MKTG 402- Exam 2 review questions

If a consumer admires the qualities of another person and copies his or her behaviors, the person that is copied has ________ power. A) referent B) informational C) legitimate D) coercive

A) referent

________ describes the capacity to alter the actions of others. A) Social power B) Social pressure C) Social interaction D) Social involvement

A) social power

Stephanie loves flea markets and garage sales. She spends most of her Saturday mornings going from one to another. About once a month, she holds her own garage sale just to get rid of some of the items she purchases during the month. Stephanie is actively engaged in ________. A) lateral cycling B) divestment cycling C) freecycling D) underground cycling

A) lateral cycling

The psychological dimension of time or how it is experienced is an important factor in what mathematical study? A) Polychromic activity B) Queuing theory C) Temporal tasking D) Physical metrics

B) Queing theory

Which theory of attitudes states that people are motivated to take action to resolve inconsistencies between attitudes and behaviors? A) Theory of cognitive dissonance B) Self-perception theory C) Social judgement theory D) Balance theory

A) Theory of cognitive dissonance

The balance theory perspective involves relations among three elements (a triad). Which of the following is one of the elements of the triad? A) A person and his or her perceptions B) The marketer and its strategy of image building C) A person's beliefs D) Subconscious motives

A) a person and his or her perceptions

A hot and thirsty customer buys a cool drink and finds it very satisfying. He then buys another drink even though he had not initially planned on buying two and even though he is no longer thirsty. This is an example of ________. A) purchase momentum B) rational decision making C) behaviorally influenced purchase D) inertia

A) a purchase momentum

Pavel is an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under the bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a ________. A) ritual B) symbolic exchange C) convention D) rite of passage

A) ritual

________ is the conscious designing of retail space and its various dimensions to evoke certain effects in buyers. A) Pretailing B) Atmospherics C) Marketing-landscaping D) Store image

B) atmospherics

Kraft has repackaged its salad dressings as "anything" dressings to encourage people to shift their ________ and consider the dressings as a complement to more than just salads. A) demonstration signals B) knowledge structures C) mental maps D) mean-end chains

B) knowledge structures

A ________ is an economy that is driven by a fairly small group of rich people. A) democracy B) plutonomy C) monarchy D) homogany

B) plutonomy

________ argue(s) that each of us has several "selves that relate to groups." A) Cultural pressures B) Social loafing C) Social identity theory D) Membership groups

C) Social identity theory

Which of the following best describes intelligent agents? A) Cookies used to track IP addresses of computer users B) People who can help computer users with problems they encounter when trying to shop online C) Sophisticated software programs that use collaborative filtering technologies to learn from past user behavior to recommend new purchases D) Search engines specifically designed for online marketing and other forms of e-commerce

C) Sophisticated software programs that use collaborative filtering technologies to learn from past user behavior to recommend new purchases

The average American's standard of living continues to improve. These income shifts are linked to two key factors: ________. A) a shift from blue-collar to white-collar employment and an increase in computer usage B) an increase in immigration to the U.S. and the increase of technical skills C) a shift in women's roles and an increase in educational attainment D) a shift in population from the North to South and advances in human rights

C) a shift in women's role and an increase in educational attainment

Anna is a millionaire but she is constantly stressed and unhappy despite her wealth, Anna is experiencing ________. A) burnout B) class warfare C) affluenza D) cosmopolitanism

C) affluenza

The aspect of a cultural system which describes the mental characteristics of a people and the way they relate to their environment and social groups is known as ________. A) ecology B) social structure C) ideology D) anthropology

C) ideology

A coupon-dispensing machine in a grocery aisle and an employee handing out free samples of a new product are both examples of ________. A) pretailing B) retail theming C) shopping orientations D) POP stimuli

D) POP stimuli

A company wants to persuade a customer to buy its products. If the consumer has a high degree of involvement with products that are sold by the company, what route to persuasion will the company most likely take? A) A parallel route B) A peripheral route C) A circular route D) A central route

D) a central route

The Macah, a Native American tribe from the Northwest, built functional seagoing canoes that are considered works of art by modern shipbuilders. By definition, these boats would be considered ________. A) high art products B) style and cultural icons C) low art products D) craft products

D) craft products

________ refers to the set of individuals and organizations that create and market cultural products. A) Culture program company (CPC) B) Culture invention company (CIC) C) Culture production institution (CPI) D) Culture production system (CPS)

D) culture production system (CPS)

Les just bought a megaphone of root beer. As he drinks from the giant cup, he eventually becomes full. One of his friend's comments, "If you don't stop drinking that stuff, you will get sick." Les replies, "Hey, I bought it, and I am not going to waste one drop of it." Les's behavior best illustrates ________. A) loss aversion B) hyperopia C) risk positioning D) the sunk-cost fallacy

D) the sunk-cost fallacy

Others who are present in a consumer's physical and social environment when purchases are made are called ________. A) co-consumers B) by-standers C) purchase competitors D) challengers

A) co-consumers

According to the principle of least interest, the person who is least ________ has the most power in the relationship. A) committed to staying in the relationship B) susceptible to interpersonal influence C) susceptible to cultural pressures D) concerned about sanctions against nonconforming behavior

A) committed to staying in the relationship

The functional theory of attitudes was initially developed to explain how ________. A) people identify with products B) attitudes facilitate social behaviors C) attitudes are learned from family and friends D) attitudes change over an individual's lifetime

B) attitudes facilitate social behaviors

Wynona was impulsive. Her friends accused her of being calculating, but she thought of herself as simply an analytical thinker. She wanted what she wanted and tomorrow could take care of itself. Researchers would classify her as being a hedonic variety-seeker. Which of the following time metaphors would best capture Wynona's perspective of time? A) Time is a pressure cooker. B) Time is a map. C) Time is a feast. D) Time is a mirror.

C) time is a feast

Casinos make their interiors very plush and expensive looking, knowing that gamblers who would be reluctant to make a $10 bet in average surroundings would gladly make $100 wagers in luxurious surroundings. Which of the following best explains gamblers' behavior? A) Mental accounting emphasizes the extraneous characteristics of the choice environment even if the results are not rational. B) Most people are unaware of the true risk of making certain decisions and believe that a larger wager has higher odds of winning. C) The luxurious surroundings increase the probability of classical conditioning through mere exposure, which results in behavior that is not rational. D) The functional risk of gambling is decreased in luxurious surroundings, leading gamblers to wager more.

A) Mental accounting emphasizes the extraneous characteristics of the choice environment even if the results are not rational.

All of the following are important components of social class EXCEPT for ________. A) gender B) income C) educational attainment D) occupational prestige

A) gender

Angela belongs to a film club that selects and views classic movies once a month. Angela won't watch scary movies on her own, but agrees to watch the classic vampire film with the club because almost all of the other club members voted to see it. This example demonstrates which factor of conformity? A) Group unanimity B) Cultural pressure C) Fear of deviance D) Principle of least interest

A) group unanimity

________ are frequently able to influence others' attitudes on behavior. A) Opinion leaders B) Anti-brand communities C) Norms D) Environmental cues

A) opinion leaders

The personality of a retail store is also called ________. A) store image B) retail theming C) store theming D) store layout

A) store image

Sophie tells Nick about a great new restaurant. Sophie is practicing ________. A) word-of-mouth communication B) social advertising C) group advertising D) viral advertising

A) word-of-mouth communication

Julie Morgan loves to go into Springer's Old Country Gifts. It always smells like a field of spring flowers. The lighting gives all the products a warm glow, and the mood music is just perfect for casual browsing. After her visit to the store, Julie is always in a better mood. Springer's Old Country Gifts has attracted Julie with its ________. A) store position B) atmospherics C) subliminal clues D) marketscape theme

B) atmospherics

Source ________ refers to the perceived social value of a message source. A) valence B) attractiveness C) class D) hierarchy

B) attractiveness

Researchers agree that there are various levels of commitment to an attitude. The lowest form of involvement is ________. A) identification B) compliance C) internalization D) commitment

B) compliance

Gen enjoys owning a micro-refrigerator, which is small enough to fit almost anywhere. Gen believes that the efficient use of space is one of the characteristics that any good product should have. With respect to the functional areas of a cultural system, Gen is focusing on ________ as a variable in selecting products. A) ideology B) ecology C) social structure D) socio-psychology

B) ecology

The Japanese greatly value products that make efficient use of space because of the cramped conditions in urban areas in Japan. This is an example of ________ in Japan's cultural system. A) social structure B) ecology C) ideology D) dogma

B) ecology

Buying decisions that are made with little or no conscious effort are called ________. A) close minded B) habitual C) satisficing D) extended

B) habitual

Tanya type scans the newspaper ads every day for new information about current fashion styles and trends, even though she isn't thinking about buying clothes anytime soon. Tanya is engaging in a(n) ________ search. A) pre-purchase B) ongoing C) internal D) delayed

B) ongoing

Allison Chewie felt she was always pressed for time; she was feeling ________. A) time pressure B) time poverty C) psychological time D) social time

B) time poverty

Which attitude function is associated with a focus on particular social identities and lifestyles (e.g., "What sort of man reads Playboy?")? A) Utilitarian B) Value-expressive C) Ego-defensive D) Knowledge

B) value-expressive

________ is a lasting, general evaluation of people, objects, advertisements, or issues. A) An object B) A power C) An attitude D) An image

C) an attitude

James Otis wants to be "just like Mike" (basketball star Michael Jordan) and has for many years. James has purchased Jordan-gear, follows Jordan's career, and he has often thought about how to give back to his community the way MJ has. Which of the following reference group terms would apply to James Otis and his relationship with Michael Jordan? A) Membership group B) Avoidance group C) Aspirational group D) Tribal group

C) aspirational group

The plain and simple fact is that Ralph has body odor. Worse than that, Ralph does not seem to care. Ralph's clothes are in shambles, and his personal hygiene could certainly be improved. For most people, Ralph would be in which of the following groups? A) Aspirational group B) Cohesive group C) Avoidance groups D) Deindividualization groups

C) avoidance groups

A politician attempts to gain support for her campaign for mayor by releasing a poll showing that almost 70 percent of the city's voters support her position on property taxes. What basic psychological principle is the politician using to persuade voters that she should be the next mayor? A) Consistency B) Authority C) Consensus D) Liking

C) consensus

Which of the following is considered a post-purchase process? A) The shopping experience B) Mood C) Consumer satisfaction D) Shopping orientation

C) consumer satisfaction

________ includes a buyer, a seller, and a product or service and other factors. A) Seller consumption B) Buyer consumption C) Consumption situation D) None of the above

C) consumption situation

Features actually used to differentiate among choices are called ________ attributes. A) evaluation B) search C) determinant D) segmentation

C) determinant

Money available to a household over and above what is required to have a comfortable standard of living is called ________. A) real income B) overtime pay C) discretionary income D) average of earnings

C) discretionary income

Fred has been a farmer all his life. He inherited the family farm when he was 35, but that was twenty years ago. Due to the economy, Fred has lost the farm and has taken a manual labor job in the city to support his family. What form of mobility best describes Fred's position? A) Horizontal mobility B) Two-way stretch mobility C) Downward mobility D) Upward mobility

C) downward mobility

A mental or problem-solving shortcut to make a decision is called a(n) ________. A) determinant B) detail rule C) heuristic D) experience rule

C) heuristic

Vance comes from the lower-upper class as does Jeff. They are both madly in love with Julia, who is beautiful enough to do part-time modeling. According to the principle of ________, Julia could be attracted to both men. A) elaborated codes B) ascribed status C) homogamy D) restricted codes

C) homogamy

Sandra decided to become a nurse after several years as an elementary teacher. She still wanted to help people but in a different manner. Sandra's case is an example of which of the following? A) Downward mobility B) Upward mobility C) Horizontal mobility D) Status crystallization

C) horizontal mobility

Anna Jeter has a sudden urge she couldn't resist to buy a new purse; she was engaging in ________. A) unplanned buying B) point of purchase stimuli C) impulse buying D) none of the above

C) impulse buying

Consumers who always are on the lookout for novel products or services and who are first to try something new are ________. A) continuous innovation B) early adopters C) innovators D) laggards

C) innovators

A group composed of people that the consumer actually knows is called a(n) ________ reference group. A) aspirational B) tribal C) membership D) networked

C) membership

A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a ________. A) norm B) ritual C) myth D) more

C) myth

Within groups, informal rules of behavior are called ________. A) beliefs B) values C) norms D) interpersonal dynamics

C) norms

Culture is best described as a society's ________. A) attitude B) consciousness C) personality D) history

C) personality

The first stage in the consumer decision-making process is ________. A) information search B) evaluation of alternatives C) problem recognition D) product choice

C) problem recognition

The story goes that a young George Washington cut down his father's cherry tree with a hatchet. Young Washington was then asked who might have committed this act. Even though the boy feared punishment, George replied, "I cannot tell a lie; I cut down the cherry tree." This story has taken on mythical proportions in the United States. Which of the follow functions does the myth best match? A) Metaphysical B) Cosmological C) Psychological D) Anthropological

C) psychological

A(n) ________ is an actual or imaginary individual or group conceived of having significant relevance upon an individual's evaluations, aspirations, or behavior. A) opinion group B) demographic group C) reference group D) focus group

C) reference group

Thomas and his family recently toured the Gettysburg Battlefield on their vacation. The area was rich in history. While walking, Thomas remembered all the accounts of the battle that he had read in school. He finally understood why this place had such a special meaning in American history and to Americans in general. Gettysburg Battlefield is best classified as ________. A) profane B) objectified C) sacred D) crescive

C) sacred

The best predictor of major expenditures that do not have status or symbolic value is ________. A) social class B) income C) social class and income D) occupation

C) social class and income

________ refers to the passage of individuals from one social class to another. A) Social class B) Social affinity C) Social mobility D) Social prestige

C) social mobility

Several research methods are used to study reference groups and opinion leadership. ________ methods trace communication patterns among members of a group. These techniques allow researchers to systematically map out the interactions that take place among group members. A) momentum B) behavioral C) sociometric D) geodemographic

C) sociometric

The Berry and Dale advertising agency has proposed a new campaign for Bayer aspirin to overcome the public's tendency to "tune out" Bayer commercials. The proposed technique involves creating ten different 15-second spots that all demonstrate reasons for using Bayer aspirin. Which theory of message communication is the agency trying to use for in its proposal for Bayer aspirin? A) The trait-factor theory B) The balanced communication theory C) The two-factory theory D) The theory of reasoned action

C) the two-factor theory

Although teenagers do not have the income of older consumers, they are still an attractive marked based on income. Why? A) Because they have less money, they are more careful of how they spend it. B) Parents lead the teenagers into what they buy; hence any understanding of adult buying patterns can be useful for teenagers as well. C) Teenagers have more consumer confidence and are, therefore, more likely to be swayed by promotional material. D) Teenagers don't have the income of adults, but it's almost all discretionary, meaning that they can spend it as they see fit.

D) Teenagers don't have the income of adults, but it's almost all discretionary, meaning that they can spend it as they see fit.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated functions of myths in a culture? A) Cosmological B) Sociological C) Psychological D) Anthropological

D) anthropological

It is quite common for mainstream culture to modify symbols identified with "cutting edge" subcultures and present these to a larger audience. Such cultural products undergo a process of ________, by which their original meanings are transformed by outsiders. A) innovation B) transformation C) diffusion D) cooptation

D) cooptation

When Sally sees an ad in a newspaper about a particular product, goes to the store, reviews the actual product offer in the store, rejects the product, and tells the salesperson why she did not buy the product, she is providing ________ in the communications model established by the store. A) noise B) a message C) media forms D) feedback

D) feedback

All multi-attribute attitude models specify the importance of attributes, beliefs, and ________. A) action variables B) motivations C) regency of events D) importance weights

D) importance weights

Latrell finds that every time he goes to select athletic shoeshe always buys the same brand. In fact, he doesn't even remember trying on any of the other competitive brands even though some of these brands have attractive styles and prices. Latrell's purchase decision process has become one of less and less effort. Latrell's decision process in an example of ________. A) cognitive dissonance B) brand loyalty C) ineptness D) inertia

D) inertia

Roger was really angry when Coca-Cola attempted to switch from its older formula to New Coke. He wrote letters to Coca-Cola, talked to friends, called the local bottler, attempted to hoard "old Coke," and complained to the local grocery store manager. In this example, which degree of commitment would be most closely associated with Roger and his attitudes? A) Compliance B) Identification C) Information acquisition D) Internalization

D) internalization

If a consumer's ideal state is very near or identical to his or her actual state, which of the following best describes the type of problem recognition the consumer would most likely have? A) Opportunity recognition B) Need recognition C) Search recognition D) No problem recognition

D) no problem recognition

Amos always felt that it was unfair that society created artificial divisions that discouraged him from having friends from different social structures. Which of the following terms describes the process that Amos is having difficulty with? A) Reference group affiliation B) Bias C) Social anxiety D) Social stratification

D) social stratification