for the APA formally codifying an ethical code or set of guidelines within our field? a. The end of WWI b. The end of WWII c. The aftermath of the Civil Rights movement in the United States d. The publicizing of the Tuskegee Study on Syphilis funded in part by the CDC here in the United States
b. the end of wwii
(1) This step of the scientific method is when researchers determine whether differences between groups is greater than what one would expect to see by chance alone: a. Data collection b. Data analysis c. Establishing a hypothesis d. Sampling
b.Data analysis
This theoretical framework has received increasing attention over the years, including within the field of psychology, identifying the way that systemic inequalities or oppressions can overlap for certain groups, such as women of color, and impact the ways that they are treated in society and/or develop over the course of their lives: a. Critical Race Theory (CRT) b. Intersectionality c. Psychoanalysis d. The Nuremberg Code
b.Intersectionality
(1) Which of the following processes demonstrate how the principle of empiricism of the scientific method is practiced by researchers as they design their study? a. Generalizability b. Operationalization c. Validity d. Reliability
b.Operationalization
(1) Which of the following reflect similarities between Erikson's stage theory and that of Sigmund Freud's? a. Erikson emphasized libido and sexual energy much like the elder Freud did b. The "crisis" of each stage that Erikson identified is similar to the philosophical notions of psychic conflicts Freud presented to many of his theories and the role of balance in reflecting resolution or stability of the ego in overcoming such inner conflict c. Erikson retained Freud's concept of castration anxiety as playing a critical role during adolescence d. All of the above
b.The "crisis" of each stage that Erikson identified is similar to the philosophical notions of psychic conflicts Freud presented to many of his theories and the role of balance in reflecting resolution or stability of the ego in overcoming such inner conflict
As discussed in class, which of the following reflect markers or indicators of intimacy in relationships? a. Sexual activity b. Trust building, which includes mutual self-disclosures c. Egocentrism d. Codependency
b.Trust building, which includes mutual self-disclosures
(1) What specific type of trauma or incident was Anna Freud referring to when she wrote that, "Observers seldom appreciate the depth and seriousness of this grief of a small young child:" a. The way children were responding to the war itself b. Children's reactions to air raid sirens c. Children's reactions to sudden separations from their family members d. Children's reaction to hunger as the wartime conditions worsened
c. Children's reactions to sudden separations from their family members
(1) According to post-humous statements made by one of his daughters, which particular crises or conflict appeared to impact Erikson himself over the course of his lifetime? a. Autonomy versus shame, doubt b. Industry versus inferiority c. Identity versus identity confusion d. Trust versus mistrust
c. Identity versus identity confusion
The critical developmental task during this period is related to cultivation of a sense of self: a. Autonomy versus shame, doubt b. Industry versus inferiority c. Identity versus identity confusion d.Trust versus mistrust
c. Identity versus identity confusion
Which of the following influences does NOT reflect a potential nurture-based exposure? a. Socialization b. Parenting c. The genome d. The epigenome
c. The genome
(1) Strictly speaking, this is the only research design that can determine cause and effect: a. Case study b. Correlational study c. Experimental method d. Naturalistic observation
c. experimental study
What is the relationship between validity and reliability in a research design? a. One cannot exist without the other b. A study can be valid without being reliable, as the truth could fluctuate based on circumstances c. Reliability can exist without validity, as the measurement can be consistent but wrong, but if a measure is valid, reliability to a certain extent is built into it d. It depends on the way that validity and reliability are being quantified
c. reliability can exist without validity as the measurement can be consistent but wrong, but if a measure is valid, reliability to a certain extent is built into it
According to Sigmund Freud, what is the ego regulated by? a. Castration anxiety b. The pleasure principle c. The reality principle d. Libido
c. the reality principle
(1) This is defined as the extent to which the study results reflect accuracy or credibility, and is based on the decisions researchers make that enable them to protect the integrity of the study design: a. Generalizability b. Operationalization c. Validity d. Reliability
c. validity
Which of the following citations reflect proper APA in-text citation for an article by Maggie Smith published in the New York Times on August 8th, 2022? a. (Smith, NYT) b. (Smith, p. 4) c. (Smith, M., 2022) d. (Smith, 2022)
d. (Smith, 2022)
(1) According to both our required readings and lecture in class, what has been the catalyst(s) for the modification of or insertion of a distinct developmental phase between adolescence and young adulthood by more contemporary scholars since Erikson? a. Cultural changes in industrialized nations such as delays in the age of first childbirth b. Cultural shifts regarding what constitutes milestones marking adulthood c. Cultural changes in industrialized nations demonstrate potential for greater exploration during this period of development d. All of the above
d. All of the above
(1) Which of the following reflect a specific developmental period over the span of a lifetime? a. Prenatal b. Infancy c. Adolescence d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Arguments made against the notion of the new developmental stage proposed by Arnett (2000) reflected in a required reading make which of the following criticisms? a. His theory is dangerous in that it seems to represent a psychology of the affluent middle classes in Western societies, with other groups being seen as deviating from that norm b. The construction of this new developmental stage does not advance our knowledge or understanding of human development in any meaningful way c. By elevating the ideas associated with emerging adulthood to the status of a theory, scholars are repeating an error psychology made historically when it regarded male behavior as the norm, in ignoring the lack of universality to this developmental period d. All of the above
d. All of the above
In the Syed et al. (2018) article, the researchers identify that invisibility of these individuals within the field of psychology is not only based on their lack of representation as research participants in studies but also their exclusions from the ranks of those doing the research: a. Women b. Racial/ethnic minorities c. LGBTQ+ d. All of the above
d. all of the above
In what ways, according to one of our required readings, could emerging adulthood be bad for society? a. Societies where young adults are not participating in the labor market would have costly economic repercussions b. Larger financial and emotional burdens would be placed on older parents c. Emerging adults of today who eventually become parents themselves may not have the resources to enable their own children to explore identity over an extended period of time d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Which of the following reflect changes or refinement to Freud's theory/theories over time? a. In regards to the notions of male and female sexuality, he originally conceptualized them as following parallel tracks. Over time, he started to identify female sexuality as more mysterious and elusive, and started to focus on differences between male and female sexuality. b. In developing the structural model of the psyche, he originally wrote of the id and the ego. The superego would emerge in later writings to complete the theory. c. In developing his instinct theory, eros was presented as representing life or love. It was only later that he would contrast the life instinct with that of death, or Thanatos. d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Which of the following reflect what ego integrity may be associated with or how it would be demonstrated or achieved in one's later life? a. The gaining of wisdom b. Accepting the time and place of one's own life cycle c. Not having regrets d. All of the above
d. All of the above
(1) If this crisis is not successfully resolved, the individual establishes a basic mistrust of others and is vulnerable to developing a wariness of others and becoming fearful: a. Autonomy versus shame, doubt b. Ego integrity versus despair c. Identity versus identity confusion d. Trust versus mistrust
d. Trust versus mistrust
The first psychosocial crisis according to Erikson in infancy reflects which of the following conflicts? a. Autonomy versus shame, doubt b. Industry versus inferiority c. Identity versus identity confusion d. Trust versus mistrust
d. Trust versus mistrust
(1) What purpose does the step of publication serve regarding the scientific method? a. To share study results with a wider population b. To allow for other researchers and consumers to get the most up-to-date findings on a given topic c. To expose a research team's study to outside scrutiny d. All of the above
d. all of the above
(1) When looking at particular risk factors for autism, what may constitute an "environmental" factor associated with developing the disorder? a. A chemical the fetus is exposed to via the placenta b. Rubella infection during pregnancy c. Toxic exposures during pregnancy, including chemicals or air pollution All of the above
d. all of the above
(1) Which of the following measures can researchers take to protect their experimental study from bias? a. When doing a clinical trial, make sure they have blinds in place b. Use random assignment in determining which group participants are placed in c. Operationalize the variables of interests in ways that reflect the underlying meaning or truth to how those variables play out in the real world d. All of the above
d. all of the above
(1) Which of the following reflect true autobiographical feature(s) about Sigmund Freud, consistent with the notion that he retained a sense of himself as an "outsider" or rebel over the course of his lifetime? a. He proposed that men can also develop symptoms of "hysteria," despite the fact that he received backlash and even mocking among other intellectuals in the field at the time b. He wrote that homosexuality did not represent sin, criminal behavior, degeneracy or behavior of a madman, despite it commonly being pathologized or criminalized during his time period c. In response to being driven out of his home in Nazi-occupied Austria, when signing a document presented by the Nazis as a testament to the now-elder Freud's well treatment by the regime, aside his signature he wrote: "I can most highly recommend the Gestapo to everyone." d. All of the above
d. all of the above
(1) Which of the following reflect true statements and/or quotes that Sigmund Freud wrote or said in regards to women and/or female sexuality? a. Despite working closely with female patients, Freud noted that one of the reasons why female sexuality was difficult to gain insight into was because women could not be trusted regarding the accuracy of the accounts they would give regarding their sexual experiences b. Freud conceptualized women as essentially failed men c. Freud noted at one point in an essay on female sexuality that the developmental processes in girls that he constructed remained, "unsatisfactory, incomplete, and vague" d. All of the above
d. all of the above
) What are some of the challenges, from a research methods perspective, posed by including individuals with DD in samples of studies? a. Because of the vulnerabilities of individuals within these groups, there may be additional bureaucratic hurdles researchers need to go through to obtain IRB-approval b. The vulnerability of this population makes it difficult to know whether they are able to give informed consent or defend themselves within the context of a study c. Because there may be multiple comorbidities or health concerns with individuals with DD, it may be more difficult to isolate variables or control for biases when studying these populations d. All of the above
d. all of the above
) Why is it important for there to be wider research participation of children in studies within our field, and in particular, children who have Developmental Disabilities (DD)? a. Until there is greater representation in studies, research is unlikely to benefit groups proportionately b. Oftentimes, it is individuals from these groups, such as children with DD, who would benefit the most from such research studies c. Greater representation of traditionally marginalized groups, such as those with DD in samples would allow for greater generalizability of research results d. All of the above
d. all of the above
Historically, individuals with DD have been excluded from research for which of the following reasons? a. Use of convenience samples b. Difficulty of including them in samples c. Larger costs associated with their inclusion d. All of the above
d. all of the above
If one fixates on the oral phase, what would be a potential way this fixation could manifest in adulthood? a. Depression b. Dependency c. Gullibility d. All of the above
d. all of the above
Which of the following represent influential ethical guidelines that oftentimes drive debates regarding proper ethical protocols in conducting research today? a. The Nuremberg Code b. The Declaration of Helsinki c. The Belmont Report d. All of the above
d. all of the above
sensory motor stage
first stage of Piaget's cognitive development; birth to 2 years; main activities involve sucking and grasping; must achieve object permanence and mental representations
Genital Stage (puberty on)
sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others not parents.
Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
stage focuses on pleasure zone in the genitals, coping with incestuous sexual feelings; interest in the sam sex parent; castration anxiety