Mitosis, Meiosis, and Human Development

Vegetative Reproduction: Natural-Runner

A stem that grows sideways and buds -strawberries

gametogenesis

the production of gametes

menstrual period

the time during which a female releases unneeded blood and tissue

Regeneration in Starfish

The process of replacing lost body parts regeneration. -the hydra, planarian (flatworm), starfish, and earthworm can regenerate -Some crabs

Prophase

The two chromosomes, positioned side by side, are called sister chromatids, They are identical copies of one another. Distinct chromosomes (chromatid jumbled up). Centrioles start migrating away. Spindle fibers form. Nuclear membrane intact, but begins to break down. P. PRONOUNCED CHROMOSOMES.

Endoderm

innermost layer that forms into lining f the digestive tract; lining of the trachea, bronchi and lungs, liver and pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, and urinary bladder

Vegetative Reproduction: Artificial-Grafting

joining together plants of closely related species

Ectoderm

layer that forms into nervous system, lining of the mouth, nostrils, epidermis of skin, sweat glands, hair, and nails

cervix

lower end of the uterus that opens to a vagina

LH

luteinizing hormone which inhibits FSH and temporarily stops menstruation for 9 months, it is released by the ovary

testosterone

main male hormone; responsible for male traits

sperm

male gamete

Pouched Mammals

marsupials . development is started in a uterus and completed in a pouch.

cyclic stages in a girl

menstruation-follicle stage-ovulation-corpus luteum stage

cleavage

mitotic cell division of the zygote without growth. a large egg cell is reduced to the size of the cells of the adult organism.

placental

most mammals form a structure between the embryo and mom.

Advantages of Vegetative Reproduction

new plants identical to the parent are produced and it is faster than growing a plant from a seed.

meiosis II

no replication this time! same steps as mitosis

Hermaphroditism

no separate sexes, each individual has both testes and ovaries. -earthworms, snails, hydra self fertilization is rare: individuals exchange sperm with other individuals.

oogenesis

occurs in ovaries (female gonads)

spermatogenesis

occurs in testes (male gonads)

epididymis

organ above each testicle where sperm becomes mature

uterus

organ in which a baby develops; a vey strong muscle

fallopian tube

organ through which eggs pass from the ovary to the uterus; fertilization occurs here

vagina

organ through which that baby passes during birth; birth canal

Scrotum

pouch that contains testes; helps to keep them cool

ovary

sex gland in the female

Testes

sex glands in the male that produce sperm and testosterone

Gonads

sexual organs that produce gametes

crossing over

shuffles up genetic material. chiasmada

Interphase I meiosis

similar to interphase one in mitosis. nucleus and nucleolus visible.

Gametes

specialized reproductive cells that contain the chromosomes that combine during sexual reproduction

metaphase I meiosis

tetrads line up at middle

ovulation

the eggs leaving the ovary

zygote

the first cell resulting from fertilization.

Internal fertilization

the gametes fuse inside the body of the female. found most often in animals that reproduce on land. Sharks and lobsters are and exception.

External fertilization

the gametes fuse outside the body of the female. Take place in animals that breed in water, To overcome the hazards, large numbers of eggs and sperm are released.

fertilization

the joining of sperm and egg

chorion

the outermost membrane surrounding an embryo of a reptile, bird, or mammal. In mammals (including humans), it contributes to the formation of the placenta.

How does sperm get to egg?

Through fluid medium.

Anaphase

Chromosomes are pulled away. A. AWAY.

progesterone

hormone that prepares the body or pregnancy

External Development on land

in birds and most reptiles, fertilizations internal, with developments external. The fertilized egg, with a large amount of yolk, is enclosed in a protective shell

prostate gland

large gland surrounding the urethra, in front of bladder

seminal vesicles

2 glands that give off a fluid that mixes with and nourishes the sperm

cowpers glands

2 small glands that secrete fluid for the sperm

telophase II

4 haploid daughter cells resulted, with half the normal chromosome number

Metaphase

A large protein network called the spindle attaches to each sister chromatid and the chromosomes are aligned perpendicular to the spindle. M. CHROMSOMES LINED UP IN MIDDLE.

Hydra

Budding occurs with Hydra

Fraternal Twins

Dizygotic

Mesoderm

Middle layer that forms into Mesoderm: bones & muscles, blood & blood vessels; reproductive & excretory systems; dermis of skin

Identical Twins

Monozygotic

prophase I meisosis

Nucleus & Nucleolus disappear • Spindle forms • Chromosomes coil & Synapsis (pairing) occurs • Tetrads form & Crossing over occurs

Budding

Occurs when a small piece of the parent cell breaks off and the small piece goes off to live and grow independently form the parent, (parent and buds aren't the same size) -HYDRA, YEAST, AND SPONGE -*UNEQUAL CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION*

egg laying mammals

a large amount of yolk inside a leathery egg with the embryo. after hatching, the young animals nurse from the mom.

Vegetative Reproduction: Natural-bulb

a short stem that is underground. new bulbs sprout from the old one and each new bulb gives rise to a new lively plant

Vegetative Reproduction: Artificial-Layering

a stem is placed under the soil where it grows roots

Vegetative Reproduction: Natural-rhizome

a stem that grows sideways and underground (ferns)

Vegetative Reproduction: Natural-tuber

an enlarged part or the short stem that is underground. The "Eyes" become the buds. (potatoes)

embryo

an organism in the early stages of development

blastula

as cleavage continues, the morula hollows out, to a once cell thick sphere.

Growth and differentiation

as the gastrula develops, the number of cells continue to increase, which also continue to growth. The cells are all alike in this point.

chorion villi

blood exchange

telophase I meiosis

cell pinches

differentiation

changing of unspecialized embryonic cells into the specialized cells, tissues, and organs of an organism. n Different genes are turned on or off, resulting in different types of cells.

anaphase I meiosis

chromosomes separate. disjuction

morula

cleavage results in a solid ball of cells early in development

Umbilical Cord

connects the embryo to the placenta in the uterus.

amniotic sack

contains amniotic fluid, cushions fetus, and acts as a shock absorber, also protects against infection.

egg

female gamete

Interphase

Before the cell enters mitosis. No distinct chromosomes. Cell spends the most time in this phase.

Telephase

Cell starts to split in two (pinches in animals, cell plate in plant). Cytokinesis.

Spore Formation in Fungi

Spores are released from the parent, germinate, and produce new individuals (sporulation). There are many types of spores; a protective wall usually surrounds a spore. -*FUNGI*, algae, and protozoa produce spores

Vegetative Reproduction: Artificial-cutting

cutting the stem, leaf, or root and placing in water, or soil to stimulate tissue growth

Early layers of embryo

ecoderm- outer endoderm- inner mesoderm-third layer that forms next, in between endoderm and ecoderm.

allantois

egg wastes and gas exchange.

Embryonic Development

events after fertilization that give rise to a full grown organism

Mitosis

every time a cell divides it must ensure that its DNA (packaged into chromosomes) is faithfully partitioned between the two daughter cells

In vivo

fertilization inside a living person

In vitro

fertilization out the body

blastocoel

fluid filled inside of sphere

semen

fluid that contains sperm and fluid from the glands

FSH

follicle stimulation hormone is released from pituitary gland and stimulates follicles for eggs to mature

Except for gametes, all your body cells contain two complete sets of chromosomes (diploid).. why?

gametes unite during sexual reproduction

estrogen

hormone responsible for female traits

External Development in Water

in most aquatic animals: nourishment rom embryos comes from yolk stored in the egg. oxygen and wastes diffuse between embryo and water. There is little to no care of the young by parents. Exceptions: male stickerback fish; mouth breeders. *large number of eggs needed, most do not survive!!*

meiosis

the process by which a single parent diploid cell (both homologous chromosomes) divides to produce four daughter haploid cells (one homologous chromosomes pair). Involves a reduction in the amount of genetic material.

Cytokinesis

the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells

Synapsis

the process of 2 pairs of sister chromatids moving together. forms a tetrad (tetrads switch up the genetic info)

embryology

the study of embryonic development. the basic processes in embryonic development are cleavage, growth, and differentiation.

ovulation-menstruation cycle

the time span between the beginning of one menstrual period and the beginning of the next

vas deferens

tube between the epidydimis and prostate gland

urethra

tube through which semen and urine leave the male

Binary Fission

unicellular organisms produce identical offspring by the process of binary fission, which is the simplest form of a sexual reproduction. *EQUAL CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION*

gastrulation

when the blastula is about several hundred cells big, mitotic cell division continues, but is accompanied by growth, and various movements of the cells

Implantation

when the developing egg attaches to the uterine lining and the pregnancy starts.

menopause

when you no longer have a menstrual cycle