Midterm
The Garbage Project in Tucson demonstrated that what people say and what they do can differ dramatically. For instance, investigators found that: people claimed to take vitamins daily, but the number of empty vitamin bottles did not support this claim. women who said they bought no new clothes in the last month in fact had discarded tags and sales slips from clothing stores in their trash. the amount of beer consumed, according to empty cans in the trash, was far higher than people claimed. no one claimed to use hair coloring, but many empty packages of hair dye were found in the trash. no one said they drank Scotch, but several empty Johnny Walker bottles were found in the trash.
the amount of beer consumed, according to empty cans in the trash, was far higher than people claimed.
The Ukkuqsi excavation near the modern town of Barrow, Alaska showed that: it is nearly impossible to gather data from ruins before about 5,000 years ago. the current native population can offer insights into ancient practices. Alaskan excavations have a long work season. anthropologists should avoid working with locals. local communities will not benefit from scientific inquiry.
the current native population can offer insights into ancient practices.
A language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation and meaning is called a: paralinguistic language. displacement. linguistic subfamily. dialect. tonal language.
tonal language.
lyde Snow is an anthropologist who: found out that a questionnaire administered to rural Peruvians wasn't accurate in what it implied about their behavior. went to Truk and studied drinking behavior. studied the Zapotec of Mexico. used forensic evidence to investigate "disappearances" in Argentina. advised the U.S. government about how to implement the New Deal.
used forensic evidence to investigate "disappearances" in Argentina.
In order to minimize the impact of subjectivity, the anthropologist should consider all of the following except: the general cultural rules of the people being studied. what the anthropologist actually sees happening. the people's ideal sense of how a society should be run. how people think they really behave. what the anthropologist observes in his/her own culture.
what the anthropologist observes in his/her own culture.
According to "Surviving in the Andes," Aymara Indians adapted to high altitude by having approximately _____ % of greater pulmonary diffusing capacity through their expanded heart and lungs. 30 40 10 15 20
30
What percentage of cosmetic procedures and nonsurgical procedures were done on women in the United States in 2011? 91 83 100 61 47
91
Where were the oldest human fossil skulls found outside of Africa? Ural Mountains Java Greece Caucasus Mountains Spain
Caucasus Mountains
Edward Hall designated four categories of proxemically relevant spaces. Which of the following is incorrect? Social-consultative (4-12 feet) Conventional (7-10 feet) Public distance (12 feet and beyond) Intimate (0-18 inches) Personal-casual (1.5-4 feet)
Conventional (7-10 feet)
Which of the following statements about kinesics is correct? Anthropologists paid more attention to nonverbal communication prior to the 1950s. Kinesics refers to the system of extralinguistic noises that accompany spoken language. Kinesics research has demonstrated that gender signals communicated through posture are biologically based rather than learned. Cross-cultural research indicates that the body language used when people are greeting each other is similar all over the world. All cultures have the same gestures for "yes" and "no."
Cross-cultural research indicates that the body language used when people are greeting each other is similar all over the world.
Which of the following statements about society and culture is incorrect? All culture is learned rather than biologically inherited. Culture can exist without a society. Every culture is learned, shared, based on symbols, integrated, and dynamic. A culture is shared by the members of a society. Although members of a society may share a culture, their behavior is not uniform.
Culture can exist without a society.
Genes are portions of molecules of long strands of which form chromosomes, or: codons. ribosomes. DNA. transcriptions. RNA.
DNA.
What do we call the division of labor pattern in which men and women carry out their work separately, while maintaining a socially and economically complementary balance? Flexible/integrated pattern Male-female oppositional labor Segregated patterns Symmetrical pattern Dual-sex configuration
Dual-sex configuration
Cultural anthropology is composed of which two scholarly components? Ethnography and ethnology Ethnohistory and ethnoarchaeology Ethnography and ethnohistory Linguistics and ethnography Ethnology and ethnohistory
Ethnography and ethnology
About 3% of all humans are intersexed.
False
All languages recognize a stable set of colors.
False
Annette Weiner worked in the Trobriand Islands in the 1960s.
False
Anthropologists use only qualitative data-gathering techniques. Quantitative data is used by sociologists and psychologists.
False
Anthropology emerged as a scientific discipline less than 20 years ago
False
Anthropology has increasingly supported collaboration with the military.
False
Hortense Powdermaker was an early pioneer in "national character" studies.
False
Leveling mechanisms are found in every society, although they are less common in smaller, more traditional societies where there is less material need.
False
Remains of H. erectus have been found only on three continents: Europe, Asia, and Africa.
False
Temporal orientation allows an individual to learn about the moral values, ideals, and principles that are culturally significant.
False
Unlike agriculturalists, horticulturalists always produce a small surplus.
False
Sadhuis a: psychosomatic disorder. Hindu ascetic monk. kind of mental illness. Native American "two-spirit." fierce Yanomamo warrior.
Hindu ascetic monk.
A society with extensive types of childcare, a desire to make the individual feel socially attached and generally free of stranger anxiety, and with high levels of sharing and social involvement would most likely have what type of training or children? Independence Modal Separation Interdependence Self-awareness
Interdependence
Which of the following is the fundamental characteristic of the market in non-Western societies? It is located in a rural area close to where produce is grown. It is an abstract concept, where goods are exchanged over the Internet. It is a traditional marketplace, where actual goods are exchanged. It is found only in towns where produce is grown, distributed, and consumed. There is no concrete marketplace where actual goods are exchanged.
It is a traditional marketplace, where actual goods are exchanged
Which of the following is NOT a correct claim about skin color? Light skin is more beneficial in the northern latitudes. Melanin is a key aspect in pigmentation. More melanin-producing cells means lighter skin color. The human body has adapted to Ultra Violet radiations. It is a polygenic trait.
More melanin-producing cells means lighter skin color.
Which anthropologist stated that the purpose of anthropology is to "make the world safe for human differences"? Catherine Bateson Ruth Benedict Nancy Scheper-Hughes Mary Douglas Margaret Mead
Ruth Benedict
Which innovation is considered the beginning of the industrial revolution? Hoe Airplane Wheel Rifle Steam engine
Steam engine
Jane Goodall did her pioneering field research on chimpanzees at Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve. In what country is this located? Tanzania Brazil Kenya Japan Uganda
Tanzania
Animals were domesticated prior to the domestication of plants
True
Behavior that has been adaptive at one time may become maladaptive later.
True
The genetic evidence supports the argument that there was genetic blending during the Upper Paleolithic era.
True
Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own culture is superior to another.
True
Humans are programmed for language
True
Lakota is a language that uses gendered speech.
True
The Neanderthals were once believed to be direct ancestors to contemporary peoples.
True
The use of money for exchange has been traced back as far as 5,000 years ago in Mesopotamia.
True
Today, almost 215 million child laborers under the age of 14 work for income.
True
Which of the following would be an acceptable research topic in the field of historical linguistics? Whether or not Apache and Navajo speakers organize their languages using the same syntactical structures All the features of a given language as it is spoken at a particular point in time Whether or not the speakers of Apache and Navajo once spoke a common language Whether or not Apache and Navajo speakers use the same body language to signal gender differences Frame substitution to investigate the syntax of a particular language
Whether or not the speakers of Apache and Navajo once spoke a common language
The Kula ring functions to do all of the following except: distribute scarce resources over a broad ecological zone. establish allies among potential enemies. accumulate wealth in the hands of an upper-class elite. foster a ritual of ceremonial exchange. gain power through the ability to give and receive highly valued prestige items
accumulate wealth in the hands of an upper-class elite.
A language family is a group of languages that: use the same number of sounds. all have the same core vocabulary. are subordinate to a dominant language. all have the same syntax. are descended from a single ancestral language.
are descended from a single ancestral language.
Cultural anthropology is the study of patterns of human behavior. These standards: are biologically inherited. focus on humans as culture producing and re-producing creatures. are inherited and are studied initially by physical anthropologists. can be studied only by sociologists. operate only when people are unconscious.
focus on humans as culture producing and re-producing creatures.
Anthropology has sought directly to do each of the following except: document the practice of culture. reconstruct traditional ways of life. impose a Western and modern approach to life. educate its audience on the importance of culture. document disappearing cultural practices.
impose a Western and modern approach to life.
All of the following are part of the theory of natural selection except: all species can expand and exceed their means of subsistence nature selects the most advantageous variations. all species display a range of variation, and some variations are more favorable than others organisms face a "struggle for existence" within their environments individuals with better adaptation will more selectively reproduce, favoring less offspring that are better cared for
individuals with better adaptation will more selectively reproduce, favoring less offspring that are better cared for.
The most important symbolic aspect of culture is: art. religion. money. politics. language.
language.
Something used to make payments for other goods and services as well as to measure their value is called: money. barter. prestige. silent trade. credit.
money.
While the phonologist is making an inventory of permissible sounds in a language, the _____ is deciphering the groups or combinations of sounds that have meaning, or that are actually used to convey information consultant glottochronologist phoneticist grammaticist morphologist
morphologist
dominance.The core value to which European Americans subscribe is: cooperation. dependence. rugged individualism. dominance. generosity in sharing.
rugged individualism.
The new term for salvage ethnography is: fieldwork anthropology. historical anthropology. critical anthropology. urgent anthropology. contemporary ethnography.
urgent anthropology.
Approximately how many languages are spoken today? 3,000 1,750 12,000 10,000 6,000
6,000
The concept that by obligation wealthier members of the community give to less wealthy members so that no one accumulates more wealth than anyone else is called: generalized reciprocity. negative reciprocity. silent trade. conspicuous consumption. a leveling mechanism.
a leveling mechanism.
All of the following statements about the naming ceremony are true except: naming creates social identity. all cultures have some ceremony to mark the naming of a child. personal names create a sense of individual identity. names express multiple aspects of the group identity as well. through naming, the social group acknowledges the child's birthright.
all cultures have some ceremony to mark the naming of a child.
Three years after planting their gardens, the Mekranoti are left with only: tobacco. bananas. sweet potatoes. pineapple. manioc.
bananas.
Mexican anthropologist, Rosalva Aida Hernandez Castillo, has worked in Chiapas to advocate for the Zapatista cause mainly in order to: provide jobs for adult men. ensure the success of the neoliberal program. improve the health and nutritional status of the children. battle gender discrimination. help locals obtain representation at the government level.
battle gender discrimination.
All of the following statements about biomedicine are correct except: biomedicine uses the medical category of "psychosomatic" for some disorders. biomedicine has resulted in spectacular successes depending. this approach is fundamentally a dualistic mind-body approach to medicine. biomedicine is a growing approach in healthcare. biomedicine is a completely Western approach to medicine.
biomedicine is a completely Western approach to medicine.
The biological concept of "race": is applicable to modern humans. is a contested concept within the scientific community. cannot be applied to modern humans. is unclear. does not exist.
cannot be applied to modern humans.
The "Living Bridge" in Meghalaya, India is an example of: pluralism. cultural relativism. ethnocentrism. cultural adaptation. symbol.
cultural adaptation.
The position that because cultures are unique, each one can be evaluated only according to its own standards and values is called: adaptation. ethnocentrism. cultural relativism. cultural materialism. pluralism.
cultural relativism.
In anthropology, geographic regions where a number of societies have similar ways of life are known as: culture areas. convergent evolution. parallel life styles. culture cores. social areas.
culture areas.
Another name for an ethnic psychosis is a: ethnic abnormality. culture psychosis. culture-bound syndrome. mental ethnic syndrome. biomedicine.
culture-bound syndrome.
Humans' major mode of adaptation, which enables them to live effectively in diverse environments, is: biology. religion. culture. education. bureaucracy.
culture.
When early hominins moved from the forests to the hot savannahs they eventually acquired: darker skin. less sun exposure. more hair. lighter skin. lighter hair.
darker skin.
The study by Jefferey Snodgrass which conducted participant-observation research related to the video game "World of Warcraft" is called: global ethnography. visual ethnography. digital ethnography. multi-sited ethnography. transnational ethnography.
digital ethnography.
In traditional Ju/'hoansi society, fathers and mothers alike show great indulgence to children. A result of this indulgence is that the children: do not fear or respect men more than they do women. do not know how to show proper respect for their fathers. have to learn proper respect much later in life. are spoiled and intolerant of other children. fear both parents equally.
do not fear or respect men more than they do women.
Cultures respond to motions and actions within and around them because they are: functional dynamic integrated symbolic ethnocentric
dynamic
The Denisovans were located in: western Eurasia. northern Africa. south Asia. the Middle East. eastern Eurasia.
eastern Eurasia.
When anthropologists go to the places that they study in order to experience the culture firsthand, it is called: field study. ethnology. fieldwork. laboratory analysis. excavation.
fieldwork.
Culture is an integrated and interrelated whole, which means that: primitive people live in harmony and do not require contact with other cultures, nor do they undergo internal change. if you alter one aspect of a culture, you can drastically affect and possibly even endanger the functioning of the whole. society maintains a fragile balance that can be destroyed by any contact with an outside influence. people of all different races get along well together. subcultural variations can be tolerated and are of great benefit to a state.
if you alter one aspect of a culture, you can drastically affect and possibly even endanger the functioning of the whole.
Cooperative work groups are found: only in illiterate, nonindustrial societies. only in extended households with married parents, children, and grandparents. in agricultural societies, although there are special times where it occurs in industrial societies. in all societies worldwide. only in horticultural societies.
in all societies worldwide.
Among the Kapauku Papuans of New Guinea, the fact that an attempt to eliminate warfare (which would create a balanced sex ratio) would affect the practice of polygyny, which would affect the economy (since women raise pigs, and the more wives a man has, the more pigs he can keep), shows that culture is: integrated. materialistic. relative. enculturated. pluralistic.
integrated.
Balanced reciprocity: is part of a long-term process in which nothing is specified about what is expected in return or when it is expected. involves the expectation of a specific and immediate exchange. does not occur in industrial societies. is exemplified by your stopping to give a stranger a lift, and replying, when he thanks you, "Pass it on to the next stranger you meet who needs your help." usually occurs between members of different communities who may have a hostile, distrustful relationship.
involves the expectation of a specific and immediate exchange.
Anthropology has been called the most human of the sciences for all of the following reasons except: it develops hypotheses and theories about the organization of language, values, and art in culture. it tackles culture as a human experience or system of meaning in which the anthropologist must involve himself/herself in order to develop adequate explanations of what is being observed. it has discovered which cultures are most efficient and has encouraged those less privileged to progress. it takes human beings as its subject matter ("the study of humankind"). it has developed a systemic, cross-cultural approach to understanding human behavior.
it has discovered which cultures are most efficient and has encouraged those less privileged to progress.
Native speakers of the Lakota language were amused when they saw the movie Dances with Wolves because the: writers got it all wrong language was all male oriented language was all female oriented language did not fit the people group language was all spoken as if the actors were children
language was all female oriented
The development of different languages from a single ancestral language is called: linguistic divergence. linguistic nationalism. descriptive linguistics. historical linguistics. language subgroups.
linguistic divergence.
In the Americas, the crop complex that was most adaptive and typical was: rhubarb, rice, and turnips. rice, yam, and taro. wheat, barley, flax, rye, and millet. manioc, wheat, and cotton. maize, beans, and squash.
maize, beans, and squash.
Agribusiness is associated with all of the following except: driving down wages. reduction of labor costs. maximizing employee benefits. expanding markets. maximizing profits.
maximizing employee benefits.
Several years ago, the Italian tourism minister commented on the "typical characteristics" of Germans, causing a huge controversy as to whether or not a people could be labeled. This labeling and grouping is called: stereotype. national character. independence training. group personality. modal personality.
national character.
Displacement refers to the concept of being able to refer to things that are: visibly there. arbitrary and changing. both symbolic and realistic. not there. in the process of being moved.
not there.
Margaret Mead argued that ethnographers should make much more effective use of: participant observation. interviews. photography. mapping. collecting material artifacts.
photography.
Marvin Harris argues that pork was not generally raised in the Middle East historically because: no ethnic group in the Middle East would eat pork. pig-raising threatened the natural ecosystem. pig-raising was economically inefficient in such a humid environment. it was considered sinful in all Middle Eastern religions. some Middle Eastern societies owned all of the land and prevented pig-raising.
pig-raising threatened the natural ecosystem.
The influence of a person's class status on what pronunciation he/she uses, a speaker's choice of more complicated vocabulary and grammar when he/she is speaking to a professional audience, and the influence of language on culture are all concerns of: descriptive linguistics. linguistic nationalism. sociolinguistics. displacement. historical linguistics.
sociolinguistics.
The United Nations was invoked as a positive force for combating discrimination by highlighting: the need to undermine corporate power that the 1948 declaration declaring that racial discrimination is a violation of human rights the benefits of the Cold War the attempt to eradicate global poverty the organization's absence of racism
that the 1948 declaration declaring that racial discrimination is a violation of human rights.
Laura Nader has called on anthropologists to "study up." What does she mean by this term? Anthropologists should study high-altitude peoples and cultures in order to understand adaptation. Anthropologists should intensify their studies and become more involved in advocacy anthropology. Anthropologists should be more committed to urgent anthropology before indigenous peoples are all gone. Anthropologists should study the elites of a society and not only the common people. Anthropologists should people of a higher class than themselves.
Anthropologists should study the elites of a society and not only the common people.
Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson did their most significant photographic research in: Bali. Hawaii. Tonga. Samoa. Indonesia.
Bali.
Which of the following items is exchanged in the Trobriands during death rituals? Wheat sheaves Money Banana leaf bundles Cotton skirts Sweet potatoes mounds
Banana leaf bundles
Which of the following includes definitions and explanations of objects, spatial orientation, and temporal orientation, as well as culturally defined values, ideals, and standards that provide an individual with a normative orientation? Core values Behavioral environment Patterns of affect Vital self Tabula rasa
Behavioral environment
What is the first step in doing ethnographic fieldwork? Gathering data Choosing a theoretical approach Doing preparatory research Choosing a research question Participant observation on site
Choosing a research question
Which of the following statements is not correct? Culture is socially constructed. Enculturation begins before birth. Culture is biologically inherited. The first agents of a child's enculturation are members of the household. Humans must be enculturated to reach human potential.
Culture is biologically inherited.
Which is a term applied to an evolutionary process whereby humans modify, either intentionally or unintentionally, the genetic makeup of a population of plants or animals? Modification Revolution Transition Conversion Domestication
Domestication
What is silent trade? Exchange of goods only through various intermediaries so that the final consumer does not know the producer Exchange of goods and services between distant groups who are unable to have direct contact Exchange of goods between mutually distrusting ethnic groups that do not want personal contact A mode of exchange in which goods flow into a central location and are then redistributed without acknowledging ownership A type of redistribution in which there is a display of wealth for social prestige
Exchange of goods between mutually distrusting ethnic groups that do not want personal contact
About 12,000 years ago, what environmental changes created a shift in food production? Glaciers melted and the sea levels rose Tundras and the large herd animals that they supported spread throughout the Old World The fish disappeared from the ocean The climate of the north grew colder Deserts replaced forests
Glaciers melted and the sea levels rose
Every fall, a group of about 600 migrants travels to Maine to work on the apple harvest. They are contacted by a labor recruiter in their home country and given temporary foreign farm work visas. Often, they must change aspects of their physical appearance to be seen as more "employable." Where are they from? India Australia Jamaica Mexico Bolivia
Jamaica
All of the following are examples of early studies of contemporary state societies except: Ruth Benedict, study of New York City Alfred Métraux, study of race relations in Brazil Hortense Powdermaker, study of racial segregation in Mississippi Napoleon Chagnon, study of warfare among the Yanomamo Julian Steward, study of industrialization in Kenya
Napoleon Chagnon, study of warfare among the Yanomamo
Which of the following is most likely to require cooperative hunting skills? Rifle hunting Net hunting Dart hunting Bow hunting Spear hunting
Net hunting
Among the Tsembaga of Papua New Guinea, there is a relationship between the physical and social environments that involves ritual slaughter in order to re-establish harmony. What animal is slaughtered to reduce pressure on the local environments? Goats Pigs Sheep Dogs Cows
Pigs
Which of the following is a traditional telecommunication system? Danced talk Whispered speech Hummed speech Whistled speech Cried speech
Whistled speech
What was the focus of Annette Weiner's research in the Trobriands? Men's canoeing and trade relations Women's productive work Women's reproductive work The village religious structure Migratory patterns and changes in family structure
Women's productive work
