Milady CIMA Ch. 03 Skin Structure & Growth

The outermost layer of skin is called the _______________ & contains NO blood vessels.

epidermis The outermost layer is called the epidermis & contains NO blood vessels.

On the other hand, an ________________ factor influencing melanin production is sun exposure.

external On the other hand, an external factor influencing melanin production is sun exposure.

It is very common to have a mix of both pigment granules, which tends to produce __________________ skin & hair tones.

golden It is very common to have a mix of both pigment granules, which tends to produce golden skin & hair tones.

The small, cone-shaped structures at the bottom of hair follicles are called (the) ____________________. This layer joins the epidermis at the _____________________.

hair papillae; dermal/epidermal junction The small, cone-shaped structures at the bottom of hair follicles are called (the) hair papillae. This layer joins the epidermis at the dermal/epidermal junction.

Which of the following actions is MOST likely to slow the weakening of collagen & elastin fibers & help the skin look younger longer?

keeping the skin free of disease Keeping the skin free of disease is MOST likely to slow the weakening of collagen & elastin fibers!& help the skin look younger longer.

Skin color— whether fair, medium, or dark— depends primarily on ________________.

melanin Skin color— whether fair, medium, or dark— depends primarily on melanin.

Fibrous connective tissue made from protein that gives the skin form & strength:

Collagen

Fibrous, connective tissue made from protein; gives the skin form & strength:

Collagen

Cause: Using sunscreen & moisturizer Effect:

Collagen fibers maintaining their strength.

Skin color— whether fair, medium, or dark— depends primarily on ______________, the tiny grains of ______________ (coloring matter) produced by ________________ & then deposited into cells in the _________________ layer of the epidermis & the ________________ layers of the dermis.

melanin; pigment; melanocytes; stratum germinativum; papillary Skin color— whether fair, medium, or dark— depends primarily on melanin, the tiny grains of pigment (coloring matter) produced by melanocytes & then deposited into cells in the stratum germinativum layer of the epidermis & the papillary layers of the dermis.

People with darker skin & higher levels of melanin have more activity in their _________________. This is an example of an _________________ factor.

melanocytes; internal People with darker skin & higher levels of melanin have more activity in their melanocytes. This is an example of an internal factor.

The outermost layer of the dermis is the ________________ layer, where the membranes of ridges & grooves that attach to the dermis— the _____________— are found.

papillary; dermal papillae The outermost layer of the dermis is the papillary layer, where the membranes of ridges & grooves that attach to the dermis— the dermal papillae— are found.

The body produces two types of melanin: _____________________, which is red to ________________, & ________________, which is dark brown to ________________.

pheomelanin; yellow; eumelanin; black The body produces two types of melanin: pheomelanin, which is red to yellow, & eumelanin, which is dark brown to black.

Membranes of ridges & grooves that attach to the epidermis:

Dermal Papillae

Top of the papillary layer where it joins the epidermis:

Dermal/Epidermal Junction

Physician who specializes in diseases & disorders of the skin, hair, & nails:

Dermatologist

The medical branch of science that deals with the study of the skin & its nature, structure, functions, diseases, & treatment:

Dermatology

AKA "derma", "corium", "cutis", or "true skin"; underlying or inner layer of the skin:

Dermis

Gives skin its flexibility & elasticity:

Elastin

Protein base similar to collagen that forms elastic tissue:

Elastin

Outermost & thinnest layer of the skin, made up of five layers: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, & stratum germinativum:

Epidermis

Type of melanin that is dark brown to black in color; is the predominant pigment in black & brunette hair:

Eumelanin

The deeper layer of the dermis is the _________________, which supplies the skin with oxygen & nutrients. It is composed of (the) ________________, also known as "adipose tissue" or "subcutis tissue", which is the fatty tissue below the dermis.

reticular layer; subcutaneous tissue The deeper layer of the dermis is the reticular layer, which supplies the skin with oxygen & nutrients. It is composed of (the) subcutaneous tissue, also known as "adipose tissue" or "subcutis tissue", which is the fatty tissue below the dermis.

People who have a pheomelanin dominance tend to have ______________ skin, with ______________ or neutral hair tones.

rosy; red People who have a pheomelanin dominance tend to have rosy skin, with red or neutral hair tones.

Which of the following is one of the six principle functions of the skin?

sensation Sensation is one of the six principle functions of the skin. The skin responds to heat, cold, touch, pressure, & pain. When the nerve endings are stimulated, a message is sent to the brain. You respond by saying "Ouch!" if you feel pain, scratching if you have an itch, or pulling away if you touch something hot.

Its outermost layer is known as the ______________, or the "horny layer", & is made up of _________________, a fibrous protein that is also the principal component of skin, hair, & nails.

stratum corneum; keratin outermost layer is known as the stratum corneum, or the "horny layer", & is made up of keratin, a fibrous protein that is also the principal component of skin, hair, & nails.

The "basal cell layer", or ____________________, is the deepest layer of the epidermis, & contains special pigment-producing cells called __________________.

stratum germinativum; melanocytes The "basal cell layer", or stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis, & contains special pigment-producing cells called melanocytes.

The granular layer, or ________________, is the layer of the epidermis composed of cells that look like granules & are filled with keratin.

stratum granulosum The granular layer, or stratum granulosum, is the layer of the epidermis composed of cells that look like granules & are filled with keratin.

The clear, translucent layer beneath the outermost layer is called the _____________, which is located only on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, & digits. It forms our unique fingerprints & footprints.

stratum lucidum The clear, translucent layer beneath the outermost layer is called the stratum lucidum, which is located only on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, & digits. It forms our unique fingerprints & footprints.

The ________________, or the "spiny layer", is where the process of skin cell shedding begins.

stratum spinosum The stratum spinosum , or the "spiny layer", is where the process of skin cell shedding begins.

Some of these membranes contain looped capillaries, while others contain small epidermal structures called __________________, with nerve endings that are sensitive to touch, pain, heat, cold, & pressure.

tactile corpuscles Some of these membranes contain looped capillaries, while others contain small epidermal structures called tactile corpuscles, with nerve endings that are sensitive to touch, pain, heat, cold, & pressure.

Tiny grains of pigment (coloring matter) produced by melanocytes deposited into cells in the stratum germinativum layer of the epidermis & papillary layers of the dermis:

Melanin

Cells that produce the dark skin pigment called "melanin":

Melanocytes

What are the two types of nerves?

Motor & Sensory The two types of nerves are motor & sensory.

Fibers of the motor nerves that are distributed to the arrector pili muscles attached to hair follicles. Motor nerves carry impulses from the brain to the muscles:

Motor Nerve Fibers

What conveys impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles or glands?

Motor Nerve Fibers Motor Nerve Fibers convey impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles or glands.

What sends messages to the CNS & brain to react to heat, cold, touch, pressure, & pain?

Sensory Nerve Fibers Sensory Nerve Fibers send messages to the CNS & brain to react to heat, cold, touch, pressure, & pain.

Cause: Sun exposure over time. Effect:

Signs of aging skin.

Cause: Functioning, healthy elastin Effect:

Skin regaining its shape after pregnancy.

AKA "horny layer"; outermost layer of the epidermis:

Stratum Corneum

Commonly called the "basal cell layer"; deepest, live layer of the epidermis that produces skin cells & is responsible for growth:

Stratum Germinativum

AKA "granular layer"; layer of the epidermis composed of cells filled with keratin that resemble granules:

Stratum Granulosum

Clear, transparent layer of the epidermis under the stratum corneum:

Stratum Lucidum

AKA the "spiny layer"; layer of the epidermis just above the stratum germinativum (basal) layer:

Stratum Spinosum

AKA "hypodermis" or "superficial fascia"; consists of "subcutaneous (fat) tissue" located beneath the dermis:

Subcutaneous Layer

AKA "adipose tissue" or "subcutis tissue"; fatty tissue found below the dermis that gives smoothness & contour to the body, contains fats for energy, & acts as a protective cushion for the skin:

Subcutaneous Tissue

AKA "sweat glands"; excrete perspiration & detoxify the body by excreting salt & unwanted chemicals:

Sudoriferous Glands

Most scientists believe that many signs of skin aging are caused by:

Sun Exposure

AKA "sudoriferous glands"; excrete perspiration & detoxify the body by excreting excess salt & unwanted chemicals:

Sweat Glands

Small epidermal structures with nerve endings that are sensitive to touch & pressure:

Tactile Corpuscles

Identify a factor that weakens collagen:

age Age is one of the factors that weakens collagen.

The complex of lipids between the cells of this layer is known as the ________________.

barrier function The complex of lipids between the cells of this layer is known as the barrier function.

A __________________ sunscreen with an SPF of ___________ or higher can help the melanin protect against sunburn, premature aging, & skin _______________.

broad-spectrum; 15; cancer A broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher can help the melanin protect against sunburn, premature aging, & skin cancer.

People with a eumelanin dominance likely have _________________ hair & skin tones.

cooler People with a eumelanin dominance likely have cooler hair & skin tones.

Beneath the "basal cell layer" is the skin's underlying layer, known as the ____________________.

dermis Beneath the "basal cell layer" is the skin's underlying layer, known as the dermis.

Complex of lipids that keep the skin moist by preventing water evaporation & guards against irritants penetrating the skin surface; & to help regulate the skin's pH:

Barrier Function

Sunscreen product that has been shown to protect from burning, skin cancer, & premature aging; protects against both UVA & UVB radiation from the sun:

Broad-Spectrum Sunscreen

AKA "oil glands"; glands connected to hair follicles; secrete sebum:

Sebaceous Glands

Fatty or oily secretion that lubricates the skin and preserves the softness of the hair:

Sebum

Coiled base of the sudoriferous (sweat) gland:

Secretory Coil

Regulate the excretion of perspiration from the sweat glands & control the flow of sebum to the surface of the skin:

Secretory Nerve Fibers

What regulates excretion from the sweat glands & controls sebum output to the skin's surface?

Secretory Nerve Fibers Secretory Nerve Fibers regulate excretion from the sweat glands & controls sebum output to the skin's surface.

Fibers of the sensory nerves that react to heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain:

Sensory Nerve Fibers

Small, involuntary muscle in the dermis that attaches to the hair follicle; contraction of the muscle causes hair to stand up, causing "goosebumps":

Arrector Pili Muscle

When a person gets cold, what part of the body is stimulated & causes goosebumps?

Arrector Pili Muscles

Hair follicles are also found in the dermis. ___________________ muscles attach to the side of a hair follicle's base & cause goosebumps.

Arrector pili Hair follicles are also found in the dermis. Arrector pili muscles attach to the side of a hair follicle's base & cause goosebumps.

Causes collagen fibers to weaken & the skin to produce less elastin than collagen, resulting in sagging skin:

Gravity

Cone-shaped elevations at the base of the follicle that fit into the hair bulb; they're filled with tissue that contains the blood vessels & cells necessary for hair growth & follicle nourishment:

Hair Papillae

What is TRUE of elastin?

It gives the skin flexibility & elasticity. Elastin gives the skin flexibility & elasticity.

Fibrous protein of cells that is also the principal component of skin, hair, & nails:

Keratin

Outer layer of the dermis, directly beneath the epidermis:

Papillary Layer

Type of melanin that is red to yellow in color; found in natural blonde or red shades of hair:

Pheomelanin

Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen & nutrients:

Reticular Layer

Cause: Gravity due to age. Effect:

The production of less elastin fibers than collagen.

In fact, melanin production is stimulated by exposure to sunlight & protects the cells below by absorbing & blocking _________________ radiation, but this is not enough to prevent ____________ damage.

UV; sun In fact, melanin production is stimulated by exposure to sunlight & protects the cells below by absorbing & blocking UV radiation, but this is not enough to prevent sun damage.

Broad spectrum refers to the ability to protect again both ___________ & UVB radiation from the sun.

UVA Broad spectrum refers to the ability to protect again both UVA & UVB radiation from the sun.

Cause: Frequent weight changes Effect:

Weakened collagen fibers

Result of collagen fibers losing their strength:

Wrinkles & sagging