MKT exam 3

________ is the conscious designing of retail space and its various dimensions to evoke certain effects in buyers.

atmospherics

________ usually dictate what is right and wrong, acceptable or unacceptable.

norms

________ is a system in which we define people by what they do for a living.

occupational prestige

a person or group with the means to provide positive reinforcement is said to have expert power

false

________ foods are permissible under the laws of Islam.

halal

With respect to social organization, some barnyard animals exhibit signs of a dominance-submission hierarchy. Which of the following terms best illustrates such a hierarchy?

pecking order

the degree to which a person is able to make other people do something

social power

Mothers with preschool children are the fastest-growing segment of working people.

true

As a relationship grows and progresses, gift giving tends to become more ________.

altruistic

Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as a type of ________ exchange.

economic

Acculturation agents may come from the culture of immigration, but not from the culture of origin.

false

An interrelated function in culture that maintains social order because it authorizes a social cope for members of a culture to follow is called psychological.

false

Wedding rice, birthday candles, and diplomas are considered ________.

ritual artifacts

A(n) ________ is an actual or imaginary individual or group conceived of having significant relevance upon an individual's evaluations, aspirations, or behavior.

reference group

Anna asks people in her social group their opinion about a movie before she watches it. Her social group is an example of a(n) ________.

reference group

Pavel is an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under the bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a ________.

ritual

A(n) ________ is a marketing intermediary retained by a consumer to guide what that consumer buys.

surrogate consumer

The wealthiest 160,000 U.S. families are considered one percenters.

true

Blue-collar workers with relatively high-prestige jobs consider themselves as ________.

working class lower middle

membership reference group

a group composed of people that the consumer actually knows

We tend to marry people in a similar social class to ours. Sociologists call this ________, or assortative mating.

homogamy

social power

degree to which a person is able to make other people so something

Home shopping parties may activate the risky shift or ________, in which the individual at the party may get so caught up in the party spirit that he orders products that he would normally not purchase.

deindividuation

Money available to a household over and above what is required to have a comfortable standard of living is called ________.

discretionary income

Angela won't watch scary movies on her own, but agrees to watch the classic vampire film with the club because almost all of the other club members voted to see it. This example demonstrates which factor of conformity?

group unanimity

A tendency for people to marry in a social class similar to their own is called ________.

homogamy

Samuel would like to use occupational prestige to measure social class, but his study is international, and prestige of occupation changes from one culture to the next.

false

The fastest growing subculture in the United States today is the Hispanic American population.

false

The mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group are called ecology.

false

________ occurs when an individual may have reason to believe that the group will apply sanctions to punish nonconforming behavior.

fear of deviance

Why do consumer conform?

fear of deviance, commitment, cultural pressures

Components of subculture are:

race, ethnic background, and age

Amos always felt that it was unfair that society created artificial divisions that discouraged him from having friends from different social structures. Which of the following terms describes the process that Amos is having difficulty with?

social stratification

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Most Americans will state that they are always rushed for time even though many people have opportunities for leisure. This perception is referred to as ________.

time poverty

Education is one determining factor in future income.

true

Most customers who experience an environment that is both pleasant and arousing will interpret it as an exciting environment.

true

Referent power involves one person admiring the qualities of another person and trying to copy that person's behaviors.

true

The term "Asian" refers to 20 ethnic groups, the largest of which is Chinese.

true

Luminaries from Amazon, Google, and Twitter tend to use ________.

glamping

________ refers to the passage of individuals from one social class to another.

social mobility

opinion leaders

able to easily influence others' attitudes on behaviors

In the cultural production process, the people who control the flow of information between producers and customers are called ________.

cultural gatekeepers

Tory Burch flats, cage-free eggs, electric cars, selfies, and high tech furniture are part of the ________.

cultural movement

A normative community is an actual or imaginary individual or group conceived of having significant relevance upon an individual's evaluations, aspirations, or behavior.

false

An individual's motivation to distance himself from a negative reference group cannot be as powerful as his motivation to please a positive group.

false

Bill jokes that a nuclear family is one that is about ready to explode because having your grandmother living with you can cause a lot of disruptions. Although Bill's humor is questionable, his labeling of a family living with a grandparent as a nuclear family is correct.

false

Once a culture is established, it doesn't change. An apparent change in a culture is simply the emergence of a new culture.

false

Plutonomy refers to the passage of individuals from one social class to another.

false

The Big Three American ethnic subcultures are African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Jewish Americans.

false

Movie and restaurant reviewers, magazine editors, retail buyers and DJ's are considered ________ because they filter information.

gatekeepers

A ________ is an economy that is driven by a fairly small group of rich people.

plutonomy

An extended family unit is characterized by ________ living together.

three generations of a family

The cultural learning acquired through ________ leads immigrants to a process of adaptation.

translation

________ postulated that myths involve binary opposition, in which two opposing ends of some dimension are represented (such as good versus evil).

Levi-Strauss

Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them.

fortress

Consumers who refuse to sacrifice style, but achieve it on a budget are called ________.

frugalistas

If a fireman told you to leave your apartment, you would comply because the fireman has ________ power

legitimate

SRBI Consulting Business Intelligence divides consumers into which of the following groups?

luxury is indulgence, luxury is a reward, luxury is functional

________ describes consumers in terms of their aesthetic and intellectual preferences.

taste culture

Sharon is upset with her secretary. Though everyone in the office agreed not to give Christmas presents this year, Sharon's secretary gave her an expensive bottle of perfume. Which of the following best identifies the source of Sharon's feelings?

the reciprocity norm

An economy that is driven by a fairly small number of rich people is called a plutonomy.

true

American spendthrifts outnumber American tightwads.

false

Which of the following theorists is best known for arguing that an individual's relationship to the means of production determines his position in society?

Karl Marx

Sandra decided to become a nurse after several years as an elementary teacher. She still wanted to help people but in a different manner. Sandra's case is an example of which of the following?

horizontal mobility

A church that serves 2000 or more congregants per week is called a ________.

megachurch

The ability of a person to pass from one social class to another is called ________.

social mobility

Consumers who buy everything in sight are called ________.

spendthrifts

A coupon-dispensing machine in a grocery aisle and an employee handing out free samples of a new product are both examples of ________.

POP stimuli

________ proposes that a small group of influences disseminates information because they can modify the opinion of a large group.

Two-step flow model of influences

The average American's standard of living continues to improve. These income shifts are linked to two key factors: ________.

a shift in women's roles and an increase in educational attainment

People and institutions that teach the ways of a culture are called ________.

acculturation agents

A person who receives rewards and status because of his hard work is said to have ________ status.

achieved

Maria Gomez is thrilled to be in the United States. After spending her childhood years in Mexico, she is looking forward to the freedom given to teenage girls in the United States. "I can wear shorts, pantsuits, and even halter tops and no one will think badly of me," says Maria. Maria is in the process of ________.

adaptation

Which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated functions of myths in a culture?

anthropological

social identity theory

argues that each of us has several selves that relate to groups

Which American ethnic subculture is the fastest growing?

asian American

James Otis wants to be "just like Mike" (basketball star Michael Jordan) and has for many years. Which of the following reference group terms would apply to James Otis and his relationship with Michael Jordan?

aspirational group

Ralph's clothes are in shambles, and his personal hygiene could certainly be improved. For most people, Ralph would be in which of the following groups?

avoidance groups

The ________ a group is, the more likely members are to engage in social loafing.

bigger

Most religion-oriented marketing activity in America can be traced to the ________ community.

born-again Christian

when companies use celebrities in their ads they are using the principle of

coercive reference groups

According to the principle of least interest, the person who is least ________ has the most power in the relationship.

committed to staying in the relationship

________ measures how optimistic or pessimistic people are about the future health of the economy and how they will fair in the future.

consumer confidence

________ includes a buyer, a seller, and a product or service and other factors.

consumption situation

Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct stages of gift-giving rituals?

convention

The Macah, a Native American tribe from the Northwest, built functional seagoing canoes that are considered works of art by modern shipbuilders. By definition, these boats would be considered ________.

craft products

Raymond Chandler wrote classic American detective stories. By always using certain roles for his characters and props that were appropriate to the genre, Chandler's novels followed a(n) ________.

cultural formula

The process whereby a product formerly associated with a specific ethnic group is detached from its roots and marketed to other subcultures is called ________.

de-ethnicization

Gen enjoys owning a micro-refrigerator, which is small enough to fit almost anywhere. Gen believes that the efficient use of space is one of the characteristics that any good product should have. With respect to the functional areas of a cultural system, Gen is focusing on ________ as a variable in selecting products.

ecology

A metaphysical myth fulfills the cultural function of explaining how the components of the universe relate to each other.

false

A mother, a father, and one or more children are considered an extended family.

false

Downward mobility is not possible is the U.S. social class system.

false

George Katona is credited with creating the social class system still used in consumer behavior.

false

If a retailer has decided to use a marketscape theme for its retail operations, the retailer's store images will be built on information and communications technology features.

false

Janet was very orderly around her apartment. Everything in her apartment was always very neat and clean. At a public park, Janet took some trash out of her car and threw it toward a trash container. Some of it fell on the ground. Janet just shrugged and said, "The trash guys will get it," and drove off. This is an example of deindividuation.

false

One percenters are an example of ________.

income inequality

norms

informal rules of behavior

Margaret stayed on top of what was happening in the marketplace, but she was not necessarily the first to purchase items when they first came out. Margaret would be classified as a(n) ________.

market maven

All of the following are subsystems in a culture production system EXCEPT a ________ subsystem.

marketing

types of reference groups

membership, aspirational, avoidance

Nearly 60% of the Hispanic American population are of ________ descent.

mexican

________ refers to the factors that motivate people to physically uproot themselves from one location to another.

movement

If a consumer admires the qualities of another person and copies his or her behaviors, the person that is copied has ________ power.

referent

Power that is granted by virtue or a social agreement, such as the authority we give to police officers, is called ________.

referent power

A special ritual marking a person's transition from one role to another is called a ________.

rite of passage

A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________.

ritual

Several research methods are used to study reference groups and opinion leadership. ________ methods trace communication patterns among members of a group. These techniques allow researchers to systematically map out the interactions that take place among group members.

sociometric

Most groups exhibit a structure called a ________ in which some members are somehow better off than others in terms of authority, power, or respect.

status hierarchy

A co-branding strategy was being utilized when the Taco Bell Chihuahua showed up in a commercial for Geico insurance.

true

A consumer's belief about what the future holds is an indicator of consumer confidence.

true

Alcoholics Anonymous and Weight Watchers follow the spiritual-therapeutic model.

true

Asian Americans' median income is 28% higher than the U.S. average, and they are almost twice as likely to have graduated from college.

true

Culture or origin is considered one of the acculturation agents mentioned in the text.

true

Green bagels and green beer on St. Patrick's Day are both examples of de-ethnicization.

true

Groups maintain standards of conduct through normative influence.

true

If a person has social power, he or she has the ability to alter the actions of others

true

It would be difficult to sell consumers life insurance if their notion of time is like a mirror.

true