MKT 322 Consumer Behavior Exam 3

________ are generally more involved in a product category and actively search for information. Innovators Reference groups Market mavens Opinion seekers

Opinion seekers

________ refers to the passage of individuals from one social class to another. Social class Social prestige Social mobility Social affinity

Social mobility

According to Pierre Bourdieu, people's taste regarding entertainment and the arts serves as a status-making force or ________ that causes consumption preferences to cluster together. hierarchy habitus chav code

habitus

In advertising terms, a(n) ________ refers to a view or exposure to an advertising message. connection reference impression node

impression

Consumers who always are on the lookout for novel products or services and who are first to try something new are ________. continuous innovation laggards early adopters innovators

innovators

The second stage in the rite of passage is ________. aggregation sacred consumption separation liminality

liminality

Culture is best described as a society's ________. history attitude personality consciousness

personality

Tory Burch flats, cage-free eggs, electric cars, selfies, and high tech furniture are part of the ________. cultural movement marketing concept movement value movement lifestyle movement

cultural movement

Most religion-oriented marketing activity in America can be traced to the ________ community. born-again Christian Jewish Muslim Baby Boomer

born-again Christian

Luminaries from Amazon, Google, and Twitter tend to use ________. glamping social capital cultural capital hedonic adaptation

glamping

The ability of a person to pass from one social class to another is called ________. hedonic adaption social mobility plutonomy status hierarchy

social mobility

________ is a system in which we define people by what they do for a living. Social prestige Status hierarchy Social class Occupational prestige

Occupational prestige

Sophie tells Nick about a great new restaurant. Sophie is practicing ________. viral advertising word-of-mouth communication social advertising group advertising

word-of-mouth communication

Advertising to teens typically depicts ________. qualified experts explaining product benefits to teens "in" teens using the product respected adults recommending the product family members of two or three generations using the product together

"in" teens using the product

As a relationship grows and progresses, gift giving tends to become more ________. altruistic reciprocal instrumental exchange oriented

altruistic

Jim Smith, Don Carson, and Jeff Sweeney are all 54 years old, so they can be sorted into ________. Gen Z an age cohort nuclear family subculture

an age cohort

If a fireman told you to leave your apartment, you would comply because the fireman has ________ power. referent legitimate reward coercive

legitimate

A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a ________. ritual norm more myth

myth

A ________ is an economy that is driven by a fairly small group of rich people. monarchy homogany plutonomy democracy

plutonomy

A nuclear family consists of ________. a mother and at least one child three generations of a family a mother, a father, and at least one child two generations of a family

a mother, a father, and at least one child

Anna is a millionaire but she is constantly stressed and unhappy despite her wealth, Anna is experiencing ________. class warfare cosmopolitanism affluenza burnout

affluenza

According to Dennis Rook, a key aspect of a ritual is ________. scripts artifacts performance roles all of the above

all of the above

In the cultural production process, the people who control the flow of information between producers and customers are called ________. cultural informers lead users innovators cultural gatekeepers

cultural gatekeepers

Margaret stayed on top of what was happening in the marketplace, but she was not necessarily the first to purchase items when they first came out. Margaret would be classified as a(n) ________. market analyst innovator market maven opinion leader

market maven

A middle class person with an income at least 15 percent lower than the median middle class income, would be considered a(n) ________ consumer. conspicuous invidious underprivileged restricted

underprivileged

________ refers to a stage in the gift-giving process, where the giver procures an item to make some event. Gestation Ritual artifacts Presentation Reformulation

Gestation

Through the process of ________, immigrants make the unfamiliar familiar by integrating symbols from their former lives into their new homes. warming maintenance assimilation resistance

warming

________ are consumers who refuse to sacrifice style, but they achieve on a budget. Cosmopolitanism Frugalistas Nouveau rich Fashionistas

Frugalistas

An age cohort that describes kids who were born in the late 1990s to early 2000s is ________. Eco Boomers Generation Z Generation X Generation Y

Generation Z

________ refers to analytical techniques that combine data on consumer expenditures and other socioeconomic factors with geographic information. Perceived age Senior market Geodemography Consumer identity renaissance

Geodemography

What is the most powerful age segment economically in the United States? The Baby Boomer Generation Generation X Generation Y The Silent Generation

The Baby Boomer Generation

A component of a person's subculture is ________. race ethnic background age all of the above

all of the above

A reason why consumers conform is ________. fear of deviance cultural pressures commitment all of the above

all of the above

A type of reference group is ________. membership avoidance aspirational all of the above

all of the above

In the process of ________, new immigrants adopt products, habits, and values they identify with the mainstream culture. maintenance segregation assimilation resistance

assimilation

Raymond Chandler wrote classic American detective stories. By always using certain roles for his characters and props that were appropriate to the genre, Chandler's novels followed a(n) ________. enacted norm cultural formula fashion cycle innovation process

cultural formula

All of the following are subsystems in a culture production system EXCEPT a ________ subsystem. managerial communications marketing creative

marketing

Hundreds of millions of consumers around the world have the purchasing power to afford higher quality products. This consumer group, known as the ________, tend to buy affordable cars rather than luxury cars. plutonomy taste culture mass class leisure class

mass class

A church that serves 2000 or more congregants per week is called a ________. mainstream church mass church megachurch large church

megachurch

A group composed of people that the consumer actually knows is called a(n) ________ reference group. membership tribal networked aspirational

membership

Political candidates who get the most media coverage are more likely to win elections because of the effect of ________ in determining one's set of referents. propinquity group cohesiveness mere exposure reference bias

mere exposure

Blue-collar workers with relatively high-prestige jobs consider themselves as ________. working class lower middle upper lower class upper middle class lower lower class

working class lower middle

What modern American ceremony would come closest in intent to a Native American potlatch? A baptism A marriage The celebration ordered by a large company that has gained a new lucrative contract A university graduation

A marriage

SRBI Consulting Business Intelligence divides consumers into which of the following groups? Luxury is functional Luxury is indulgence Luxury is a reward All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated functions of myths in a culture? Psychological Sociological Anthropological Cosmological

Anthropological

It is quite common for mainstream culture to modify symbols identified with "cutting edge" subcultures and present these to a larger audience. Such cultural products undergo a process of ________, by which their original meanings are transformed by outsiders. cooptation transformation innovation diffusion

cooptation

A set of socially relevant nodes connected by one or more relations is called a social ________. message group network graph

network

In general, advertising is more effective when it ________ than when it ________. tries to create new product preferences; reinforces our existing product preferences relies upon viral marketing tactics; relies upon word-of-mouth strategies relies upon word-of-mouth tactics; relies upon viral marketing tactics reinforces our existing product preferences; tries to create new product preferences

reinforces our existing product preferences; tries to create new product preferences

A special ritual marking a person's transition from one role to another is called a ________. convention cycle rite of passage sacralization

rite of passage

James Otis wants to be "just like Mike" (basketball star Michael Jordan) and has for many years. James has purchased Jordan-gear, follows Jordan's career, and he has often thought about how to give back to his community the way MJ has. Which of the following reference group terms would apply to James Otis and his relationship with Michael Jordan? Tribal group Aspirational group Avoidance group Membership group

Aspirational group

Chet meets each Wednesday night at his local bookstore with a small group of computer enthusiasts. The group calls itself X-Hackers because at one time all of these select members were hackers. Today, members of the group have similar values and have pledged to stop computer hacking. Which membership factor best describes what brings this group together? Group cohesiveness Avoidance Mere exposure Propinquity

Group cohesiveness

When companies use celebrities in their ads they are using the principle of ________ reference groups. normative aspirational coercive membership

aspirational

Members of which of the following age cohorts are part of today's senior market? The War Baby Generation Generation X Generation Z Generation Y

The War Baby Generation

A ________ is a very short-lived fashion. style trend fad classic

fad

Jeff had collected a nice wardrobe before graduating from college. All of his friends considered him "well dressed." After the first day at his new job, however, Jeff immediately went out and replaced most of his clothes with what was considered to be professional dress clothing. Jeff had just experienced the power of a new ________. brand community reference group avoidance group information cascade

reference group

The process whereby a product formerly associated with a specific ethnic group is detached from its roots and marketed to other subcultures is called ________. de-culturization de-ethnicization warming acculturation

de-ethnicization

Home shopping parties may activate the risky shift or ________, in which the individual at the party may get so caught up in the party spirit that he orders products that he would normally not purchase. homophily surrogate shift deindividuation principle of least interest

deindividuation

When a sacred item or symbol is removed from its special place or is duplicated in mass quantities, then it becomes profane as a result of ________. sacralization objectification desacralization defamation

desacralization

Money available to a household over and above what is required to have a comfortable standard of living is called ________. average of earnings overtime pay discretionary income real income

discretionary income

Jim is considered a part of the upper middle class, while Marcos is considered part of the lower upper class. Jim and Marcos have been identified in terms of ________. social rank occupational prestige social class cultural capital

social class

________ refers to the factors that motivate people to physically uproot themselves from one location to another. Assimilation Movement Translation Adaptation

Movement

Jason is a marketing researcher working for a client who believes that social class will be an important segmenting device. Jason decides to find social class categories by simply asking respondents to pick their own category. Which of the following best supports Jason's approach? Most Americans don't mind talking about social class but are usually inaccurate in determining their own categories. American consumers are generally better able to identify their neighbors' social class than their own social class. American consumers generally have little difficulty accurately placing themselves in the lower-middle class or middle class. Most Americans will list the social class they wish to belong to rather than the one they actually occupy.

American consumers generally have little difficulty accurately placing themselves in the lower-middle class or middle class.

Which of the following is an object that is admired strictly for its beauty or because it inspires an emotional reaction? An art product A trial product A craft product A reality-engineered product

An art product

Which of the following is a new kind of avoidance group that has grown in popularity through the Web? Virtual communities of consumption Consumer tribes Anti-brand communities Virtual worlds

Anti-brand communities

Items such as Swiffer, Keurig, and Dove target ________. Gen Z Gen Y Baby Boomers Gen X

Baby Boomers

Which of the following phrases is the best illustration of homogamy? Leave no stone unturned To the victor go the spoils Opposites attract Birds of a feather flock together

Birds of a feather flock together

________ measures how optimistic or pessimistic people are about the future health of the economy and how they will fair in the future. Saving rate Income inequality Consumer confidence Credit score

Consumer confidence

Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct stages of gift-giving rituals? Gestation Reformulation Convention Presentation

Convention

Evan was an aggressive, rich, and determined businessman originally from a working class family. He had become wealthier than he had ever imagined by buying and selling other businesses. Evan seemingly could do anything until he tried a hostile takeover of an established bank owned by several prestigious families. When his bid failed, Evan said "I always knew there was an elite, but up to now I thought I was part of it." What type of capital was Evan lacking? Cultural Sociological Economic Psychological

Cultural

________ refers to the set of individuals and organizations that create and market cultural products. Culture production system (CPS) Culture program company (CPC) Culture production institution (CPI) Culture invention company (CIC)

Culture production system (CPS)

________ occurs when an individual may have reason to believe that the group will apply sanctions to punish nonconforming behavior. The principle of least interest Interpersonal influence Fear of deviance Fear of commitment

Fear of deviance

Which term refers to exchanges of resources, information, or influence among members of networks? Flaming Media multiplexity Flows Lurkers

Flows

________ foods are permissible under the laws of Islam. Tudung Kosher Halal Organic

Halal

Of the countries listed below, which is thought to be highly status-conscious? Brazil Japan Canada Spain

Japan

Which of the following theorists is best known for arguing that an individual's relationship to the means of production determines his position in society? Karl Marx Horatio Alger Thorstein Veblen Max Weber

Karl Marx

________ postulated that myths involve binary opposition, in which two opposing ends of some dimension are represented (such as good versus evil). Freud Levi-Strauss Hofstede Bettelheim

Levi-Strauss

China's economic boom has created 130 million people in what social class? Lower-upper class Upper-upper class Lower-middle class Upper-lower class

Lower-middle class

________ is a myth that explains the origins of existence. Sociological Psychological Cosmological Metaphysical

Metaphysical

Nearly 60% of the Hispanic American population are of ________ descent. Dominican Cuban Mexican South American

Mexican

________ usually dictate what is right and wrong, acceptable or unacceptable. Myths Norms Rituals Theories

Norms

________ are frequently able to influence others' attitudes on behavior. Opinion leaders Norms Environmental cues Anti-brand communities

Opinion leaders

With respect to social organization, some barnyard animals exhibit signs of a dominance-submission hierarchy. Which of the following terms best illustrates such a hierarchy? Pecking order Social class King-of-the-hill Dog-eat-dog

Pecking order

________ argue(s) that each of us has several "selves that relate to groups." Social loafing Membership groups Social identity theory Cultural pressures

Social identity theory

________ happens when we do not devote as much time and effort to a task as we could because our contribution is part of a larger group effect. Principle of least interest Brand feats Brand community Social loafing

Social loafing

________ is the degree to which a person is able to make other people do something. Identity power Social power Referent power Group power

Social power

________ describes consumers in terms of their aesthetic and intellectual preferences. An elaborated code A restricted code Taste culture Social culture

Taste culture

Sharon is upset with her secretary. Though everyone in the office agreed not to give Christmas presents this year, Sharon's secretary gave her an expensive bottle of perfume. Which of the following best identifies the source of Sharon's feelings? Self-serving guilt Objectification Role transference The reciprocity norm

The reciprocity norm

________ are 8- to 14-year-old children. Gen Y Tweens Echo Boomers Millennials

Tweens

The pressure to conform that escalates as more and more group members "cave in" is called the ________ effect. bandwagon loafing polarization homophily

bandwagon

The ________ influence is the reference group influence that helps the consumer make decisions about specific brands or activities. selective coercive comparative normative

comparative

The actual number of years a person has been alive is their ________ age. confirmed perceived chronological cohort

chronological

An age ________ consists of people of similar ages who have undergone similar experiences. paradigm culture model cohort

cohort

Shannon Reeves and Tish Phillips remember their days as student protesters in the 1960s. Shannon remembers seeing Jim Hendrix at Woodstock and Tish remembers burning her bra in front of the central administration building at Yale. These memories about cultural heroes and events are one of the chief characteristics of an age ________. cohort perception paradigm renaissance

cohort

The systematic acquisition of a particular object or set of objects is called ________. collecting prioritizing ritualizing hoarding

collecting

According to the principle of least interest, the person who is least ________ has the most power in the relationship. susceptible to interpersonal influence committed to staying in the relationship susceptible to cultural pressures concerned about sanctions against nonconforming behavior

committed to staying in the relationship

One of the goals of marketing to Gen Yers has been to allow them to remain free of the restraints of wires and cords, but still have media available at any time. The lifestyle created by this approach is referred to as ________. identity renaissance distinct-styling connexity cosplay

connexity

Harry was the lead singer in a band that hit it big. For his birthday, Harry had two hundred friends flown by chartered jets to a private island in the South Pacific. They ate the most expensive food, and every morning the bungalows were burned to the ground and rebuilt for the next night. Harry's party is a good example of ________. conspicuous consumption parody display ascribed status social mobility

conspicuous consumption

Every summer, thousands of motorcycle enthusiasts converge at Sturgis, South Dakota, for a motorcycle rally. They fill up every campground, motel, and hotel, in the vicinity. This annual illustrates a(n) ________. aspirational group consumer tribe maven network normative clan

consumer tribe

Through the process of ________, objects associated with sacred events or people become sacred in their own right. congregation contamination reciprocity desacralization

contamination

The Macah, a Native American tribe from the Northwest, built functional seagoing canoes that are considered works of art by modern shipbuilders. By definition, these boats would be considered ________. style and cultural icons craft products low art products high art products

craft products

Gen enjoys owning a micro-refrigerator, which is small enough to fit almost anywhere. Gen believes that the efficient use of space is one of the characteristics that any good product should have. With respect to the functional areas of a cultural system, Gen is focusing on ________ as a variable in selecting products. ideology socio-psychology social structure ecology

ecology

The Japanese greatly value products that make efficient use of space because of the cramped conditions in urban areas in Japan. This is an example of ________ in Japan's cultural system. ecology ideology dogma social structure

ecology

Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as a type of ________ exchange. psychological stylistic economic transactional

economic

A member of ________ has recently gained personal wealth and may experience status anxiety. Such individuals may try to display symbols of their success to make up for an internal lack of assurance about the "correct" way to behave. the nouveau riche the taste culture an old money family the mass class

the nouveau riche

Fashion refers to ________. the process of social diffusion by which style is adopted by consumers a particular combination of attributes within style being positively evaluated by some reference group the norm

the process of social diffusion by which style is adopted by consumers

An extended family unit is characterized by ________ living together. one parent and at least one child three generations of a family two generations of a family two parents and at least one child

three generations of a family

Gen Y'ers are at home in ________, which communicates by texting and IMing. the gray market the tween market microculture thumb culture

thumb culture

The cultural learning acquired through ________ leads immigrants to a process of adaptation. maintenance resistance translation segregation

translation

When Bob, a wealthy real estate investor, saw an inner city kid wearing a heavy gold chain with a medallion around his neck, Bob wanted the same for himself. Bob's behavior is best explained by the ________. meme theory trickle-down effect trickle-across effect trickle-up effect

trickle-up effect

The first thing D'Andrea was asked when she went to work for an advertising firm is how to promote to African-Americans. After careful consideration, which of the following is the best advice D'Andrea could give her new employers? African American children tend to gravitate toward toys and characters that look like them. All promotions to this ethnic subculture should be distinct from promotions to other ethnic groups. Separate advertisements to this ethnic subculture are never done and should not be considered. All promotions to African-Americans have to take into account the market's income, which has been declining drastically over the last two decades.

African American children tend to gravitate toward toys and characters that look like them.

Which American ethnic subculture is the fastest growing? Hispanic American American Indian Asian American African American

Asian American

Jui-Jui has a need to achieve independence. He dreams daily of leaving home and getting his own apartment; however, because he lives in a neighborhood full of houses, he would have to go some distance to find an apartment that he could afford. This move would mean that he would distance himself from his friends. This example is a common dilemma for many teens. Which of the following conflicts that most teens face is most applicable to Jui-Jui's situation? Narcissism vs. intimacy Idealism vs. pragmatism Rebellion vs. conformity Autonomy vs. belonging

Autonomy vs. belonging

Fred has been a farmer all his life. He inherited the family farm when he was 35, but that was twenty years ago. Due to the economy, Fred has lost the farm and has taken a manual labor job in the city to support his family. What form of mobility best describes Fred's position? Two-way stretch mobility Downward mobility Upward mobility Horizontal mobility

Downward mobility

Angela belongs to a film club that selects and views classic movies once a month. Angela won't watch scary movies on her own, but agrees to watch the classic vampire film with the club because almost all of the other club members voted to see it. This example demonstrates which factor of conformity? Group unanimity Principle of least interest Fear of deviance Cultural pressure

Group unanimity

________ group members tend to be tightly knit, and they infer meaning that goes beyond the spoken word. Mid-content culture Host culture Low-content culture High-content culture

High-content culture

Sandra decided to become a nurse after several years as an elementary teacher. She still wanted to help people but in a different manner. Sandra's case is an example of which of the following? Horizontal mobility Upward mobility Downward mobility Status crystallization

Horizontal mobility

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic conflicts common to all teens? Idealism vs. activism Narcissism vs. conformity Autonomy vs. belonging Rebellion vs. conformity

Idealism vs. activism

Which functional area of culture is most closely related to the idea of a common worldview? Socio-psychology Ideology Ecology Social structure

Ideology

________ is/are the mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group. Myths Norms Theories Ideology

Ideology

Marketers must know the needs and wants of their customers. Which of the following presents the most accurate picture of the typical elderly consumer today? Most are active, interested in what life has to offer, and are enthusiastic consumers with the means and willingness to buy many goods and services. Most are old, infirm, depressed, stay-at-home people who live a hand-to-mouth existence. Most live with their children, have little savings, and have an increasingly difficult time adjusting to the changing technical world around them. Most have refused government support and are going through a hermitization process. They don't trust anyone under 60.

Most are active, interested in what life has to offer, and are enthusiastic consumers with the means and willingness to buy many goods and services.

With respect to the acculturation process, what is the relationship between maintenance and segregation? The relationship is subtle. There is constant battle between new immigrants attempting to maintain their new identity and language and the dominant culture applying pressure to segregate new immigrants, thus separating them from the new culture. New immigrants often attempt to maintain their old cultural backgrounds be segregating themselves, living and shopping in physically separated areas from the main culture. Members of a subculture who have been in a larger culture for a long period of time maintain their alliance to the new culture by segregating themselves from new immigrants. People who belong to the dominant culture attempt to maintain their cultural superiority by isolating the subculture values of new immigrants and physically segregating members of new subcultures into separate groups.

New immigrants often attempt to maintain their old cultural backgrounds be segregating themselves, living and shopping in physically separated areas from the main culture.

________ is the extent to which less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Individualism Uncertainty avoidance Long-term orientation Power distance

Power distance

________ consumption occurs with objects and events that are considered to be ordinary and everyday. Sacred Objectified Profane Ritualized

Profane

________ is when ordinary objects, events, and even people take on sacred meaning. Contamination Objectification Profane consumption Sacralization

Sacralization

The ________ Generation includes people who were born between the two World Wars. Silent War Baby Interbellum Baby Boomer

Silent

Which of the following best explains why marketers view teens as "consumers-in-training"? Teenagers have little influence on their families' purchase decisions, but they carefully watch and model the consumer behavior of their parents. Marketers typically do not begin targeting consumers until they are teenagers. Teenagers often develop brand loyalty during their adolescence, committing to a brand and continuing to purchase it for decades to come. Teenagers have little discretionary income, so they have few opportunities to make independent purchase decisions.

Teenagers often develop brand loyalty during their adolescence, committing to a brand and continuing to purchase it for decades to come.

People born between 1946 and 1964 belong to ________. Generation X Generation Y The Interbellum Generation The Baby Boomer Generation

The Baby Boomer Generation

Which of the following statements about teenagers is true? The concept of a teenager began to appear in Western cultures about 200 years ago as a result of practices by Native American tribes. Most cultures have historically separated youth between the ages of 13 to 17 as being neither children nor adults. Most primitive cultures have isolated youth between the ages of 13 to 17 as being unstable and incapable of membership in adult life. The concept of being a teenager is a relatively new historical development that did not exist prior to about 60 to 70 years ago.

The concept of being a teenager is a relatively new historical development that did not exist prior to about 60 to 70 years ago.

________ proposes that a small group of influencers disseminates information because they can modify the opinion of a large group. Influence cascades Opinion leaders Two-step flow model of influences Influence network

Two-step flow model of influences

________ refers to the strategy of getting visitors to a Web site to forward information on the site of their friends in order to make more consumers aware of a product. Guerrilla marketing Demand-based marketing Viral marketing Foot-in-door marketing

Viral marketing

The process of movement and adaption to one country's cultural environment by a person from another country is called ________. acculturation de-ethnicization immigration progressive learning

acculturation

Manuel still remembers the impact of his first college class in the United States. As a new immigrant, he was sincere in his desire to learn about the American culture that he had chosen to adopt. His college professor taught Manuel many things about the American culture. In doing so, the professor was acting as a(n) ________. acculturation agent cohort ethnographer guidance agent

acculturation agent

A person who receives rewards and status because of his hard work is said to have ________ status. hierarchical achieved nouveau riche longitudinal

achieved

Maria Gomez is thrilled to be in the United States. After spending her childhood years in Mexico, she is looking forward to the freedom given to teenage girls in the United States. "I can wear shorts, pantsuits, and even halter tops and no one will think badly of me," says Maria. Maria is in the process of ________. adaptation resistance segregation maintenance

adaptation

The ________ a group is, the more likely members are to engage in social loafing. bigger less homogenous smaller more homogeneous

bigger

Products are winnowed out as they make their way down the path from conception to consumption, a process called ________. cultural mapping cooptation cultural selection diffusion

cultural selection

Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them. transcultural sacralized fighter fortress

fortress

Movie and restaurant reviewers, magazine editors, retail buyers and DJ's are considered ________ because they filter information. innovators early adopters laggards gatekeepers

gatekeepers

All of the following are important components of social class except for ________. educational attainment income occupational prestige gender

gender

Recent research on opinion leadership has called into question the traditional view that there are ________ opinion leaders, whose recommendations people see for all purchases. polymorphic heterophilous monomorphic generalized

generalized

Japan is a very tightly knit culture with rich history and social identification. In this culture, people tend to infer meanings that go beyond the spoken word. This classifies Japan as a ________ culture. low-context progressive paradigm high-context

high-context

Vance comes from the lower-upper class as does Jeff. They are both madly in love with Julia, who is beautiful enough to do part-time modeling. According to the principle of ________, Julia could be attracted to both men. ascribed status restricted codes elaborated codes homogamy

homogamy

We tend to marry people in a similar social class to ours. Sociologists call this ________, or assortative mating. homogamy cultural formatting monogamy hemophilia

homogamy

Anna and David both have the same college degree, belong to the same social class, and attend the same church. This situation illustrates ________. homophily positive reinforcement influence network referent power

homophily

The aspect of a cultural system which describes the mental characteristics of a people and the way they relate to their environment and social groups is known as ________. ideology anthropology ecology social structure

ideology

One percenters are an example of ________. pay pay ratio plutonomy income inequality saving rate

income inequality

A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________. ritual myth more convention

ritual

Peggy Simmons has a tough assignment. She is to live in Japan for the next five years and successfully introduce her company's line of cosmetics to Japanese women. Her company's management hopes that living in an average neighborhood, commuting to work every day, eating native food, and speaking Japanese will help Peggy involve herself in the society more quickly than if she stayed separate from her hosts. The company's management wants Peggy to use the ________ model. progressive learning life course paradigm warming consumer renaissance

progressive learning

A(n) ________ is an actual or imaginary individual or group conceived of having significant relevance upon an individual's evaluations, aspirations, or behavior. demographic group reference group focus group opinion group

reference group

Anna asks people in her social group their opinion about a movie before she watches it. Her social group is an example of a(n) ________. leaderboard reference group group norm core group

reference group

If a consumer admires the qualities of another person and copies his or her behaviors, the person that is copied is said to have ________ power. legitimate coercive informational referent

referent

James' friend, whom he admires and respects, just purchased a new car. James decides to buy the same model. This situation illustrates the influence of ________. information power legitimate power referent power social power

referent power

Phillipe is a member of a small Harley-Davidson motorcycle club. Members meet once a week to ride and talk about their bikes. This club might exert a ________ influence on Phillipe as he decides which model of bike he buys for his girlfriend. referent power legitimate power coercive power normative

referent power

Pavel is an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under the bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a ________. rite of passage ritual symbolic exchange convention

ritual

Wedding rice, birthday candles, and diplomas are considered ________. ritual artifacts norms potlatch ritual script

ritual artifacts

Immigrants to the United States who exhibit ________ tend to live and shop in places separated from mainstream Anglo consumers. segregation movement warming adaptation

segregation

Older adults that control more than 50% of discretionary income are considered the ________ market. boomer echo boomer millennial senior

senior

Several research methods are used to study reference groups and opinion leadership. ________ methods trace communication patterns among members of a group. These techniques allow researchers to systematically map out the interactions that take place among group members. behavioral geodemographic sociometric momentum

sociometric

Trisha grew up in a drug-ridden inner city neighborhood. Through sheer determination and intelligence, Trisha is now a medical doctor teaching on the staff of a large university hospital. Trisha is proud of what she has accomplished, but sometimes she feels stressed and uncertain of who she really is. The concept of ________ assesses the impact of such inconsistencies. homogamy habitus status crystallization invidious distinction

status crystallization

Most groups exhibit a structure called a ________ in which some members are somehow better off than others in terms of authority, power, or respect. mass class social class social array status hierarchy

status hierarchy

When a Rolls-Royce, a Cartier diamond, and an Andy Warhol painting are bought and displayed as markers of social class, they are ________. status symbols social parameters psychological blocks social inhibitors

status symbols

A ________ is defined as a group whose members share beliefs and common experiences that set them apart from others. network micro culture subculture cohort

subculture

Meagan is planning her wedding and wants everything to be just right. Because she feels overwhelmed by all of the information to sort through and the choices to make, she hires a wedding planner to make many of the decisions and purchases for her. Meagan's wedding planner is best described as a(n) ________. opinion seeker surrogate consumer innovative communicator key informant

surrogate consumer

When people are differentiated in terms of their aesthetic and intellectual preferences, a ________ is being applied. taste culture consumption constellation culture code designation social cluster

taste culture

A cultural production system is a ________. communication subsystem managerial subsystem creative subsystem all of the above

all of the above

Consumers who buy everything in sight are called ________. balancers spendthrifts tightwads justifiers

spendthrifts

Grooming rituals express two kinds of binary opposition: private/public and ________. pride/modesty self/others work/leisure innocence/experience

work/leisure