Mirco exam 3

How are root nodule and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses similar? a. They both use lipochitin oligosaccharide signaling factors to initiate root colonization. b. They both supply nitrogen to the host plant through nitrogen fixation. c. They are both required for the growth and reproduction of their host plants. d. They both increase absorption of nutrients from soil.

a. They both use lipochitin oligosaccharide signaling factors to initiate root colonization.

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are examples of inflammatory bowel syndromes. a. True b. False

a. True

The type of wastewater treatment that would be used to reduce the BOD (biological oxygen demand) of liquid waste would be __________. a. aerobic activated sludge b. anaerobic digestion c. advanced tertiary treatment d. primary treatment

a. aerobic activated sludge

The gut microbiota resembles the adult microbiota a. around age 3. b. around age 15. c. by 1 month of age. d. by 12 months of age.

a. around age 3.

Which of the following is an example of a biofilm? a. marine diatoms b. transient skin microbes c. dental plaque d. a planktonic micro colony

c. dental plaque

With increased levels of oxidizable materials, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) will a. remain the same. b. decrease. c. increase. d. increase or decrease depending on the nature of the materials involved.

c. increase.

The goal of tertiary wastewater treatment is to sharply reduce the levels of ________ from the final effluent. a. methane b. heavy metals c. inorganic nutrients d. organic compounds

c. inorganic nutrients

Which of the following was a downfall of the Human Microbiome Project? a. lack of female participants b. too few sample sites c. lack of subject diversity d. lack of subject numbers

c. lack of subject diversity

Nanoarchaeota: Nanoarchaeum equitans: fun name? only known as? found where? name for that? requires what to live? supplies what for it? gets what from ign? is named what? _____ _______ ___________ lacks what genes?

"Hospitable Fireball" archael symbiont hypothermophile- found in deep sea vents requires Ignicoccus (archae) nanoacheaota suplies H2 to igniococcus Igniococcus supplies nonarcheaota with carbon chemo litho heterotroph Lacks genes for all but core molecular processes

What is the process of creating a new cell from stalk in caulobacter? (6)

1. swarmer cell 2. loss of flagella 3. Stalk cell-initiation of DNA synthesis 4. Elongated stalk cell- synthesis of flagellin 5. previsional cross band formation 6. cell division

What are the two ways Microbial Ecologist can study microorganism in their environment?

1. Diversity 2. Activity (metabolic)

Soil is composed of what 4 things? and %? most microbial growth takes place in what place of the soil?

1. Inorganic mineral matter (~40% of soil volume) 2. Organic matter (~5%) 3. Air and water (~50%) 4. Living organisms (5%) the surface

What are the three types of Symbioses?

1. Parasitism One member in the relationship is harmed, and the other benefits 2. Mutualism Both species benefit 3. Commensalism One species benefits, and the other is neither harmed nor helped

What are the two things they can study with activity of microbes?

1. Rate 2. Type

Like cycle of Myoxoccocus? (4)

1. Vegativiave cells that are motile- gliding motility 2. Upon nutrient saturation bacteria form the swarming phenotype (lose motility and express organizing behavior) 3. Cells aggregate to form a mound- quorum sensing 4. Differentiate into fruiting bodies with spores- reproductive spores (not endospores lol)

What is unique to Archae membrane as oppose to Bacteria? (4)

1. monolayer 2. ether instead of ester links 3. lack peptidoglycan 4. have an S layer, have pseudomurines

Dinococcus radiodurmans: How much radiation can it survive? Radiation normally shhatters what two structures? have what thing to help cope with this shattering? how many copies of chromosomes? used for what?

15,000 Gy Nucleic acids and chromosomes rear enzyme: RecA for crossover and repair 10 copies bioremediation

Phylogenetic lineages of Euk: what S RNA?

18S rRNA

Microbes account for ___% of all biomass on earth?

50%

Haloarchaea: live in approximately what salt concentration? reproduce how? how do they protect their chromosomes from the salt? how else do they adapt to high salt concentration? what kind of respiration? some are capable of what cool thing? what is bacteriorhodopsin?

9% binary fission packing it in nucleoids producting an S layer and by actively pumping in potassium obligated aerobes light-deriven synthesis of ATP Cytoplasmic membrane proteins that can absorb light energy and pump protons across the membrane

What is an example of metabolic diversity? ecological diversity? morphological diversity? (2)

Cyanobacteria Myxococcus Spirochetes and Calobacte

Ecosystem vs Habitat?

Ecosystem The sum total of all organisms and abiotic factors in a particular environment Habitat Portion of an ecosystem where a community could reside

What are the five major groups of Archaea?

Euryarchaeota Crenarchaeota Thaumarchaeota Korarchaeota Nanoarchaeota

Enteric Bacteria: phylogenic group within? What type of aerobe? what shape? sporulating? does it ferment sugar? two groups? what test can you do to identify the two groups?

Gammaproteobacteria Facultative aerobe rods nonsporulating yes Mixed-acid fermenters 2,3-butanediol fermenters MRVP test

Haloarchaea: 2 key genera? Natronobacterium is an extreme what? have a requirement for? found where? (3)

Halo bacterium Haloferax Extremely halophilic Archaea high salt concentrations artificial saline habitats (e.g., salted foods), solar salt evaporation ponds, and salt lakes

What are the upper temperature limits of life?

Laboratory experiments with biomolecules suggest 140-150 C

What is a Guild? Sets of Guilds can form what?

Metabolically related microbial populations microbial communities communities that interact with macroorganisms and abiotic factors in the ecosystem

Methanogenic Archae: three key genera? produce what?

Methanobacterium Methanocaldococcus Methanosarcina Microbes that produce CH4

Explain the 4 horizons: O? A? B? C?

O horizon Layer of undecomposed plant materials A horizon Surface soil (high in organic matter, dark in color, is tilled for agriculture; plants and large numbers of microorganisms grow here; microbial activity high B horizon Subsoil (minerals, humus, and so on, leached from soil surface accumulate here; little organic matter; microbial activity detectable but lower th C horizon Soil base (develops directly from underlying bedrock; microbial activity generally very low

E Coli: Phylum Class Order Family

Phylum: Proteobacteria Class: Gamma Order: enterobacterales Family: enterobacteraceae

What are the three types of Functional Diversity

Physiological Ecological Morphology

over 90% of characterized genera and species of bacteria come from what 4 phyla?

Proteobacteria Actinobacteria Firmicutes Bacteroidetes

Diversity of microbes: What is the difference between species richness and species abundance?

Species richness: total number of phylotypes (16s rRNA sequences) or different species present Species abundance: proportion of each species in an ecosystem

Soil: is what? :) is it the same or different than bedrock? Soil is divided into what two groups and what are they derived from?

The loose outer material of Earth's surface different obviously 1. Mineral soils Derived from rock weathering and other inorganic materials 2. Organic soils Derived from sedimentation in bogs and marshes

Define Phylotype?

a "species" defined by a 16S rRNA sequence that differs from all other sequences by 3%

What is a Niche?

a habitat that is shared by a guild. It supplies nutrients as well as conditions for growth

Which of the following are important adaptations specifically to herbivores? a. having a large, anoxic chamber where fermentation can occur and having an extended retention time for food b. having a large, toxic chamber where fermentation can occur and having an extended retention time for food c. having a large, anoxic chamber where fermentation can occur and having relatively rapid food passage through the digestive tract d. having a large, toxic chamber where fermentation can occur and having relatively rapid food passage through the digestive tract

a. having a large, anoxic chamber where fermentation can occur and having an extended retention time for food

The evolution of plants that grow on dry land is thought to have depended in part on their development of symbiotic associations with which group of microorganisms? a. mycorrhizae b. lichens c. rhizobia d. Agrobacterium

a. mycorrhizae

Biofilm structure is determined by a. nutritional factors. b. the local environment. c. signaling factors. d. the local environment, nutritional factors, and signaling molecules.

a. nutritional factors.

Which of the following is/are NOT a degradation product of organic material? a. oxygen b. carbon dioxide c. methane d. all of these answer choices are degradation products of organic material.

a. oxygen

Which organisms form the foundation of the carbon cycle? a. phototrophs b. chemoheterotrophs c. chemoorganotrophs d. anaerobic chemolithotrophs

a. phototrophs

What is the largest carbon reservoir on Earth? a. rocks and sediments b. fossil fuels c. terrestrial biosphere d. aquatic biosphere

a. rocks and sediments

The following compounds are all produced by intestinal microbiota EXCEPT a. vitamin C. b. vitamin K. c. vitamin B12. d. thymine.

a. vitamin C.

Proteobacteria phylum five classes

alpha beta delta gamma epsilon

The largest reservoir of methane is found? a. in the rumen of cows and other ruminant animals. b. trapped in volcanic rocks in tropical environments around the world. c. as methane hydrates trapped under permafrost and marine sediments. d. in the atmosphere in gaseous form.

c. as methane hydrates trapped under permafrost and marine sediments.

Human activities have disrupted the carbon cycle by? a. decreasing the primary productivity of the oceans, resulting in increased atmospheric carbon dioxide. b. acidifying the ocean, resulting in the release of large amounts of dissolved carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. c. burning carbon stored as fossil fuels or biomass, thus increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. d. burning methane hydrates to produce electricity.

c. burning carbon stored as fossil fuels or biomass, thus increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Which is the correct order of increasing size in soil particles? a. clay > sand > silt b. silt > clay > sand c. clay > silt > sand d. sand > clay > silt

c. clay > silt > sand

Common probiotics include a. Clostridium species. b. Bifidobacterium species. c. Corynebacterium species. d. Escherichia coli.

b. Bifidobacterium species.

Decomposition of organic carbon ultimately results in the formation of __________. a. CO2 in aerobic environments and CH4 in anoxic environments b. CO2 in aerobic environments and CO2 plus CH4 in anoxic environments c. CH4 in aerobic environments and CO2 in anoxic environments d. CO2 plus CH4 in aerobic environments and CH4 in anoxic environments

b. CO2 in aerobic environments and CO2 plus CH4 in anoxic environments

The use of fecal transplants has dramatically improved outcomes for patients with Clostridium difficile infections. a. True b. False

b. False

The rumen is an ________ habitat that depends on ________ to digest cellulose for ruminant animals. a. aerobic / cellulolytic fungi b. anaerobic / cellulolytic and fermentative bacteria c. aerobic / cellulolytic and fermentative bacteria d. anaerobic / methanogens

b. anaerobic / cellulolytic and fermentative bacteria

Carbon dioxide and methane are potent greenhouse gases, with methane having 20 times more warming potential in the atmosphere than CO2. As global warming progresses, there is the real possibility that increased temperatures on land and in the oceans will lead to a positive feedback effect leading to accelerated warming. From the carbon reservoirs listed below with their percentage of the total carbon on Earth, what would be the most dangerous potential source of C that could be released to potentiate further warming? a. oceans and terrestrial biosphere (0.053%) b. methane hydrates (0.014%) c. rocks and sediments (99.5%) d. fossil fuels (0.006%)

b. methane hydrates (0.014%)

Microbes are involved in which step(s) of wastewater treatment? a. primary and secondary b. secondary and tertiary c. secondary only d. primary only

b. secondary and tertiary

Plant root nodules are a. harmful to plants, because the bacteria outcompete the plants for nutrients. b. sites where nitrogen fixation occurs. c. structures created by fungi and are found in all agricultural crops. d. formed from gall-rotting bacteria that decompose plant roots.

b. sites where nitrogen fixation occurs.

Compounds that are NOT produced by organisms anywhere in nature are called __________. a. xenobiotic b. xenobiotic c. foreign d. abiotic

b. xenobiotic

The host-microbiome supraorganism refers to a. the human body and all of the microbes found within it, but not those on the external surfaces. b. a human body and all of its commensal microbes. c. a body and all of its associated microbes. d. a nonhuman animal and all of the microbes found within it, but not those on the external surfaces.

c. a body and all of its associated microbes.

The colon has been described as a living fermentation vessel. Which type of culture system would it most resemble? a. batch culture b. immobilized cell culture c. continuous culture d. None of the listed responses is correct.

c. continuous culture

Based on comparative studies of agricultural soils or polluted soils compared with undisturbed soils, disturbance of soil microbial communities tends to lead to __________. a. no change in microbial community composition b. higher microbial abundance c. lower prokaryotic diversity d. greater microbial metabolic activity

c. lower prokaryotic diversity

Aliivibrio fischeri symbionts benefit the Hawaiian bobtail squid by a. degrading the cellulosic cell walls of the phytoplankton the squid eats. b. providing essential amino acids missing from the squids diet. c. mimicking the light of the moon, which helps the squid avoid nocturnal predators. d. providing essential amino acids missing from the squids diet and degrading the cellulosic cell walls of the phytoplankton the squid eats.

c. mimicking the light of the moon, which helps the squid avoid nocturnal predators.

Which treatment method(s) are used in primary wastewater treatment? a. chemical b. biological c. physical separation d. biological, chemical, and physical separation

c. physical separation

Microbes are sometimes used in secondary treatment of wastewater to a. remove large particles. b. convert heavy metals into carbon dioxide. c. remove organic matter. d. convert heavy metals into carbon dioxide, remove organic matter, and remove large particles.

c. remove organic matter.

Lichens are a mutualistic association of a fungus and either an alga or a cyanobacterium in which a. the phototroph provides phosphorus to the fungus. b. the fungus slowly engulfs the photosynthetic partner. c. the fungus protects the photosynthetic partner from erosion. d. the fungus helps collect sunlight for the photosynthetic partner.

c. the fungus protects the photosynthetic partner from erosion.

In mycorrhizal mutualisms between plants roots and fungi a. the plant supplies water to the fungus and the fungus supplies essential amino acids to the plant. b. the fungus infects the plant roots, stimulating plant growth through mic factors that act as growth hormones in the plant. c. the plant supplies carbohydrates to the fungus and the fungus supplies phosphorus and nitrogen to the plant. d. the plant protects the fungus from predation and the fungus supplies carbohydrates to the plant.

c. the plant supplies carbohydrates to the fungus and the fungus supplies phosphorus and nitrogen to the plant.

Based on your knowledge of hydrocarbon degradation, what factors most likely limited the rate of petroleum degradation after the Exxon Valdez oil spill off the coast of Alaska? a. inorganic nutrient concentrations b. salt concentration c. temperature d. temperature and inorganic nutrient concentrations

d. . temperature and inorganic nutrient concentrations

Which of the following is a benefit of studying the human microbiome? a. It may allow for increased recognition of disease biomarkers. b. It may allow for the development of personalized medical treatments. c. It may allow for more finely targeted probiotics. d. All of these answer choices are possible benefits.

d. All of these answer choices are possible benefits

The abundance of cyanobacterial mats has greatly declined due to the evolution of a. Proteobacteria. b. antimicrobial-producing fungi. c. bacteriophages. d. animal grazers.

d. animal grazers.

Microbial mats differ from biofilms in that they __________. a. are found only attached to surfaces b. have different environmental conditions at various depths within the community c. contain more than one species of microorganism in the community d. are currently found only in extreme habitats

d. are currently found only in extreme habitats

All of the following are true of biofilms EXCEPT that __________. a. biofilms protect organisms from antibiotics b. biofilm formation and dispersal are regulated processes c. biofilms form on virtually all submerged surfaces in nature d. biofilms are composed of only one species at a time

d. biofilms are composed of only one species at a time

A population of metabolically related microorganisms is called a(n) a. ecosystem. b. niche. c. haplotype. d. guild.

d. guild.

The colonization of a newborn's gut is influenced by __________. a. source of nutrients b. method of delivery c. gender d. method of delivery and source of nutrition

d. method of delivery and source of nutrition

Some lichen symbionts can survive independently on bare rocks in the absence of any external source of organic matter due to the ability of the phototrophic partner to fix CO2 from the air, and __________. a. chemolithotrophy by the bacterial partner. b. acquisition of water by the algal partner c. production of acids by bacterial fermenters to release minerals from the rock. d. nitrogen fixation by the cyanobacterias partner

d. nitrogen fixation by the cyanobacterias partner

One advantage of a monogastric digestive system is that __________. a. digestion occurs more slowly b. digestion occurs in compartments c. more microbes are present d. nutrients are easily accessible to the microbes that aid in digestion and vitamin production

d. nutrients are easily accessible to the microbes that aid in digestion and vitamin production

Which of the following can be completely degraded to carbon dioxide by microorganisms? a. uranium b. chlorinated organics c. petroleum d. petroleum and chlorinated organics

d. petroleum and chlorinated organics

Which of the following hydrocarbon compounds are most recalcitrant to degradation during bioremediation, meaning that they stay in the environment longer than the others? a. natural gases such as ethane and propane b. methane c. straight-chain hydrocarbons d. polycyclic hydrocarbons

d. polycyclic hydrocarbons

Which of the following represents increasing microbial diversity? a. cell-community-population b. community-guild-population c. guild-community-population d. population-guild-community

d. population-guild-community

Which metric describes the proportion of EACH species present in a community? a. species diversity b. species evenness c. species richness d. species abundance

d. species abundance

Compared with pure cultures grown in the lab, microbes in nature usually experience a wider range of environmental conditions, more variation in conditions over time, and more contact with other organisms. Therefore, the same organism in nature will __________. a. carry out completely different metabolisms than in pure culture b. typically grow only on surfaces c. typically grow faster than in pure culture d. typically grow slower than in pure culture

d. typically grow slower than in pure culture

Define: Prosthecae Budding What two genera have these?

extrusions of the cell that contain cytoplasm and cell wall (stalks, hyphae, appendages) unequal division that starts at a point on the cell (not binary fision) Hyphomycrobium and Caulobacter

Crenarchaeota: live where? Key genera? (4)

from Terrestrial Volcanic Habitats Sulfolobus, Acidianus, Thermoproteus, Pyrobaculum

Thermus: key what? gram + or -? what kind of aerobe? source of what?

genera positive, negative cell wall structure aerobic source of tax polymerase cause its a thermophile

Deinococcus key what? gram + or -? what kind of aerobe? resistant to? (4)

genera positive, negative cell wall structure aerobic UV radiation, gamma radiation, desiccation, and mutagenic agents

Characteristics of E coli (Escherichia Coli): gram + or - what type of aerobe? do they ferment glucose? sporulating? what shape? oxidase postive or neg? catalase positive or neg?

gram - facultative anaerobes yes no bacilli negative positive

What is only found in Sporochaetes?

gram negative and motility

To survive at high temps need what 4 things stabilized?

have exceptional protein stability DNA stability Lipid stability Ribosome Stability

High organic carbon present in the environment you have ______ N fixation low organic carbon present in the environment you have ______ N fixation, _______ biomass, and ________ fixation of CO2

high low less less

How can you have high protien stability? (2) How can ribosomes have high stability? (2)

high solute concentrations inside the cell have a lot of chaperone folding 16S rRNA, Ribosomes like Euk cells A lot of G and C in rRNA

Euyarchaeota: can live in what 3 extreme areas?

high temperature high salt high acid

Sulfolobales: grows where? what respiration? ________ __________ _______ what kind of phile? (temp) whats its electron acceptor?

in sulfur-rich acidic hot springs suffer rich acidic hot springs aerobe chemo (H2) litho (suffer or iron or H as e donor) autotroph (CO2) hyper thermo phile electron acceptor is sulfer gas or hydrogen sulfide

The carbon cycle includes what things (6)? What are the two redox relations of C cycling? and who does them?

includes atmosphere, land, oceans, sediments, rocks, and biomass Photosynthesis (autotrophs): remove CO2 produce oxygen CO2-->organic carbon Respiration (oxidative) (heterotrophs): produce CO2, remove O2 Organic C ---> CO2

Methanogens: Euryarcheata: what type of temp? halophytic or not? what type of respiration? reduced what? produces what? what kind of troph? ________ ________ ________ Where do they live? (4) can be utilized how?

mesophylic (37 degrees) non halipholic obligatory anaerobes reduces CO2 methane chemo litho autotroph 1. ocean floor 2. animal digestive track 3.geothermal sources 4. endosymbion of protozoa biodegradation

What are the two major products of decomposition?

methane CH4, and carbon dioxide CO2

Myxobacteria: unicellular or multicellular? have what structure showing a complex life cycle (think fungi) what kind of bacteria ____ _____ _______? What do they consume?

multi fruiting bodies chemoorganoheterotroph dead organic matter or other bacterial cells

Cyanobacteria: Preforms what kind of photosynthesis? Gram + or - ? Has what two photo centers? can it fix nitrogen? multi or uni cellular? can it be toxic?

oxidative photosynthesis gram - chlorophyl A (green, yellow) Phycobilin (blue red) yes both yes algael blooms

Photosynthesis is a reducing thing or an oxidizing thing? Respiration?

reduces Carbon oxidized carbon

What is the largest C reservoir? What is the most rapidly transferred carbon reservoir? how is CO2 removed from atmosphere? CO2 is returned by? What is the largest source of CO2 released to the atmosphere? How do photosynthetic organism reduce the level of CO2 in the atmosphere? oxygenic phototrophs are divided into what two groups?

sediments and rocks in earth crust CO2 in atmosphere photosynthetic land plants and marine microbes respiration and decomposition as well as human related activities Microbial decomposition phototrophic organisms produce orgainc/fixed carbon Plants dominate terrestrial environments. Microorganisms dominate aquatic environments.

Microbial Mats: are what? built by? (2) contain what? is a cyanobacterias mat a complete ecosystem? Have existed how long? Chemolithotrophic mats contain what bacteria?

very thick biofilms phototrophic and/or chemolitzotrophic bacteria filamentous cyanobacteria you bet cha 3.5 billion years contain filamentous sulfur-oxidizing

What is the most important factors in microbial activity in the surface soil? What is the most important factor in subsurface environment? If soil is really matter logged what types of organism will live there?

water nutrient availability methanogens cause they used H as their electron donor

Whats a limitation of 16S sequencing of soil?

you cannot identify down to the species level, barely even genus