Mock Exam

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for informed consent to participate in research, according to the BACB Code Section?

a. Clear understandable language that explains the nature of the research. **b. A statement promising to provide full access to participant's data collected during the course of the research study.** c. A description of any significant factors that might make the participant decide not to participate. d. A statement that the participant is free to decline to participate or to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty

Franklin earns a paycheck every week for working at a concession stand on the beach. When he receives his check, he deposits it in the bank. Then he moves some money to savings, and takes some out to buy food and to pay for leisure activities. What kind of reinforcer is his paycheck?

a. Conditioned **b. Generalized** c. Unconditioned d. Primary

Which of the following is acceptable behavior, according to the BACB Professional and Ethical Compliance Code for Behavior Analysts?

a. Continuing to provide services, even if personal problems are reducing the quality of services for a period of time. **b. Conforming to the legal and ethical requirements of the community in which the behavior analyst is practicing** c. Providing behavior analytic services to family members and friends, as long as you don't charge. d. Offering to barter for services if it is obvious that a client cannot pay

Which of the following is NOT a goal of the science of behavior analysis?

a. Description **b. Parsimony** c. Prediction. d. Control

Which of the following is NOT considered a preference assessment?

a. Forced choice b. Multiple stimulus without replacement **c. Interviewing the client, or his or her parent, to determine what items might be preferred reinforcers.** d. Multiple stimulus with replacement

Which goal is stated in observable and measurable terms?

a. Matthew will improve his attitude towards math b. Matthew will comply with instructions to complete math problems **c. Matthew will complete 10 math problems in 10 minutes** d. Matthew will improve math performance

Which of the following is an example of a magnitude measure of behavior?

a. Measuring crying by recording when it starts and stops b. Using a five-point scale to express severity of self-injury, from no visible mark through broken skin. c. Calculating the percentage of opportunities for social interactions that occur. d. Recording on-task behavior only during the last minute of several 10-minute intervals

When Jackson sees an airplane, he thinks of the word "airplane" Which type of behaviorism best explains this stimulus-response relationship?

a. Methodological behaviorism b. Applied behavior analysis c. Experimental analysis of behavior **d. Radical behaviorism**

Which of the following methods is NOT used in a descriptive assessment of problem behavior?

a. Scatterplot b. ABC continuous recording **c. Functional analysis** d. ABC narrative recording

Which of the following describes a situation in which a behavior analyst might determine that behavior analytic services are unnecessary for a particular client?

a. The client is unable to afford services b. The behavior analyst is moving and is therefore unable to continue to work with the client. **c. Environmental modifications have been made, and the target behavior is no longer occurring.** d. The school district has decided not to provide behavior analytic services to its students.

Each time Sophie's son fights with his younger brother, Sophie has him sit by himself for one minute. Sophie's son continues to fight with his brother at about the same rate as before Sophie started using this procedure. What type of behavioral strategy is this?

a. Time-out b. Positive punishment **c. Reinforcement** d. Negative punishment

Lacey is taking data on her client's behavior of calling out in class by clicking a counter each time the client calls out. What kind of measurement is she using?

a. Duration b. Time sampling **c. Count** d. Topography

Which of the following is a specific advantage of a contingency contract?

a. It increases the value of the reinforcer b. It motivates the student by relating the contingency to a legal obligation. c. It provides immediate tangible reinforcement or punishment for behavior. **d. It provides a verbal rule that increases the effectiveness of delayed consequences for behavior.**

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of learning how to self-manage?

a. Learning how to self-manage can improve generalization and maintenance of behavior change. b. Learning how to self-manage results in strategies that can be applied to many different types of behavior. **c. Learning how to self-manage strategies reduces impulsivity** d. Learning how to self-manage can help to change behavior that is not easily observed by other people.

Pictures of dogs, actual dogs, and toy dogs all elicit the verbal response "dog." What is this called?

a. Manding b. A response class c. Intraverbal **d. A stimulus class**

Melanie's son earns his allowance by doing chores like mowing the lawn and taking out the garbage. Melanie notices that he hasn't been keeping his bedroom neat, so she offers to increase his allowance every week if his room is neat by the end of the week. Melanie's son starts to keep his bedroom neat and earns the money, but is doing less of his other chores. What does this example illustrate?

**a. A possible unwanted effect of reinforcement.** b. A possible unwanted effect of punishment. c. A possible unwanted effect of extinction d. A possible miscommunication

When I ask, "What do you want to eat?" you say, "A banana," even though you're not hungry. What type of verbal behavior have you engaged in?

**a. An intraverbal** b. A tact c. A mand d. An echoic

When should older records and existing data be reviewed by behavior analysts?

**a. At the beginning of the case, when the behavior analyst is learning about the client prior to setting goals.** b. Only if the behavior analyst is not able to determine functions of behavior based on direct data collection. c. After collecting sufficient data without any background, to avoid bias d. Never. Behavior analysts should only use the records and data that they create and collect, and not review older, existing records and data.

Based on Section 2.0 of the Code, which statement is correct?

**a. Behavior analysts cooperate with other professionals, when appropriate, consistent with the practice of behavior analysis, and in the best interest of the client.** b. Behavior analysts cooperate with other professionals and engage in non-behavior analytic treatments only if under the supervision of other professionals. c. Behavior analysts only cooperate with other professionals who also have a certification or license in behavior analysis d. Behavior analysts do not cooperate with other professionals because behavior analysis should not be conducted along with other types of therapy.

Which of the following would be best taught using chaining?

**a. Computing long division problems** b. Flushing the toilet c. Coloring inside the lines d. Asking for help when needed

Kara and her father make a list of chores that they will each accomplish by the end of the week, along with a list of reinforcers that they can each pick from. Whoever gets their chores done can choose a reinforcer at the end of the week. They post the list on their refrigerator and refer to it throughout the week. What is the name of this strategy?

**a. Contingency contract** b. Token economy c. Automatic reinforcement d. Negative reinforcement

Corey is beginning to work with a new client who engages in self-injury in his home environment. To avoid reactivity in data collection, Corey conducts a functional behavior assessment (FBA) without notifying the client or the client's parents. Which statement is correct about this scenario?

**a. Corey is in violation of BACB ethics by conducting an assessment without obtaining prior written consent.** b. An FBA is not a type of assessment for which prior consent is necessary. Prior written consent is only necessary for an analysis that experimentally manipulates behavior, such as a functional analysis. c. Corey is in violation of BACB ethics by conducting an FBA in the home environment instead of in a controlled clinic setting. d. Corey is wise to be concerned about reactivity, and as long as he notifies the client and the client's parents when the FBA is complete, he is not in violation of BACB ethics.

Mel is teaching her student to ask for a drink of water by holding up a water bottle and saying, "What do you want?" She only gives him the water if he says, "Water, please," and only after she asks the question. What kind of teaching is this?

**a. Discrete trial** b. Free operant c. Natural environment d. Incidental teaching

Which of the following is an example of rule-governed behavior?

**a. Driving at the speed limit even though you have never gotten a speeding ticket.** b. Changing the speed at which you drive after getting a speeding ticket. c. Driving at the speed limit after getting a speeding ticket d. Continuing to drive above the speed limit because that's the only way you can get to work on time, even though you have gotten a speeding ticket.

Which of the following is an example of respondent conditioning?

**a. Elsa starts to giggle when her mom wiggles her fingers at her tummy, even before she tickles her.** b. Elsa says, "More!" every time her mom stops tickling her, and her mother does it more. c. Elsa enjoys it when her mom tickles her because she is getting all of her mom's attention. d. Elsa's mom avoids tickling her at bedtime, because Elsa will continue to ask for more tickles.

Leah is using a group contingency to motivate her third-grade students to do their homework. If all students hand in all homework on time for one week, all students earn a party that Friday. If one or more students misses one or more homework assignment, no one gets the party. What kind of group contingency is this?

**a. Interdependent** b. Independent C. Dependent D. Hero procedure

Which of the following is an example of a socially-mediated contingency?

**a. Joe's grandmother gives him five dollars when he helps her clean out her garage** b. When cleaning out his grandmother's garage, Joe gets overheated. He steps outside to cool off. c. When cleaning out his grandmother's garage, Joe finds a five-dollar bill. d. Joe stops worrying about his grandmother when he helps her clean out her garage

Which set of statements is accurate?

**a. Measurement is reliable when it results in the same measures each time it is used. Measurement is valid when it measures what it is intends to measure.** b. Measurement is valid when high levels of interobserver agreement can be shown. Measurement is reliable when it results in the same measures each time it is used. c. Measurement is valid when it results in the same measures each time it is used. Measurement is reliable when it measures what it is intends to measure. d. Measurement is reliable when high levels of interobserver agreement can be shown. Measurement is valid when it measures what it is intends to measure.

Which of the following should not be a consideration in choosing a system for measurement of behavior?

**a. Personal preference** b. Practicality. c. Reliability d. Validity

Which of the following is an example of a motivating operation (MO) strategy to decrease attention-maintained aggression?

**a. Providing frequent, high-quality attention prior to the occurrence of any aggression.** b. Putting up a sign at the front of the room that says "no hitting." c. Visual cues on a token board that indicate first work, then play. d. Teaching the child to ask for a break before engaging in aggression

Quinn conducted a functional analysis with a client to identify the function of self-injurious behavior. The functional analysis showed that self-injurious behavior was equally likely across conditions, including the control. What is a possible conclusion that may be drawn from this outcome?

**a. Self-injurious behavior may be maintained by automatic reinforcement for this client.** b. Self-injurious behavior is probably maintained by attention, since attention occurs along with every other possible consequence for behavior in all conditions. c. Self-injury does not serve a function for this client d. Quinn's functional analysis was faulty and should be repeated.

Which of the following is a reason to use single-subject, rather than a group, design to evaluate changes in behavior as the result of an independent variable?

**a. Single-subject design allows for the analysis of treatment effects on the individual level, rather than attempting to generalize results from a group to an individual** b. Single-subject design uses inferential statistics, which can strengthen conclusions. c. Single-subject design allows for generalization of findings across individuals, rather than only determining findings for a group. d. Single-subject design is often faster to complete than group designs

Trey is a behavior analyst contracted by a school district to perform FBAs and write BIPs for students in their special education department. Prior to starting his first case, Trey attempts to send a letter to the child's parents explaining the nature and scope of the services he will be providing. He is told that it is against district policy to notify parents about specific strategies that are being implemented. What should Trey's first response be?

**a. Trey should explain that the BACB Code Section requires him to notify parents of minors about the nature and scope of services prior to implementing behavioral assessments or interventions. He should then work with the school district to resolve the conflict between their policies and the BACB Code Section.** b. Trey should end his relationship with the school district because their policies are in conflict with the BACB Code. c. Trey should contact the child's parents after school hours and let them know what he plans to do, regardless of school district policy. d. Trey should document the conversation with the school district administrator as sufficient notification, and no longer attempt to contact the child's parents

Kris is analyzing the impact of a tutoring package on the academic performance of students in a special education environment. In this example, what are the independent variable and the dependent variable?

**a. Tutoring package, academic performance** b. Special education environment, tutoring package c. Academic performance, tutoring package d. Tutoring package, special education environment

Victoria is a BCBA and an occupational therapist. She has been asked to try using a weighted vest with one of her clients. Victoria is concerned about violating BACB ethics by using a non-behavior analytic strategy. Which of the following is good advice for Victoria?

**a. Victoria may use the non-behavior analytic strategy only if she clearly distinguishes the strategy from her behavior-analytic work and BACB certification by placing a disclaimer next to the name and description of the non-behavior analytic strategy. This disclaimer should state that the strategy is non-behavior analytic and is not covered by her BACB credential.** b. The weighted vest may be used after Victoria has documented that she has tried a variety of behavior-analytic techniques that were not effective. c. Weighted vests are intended to change behavior, and are therefore considered behavior-analytic strategies and within Victoria's area of expertise. It's fine for her to use this strategy without concern for violating the BACB Code. d. Victoria is free to use any strategy for which she is properly trained, as long as she doesn't put "BCBA" after her name when she is using a non-behavior analytic strategy.

Which of the following is an example of an antecedent intervention to decrease tantrums when asked to do something?

**a. Visual cues on a token board that indicate first work, then play.** b. Removing tokens whenever tantrums occur c. Reducing demands so that work is not so aversive d. Redirecting tantrum behavior to a more acceptable response, like asking for a break.

Pressing the red button is always reinforced, and pressing the green button is never reinforced. Max presses the red button frequently, and does not press the green button at all. What kind of discrimination is this?

**a. simple** b. conditioned c. conditional d. generalized

Which of the following is a correct match between derived stimulus relation and example?

a. A child is taught to pick the picture of herself when hearing her name, and to pick the written version of her name when shown a picture of herself. Without additional training, she can pick her written name when hearing her name. This is an example of symmetry. b. A child is taught to pick a picture of herself when hearing her name, and to say her name when seeing it written. This is an example of stimulus-stimulus pairing. c. A child is taught to pick the picture of herself when shown her name written on a card. Without additional teaching, she will pick the card with her name written on it when shown a picture of herself. This is an example of transitivity. **d. Given the written version of her name and three other written names, including her own name again, the child picks her own name from the array of three. This is an example of reflexivity.**

Which statement is correct?

a. A functional assessment should be done prior to implementing any behavior increase plan. b. A functional assessment provides information about what an individual hopes to get by engaging in problem behavior. **c. A functional assessment leads to the development of a hypothesis of the function of behavior.** d. A functional assessment determines the function of behavior

What are the common effects of extinction on behavior?

a. A permanent initial increase in the frequency, duration, and/or intensity of the behavior **b. An initial temporary increase in the frequency, duration, and/or intensity of the behavior, followed by a decrease in occurrence.** c. An initial decrease in the occurrence of the behavior, followed by a temporary increase in the frequency, duration, and/or intensity of the behavior d. A decrease in the occurrence of the behavior

Which term and definition are correctly matched?

a. A response is an environmental event that leads to behavior. b. A stimulus is a response to an environmental event c. A response class is a group of stimuli that all result in the same response **d. A stimulus class is a group of stimuli that all result in the same response.**

Which example demonstrates how reinforcement may be used to weaken behavior?

a. An FBA showed that Adam's crying is reinforced by attention from his mother, so she never withdraws her attention. b. An FBA showed that Adam's crying is reinforced by attention from his mother, so she stops giving him attention when he cries. c. An FBA showed that Adam's crying is reinforced by attention from his mother, so she puts him in time-out whenever he cries. **d. An FBA showed that Adam's crying is reinforced by attention from his mother, so she provides attention on a fixed-time schedule every 10 minutes, regardless of his behavior.**

Which definition of operant extinction is correct?

a. Any instance in which behavior is decreased may be called extinction, regardless of the process b. Previously reinforced behavior is followed less frequently by a reinforcer, resulting in an ultimate decrease in the behavior. c. One stimulus occurs without being paired with a previously-paired stimulus, resulting in a reduction in conditioned responding. **d. Previously reinforced behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer, resulting in an ultimate decrease in the behavior**

Which of the following characteristics is NOT a typical feature of single-subject experimental designs?

a. The independent variable is changed, or presented and withdrawn, to determine if it is responsible for changes in the dependent variable. **b. Statistical analysis of the effects of the independent variable** c. Each individual serves as his or her own control d. Behavior is measured repeatedly across time

Franny wants to exercise more. She sets up a self-management plan that includes the following: Each night, she lays out her workout clothes for the next morning. She asks her best friend to work out with her three times per week. She plans to go on a special weekend trip when she has worked out at least 20 times total, and starts tracking her workouts on an app. Which component of her plan is referred to as self-monitoring?

a. Asking her best friend to work out with her b. Laying out workout clothes for the next morning **c. Tracking workouts on an app** d. Planning a special trip after working out 20 times

Merril is a 16-year-old girl who has been diagnosed with autism and an intellectual disability. She mouths her hands continuously, and the skin on her hands is starting to break down. You have been hired to create a behavior intervention plan to reduce hand-mouthing. What is the first thing you should do?

a. Assuming that the behavior is automatically reinforced, provide Merril with a variety of safe objects to mouth and train staff to redirect mouthing from her hands to the objects. **b. Conduct a functional behavior assessment to determine why the behavior is happening.** c. Put gloves on Merril's hands to protect her skin while you assess the behavior. d. Implement a punishment procedure to stop the behavior, since it is self-injurious.

Which of the following is NOT a function of problem behavior?

a. Attention b. Automatic reinforcement **c. Control** d. Escape

Which of the following is NOT a type of chaining?

a. Backward chaining **b. Reverse chaining** c. Total task presentation d. Forward chaining

How should a supervisor decide on supervision goals?

a. Based on supervisor preference **b. Based on an assessment of supervisee skills** c. According to supervisee preference d. According to the preference of funding source

Which of the following is expected of behavior analysts by the BACB Code?

a. Behavior analysts are expected to adhere to a vocabulary that is consistent with the science, and not to use more accessible terms when discussing behavior analysis publicly or with clients. **b. Behavior analysts are expected to promote behavior analysis by publicly sharing information about it in a variety of settings.** c. Behavior analysts are expected to publicly criticize professionals from fields that are not consistent with behavior analysis d. Behavior analysts are expected to avoid discussion of behavior analysis in social media.

Which statement best describes behavior analysts' ethical responsibility to the profession of behavior analysis, as per the BACB Code?

a. Behavior analysts are expected to report any and all violations of the BACB Code to the local legal authorities **b. Behavior analysts are expected to participate in behavior analytic activities and organizations, such as attending conferences** c. Behavior analysts are expected to use technical behavioral terminology in all communications, and to avoid using everyday language to describe behavioral principles. d. Behavior analysts are expected to maintain a social media presence that promotes behavior analysis

Emilie is receiving BACB supervision from a world-renowned behavior analyst. She learns a great deal from her supervisor whenever they meet, but the supervisor frequently has to cancel meetings because she is so busy. Which BACB Code section is the supervisor potentially violating?

a. Behavior analysts systematically collect information to evaluate their supervision activities. b. Behavior analysts provide a clear written description of terms related to the supervision relationship. **c. Behavior analysts only enter into supervision relationships that they have time to commit to.** d. Behavior analysts supervise only within their areas of competence

Amanda is comparing the effects of two different prompting procedures to see which one results in better generalization of skills. What type of experimental design should she use?

a. Changing criterion b. Reversal **c. Multi-element** d. Multiple baseline across subjects

Which of the following should NOT be done when a behavior analyst is establishing a new client relationship?

a. Clarify client expectations and enter into a contract that specifies the terms of the relationship. b. Review older records and existing data to get to know the client c. Discuss the client's goals to determine if they are within the behavior analyst's area of expertise **d. Collect data prior to establishing informed consent, to obtain a less-biased sample.**

Ali is teaching his client, James, not to pick his nose. Ali sets a timer for two minutes and if James has not picked his nose during the two-minute interval, Ali gives him a reinforcer. If James does pick his nose, Ali stops the timer and resets it for the original two-minute interval. What term best describes this schedule of reinforcement?

a. Continuous reinforcement **b. DRO** c. DRI d. Fixed-interval reinforcement.

Which of the following are considered temporal dimensions of behavior?

a. Count, frequency, rate, and percentage. b. Interval recording and time sampling **c. Duration, latency, and interresponse time** d. Topography and magnitude

According to the BACB Code, which of the following may not be published by behavior analysts?

a. Data that fail to support prior published work. b. Data to support a correction or retraction of earlier published work c. Data that were gathered during the course of student research, such as during a thesis or dissertation. **d. Data that have been previously published, unless identified as such**

Fatima is a 6-year-old girl who has a diagnosis of autism. After performing a structured assessment of her skills, the behavior analyst determines that Fatima needs to work on learning to mand, tie her shoes, play with toys, and eat with a fork. Which skill should be prioritized as the most important goal to target initially?

a. Eating with a fork **b. Manding** c. Tying her shoes d. Playing with toys

One type of validity is the certainty that the independent variable caused a change in the dependent variable. Another type of validity is the extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized beyond the experimental situation. What are those two types of validity?

a. External, internal **b. Internal, external** c. Social, external d. Internal, social

Harley is the school-based behavior analyst for a class of children on the autism spectrum. Other professionals involved with the class include the special education teacher, speech pathologist, occupational therapist, and physical therapist. What should Harley's interaction with the other professionals consist of?

a. Harley should not collaborate with the other professionals. **b. Harley should collaborate with the other professionals.** c. Harley should not work with this class, since there are other professionals involved d. Harley may only collaborate with the special education teacher and speech pathologist, but not the occupational and physical therapists

Which of the following is an example of a token economy?

a. High fives and praise **b. Points earned for working that can be traded for time to engage in a preferred activity.** c. A break ticket that can be exchanged to get out of work at any time d. Gold stars on homework and tests

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

a. Holding the child's hand on an outing, and the child no longer runs into the street. b. Giving the child candy while on an outing, and the child does not run into the street. c. Nicely explaining why it is unsafe to run into the street prior to an outing, and the child does not run into the street. **d. Saying "No!" when a child is running into the street, and the child no longer runs into the street**

According to the BACB Code, which of the following rules out the possibility of bringing concerns about a colleague's ethical violations to the colleague for informal resolution?

a. If the behavior analyst is certain that safety is not an issue, and is uncertain whether an ethical violation occurred. **b. If the behavior analyst feels that informal resolution would violate the client's confidentiality rights.** c. If the behavior analyst feels certain that the client is not at risk of harm. d. If the behavior analyst feels certain that the client's legal rights are not being violated.

Under what circumstances should a behavior analyst seek consultation with a medical professional?

a. If the behavior analyst is concerned that a minor client's parents are not being honest with the child's pediatrician, the behavior analyst may contact the pediatrician without the parents' knowledge. **b. If there is a reason to be concerned that behavior might be affected by medical or biological influences** c. If the behavior analyst feels that the client would benefit from medication. d. It is never appropriate for a behavior analyst to seek consultation with a medical professional.

Which of the following is an example of errorless prompting?

a. Marty says, "Turn on the water," and waits three to five seconds to see if his client turns on the water, before using prompting to guide the correct response. **b. Marty says, "Turn on the water," and immediately uses hand-over-hand prompting to guide his client to turn on the water.** c. Marty says, "Turn on the water," then points to the faucet and waits for his client to respond. d. Marty says, "Turn on the water," and if the client does not turn on the water, says it again.

Adam puts out five toys and allows his client, Shira, to choose one. After Shira plays with the toy for about a minute, Adam asks for it back, and then presents the remaining four toys for Shira to pick from. Each time Shira picks a toy, Adam takes it back after about a minute and then presents the remaining toys for another choice. What kind of preference assessment is Adam conducting?

a. Multiple-stimulus with replacement **b. Multiple-stimulus without replacement** c. Forced choice d. Free operant

Which statement is accurate?

a. Negative punishment procedures decrease problem behavior, but positive punishment procedures increase appropriate behavior. **b. Both positive and negative punishment procedures decrease behavior.** c. Both positive and negative punishment procedures only decrease problem behavior, not appropriate behavior. d. Both positive and negative punishment procedures involve aversive (unpleasant) stimuli.

Paul is trying to call his girlfriend, but she is not answering her phone. He dials several times in a row, then switches to texting her, then tries calling her best friend, and finally throws the phone and gives up. What process has lead to Paul giving up on trying to reach his girlfriend?

a. Negative punishment. **b. Extinction** c. DRO d. Positive punishment

What type of graph shows the number of occurrences of the target behavior in total, up to the point in time of each data point?

a. Non-cumulative graph b. Bar graph c. Scatterplot **d. Cumulative graph**

Judy has learned to say "house" when she sees a picture of a house, and to choose the picture of the house when she sees the written word for house. Without any additional training, Judy says "house" when she sees the written word for house. What is this called?

a. Overgeneralization b. Symmetry **c. Stimulus equivalence** d. Reflexivity

Which of the following is a valid reason to discontinue behavioral intervention services?

a. Personality conflicts on the team **b. Data show that behavioral goals have been met** c. The behavior analyst is overbooked with clients d. Lack of available staff for a behavioral intervention program.

What is usually included in each test condition of a functional analysis?

a. Potential sources of reinforcement for problem behavior and potential interventions to reduce problem behavior. b. Potential sources of reinforcement and punishment for the problem behavior. **c. Motivating operations and potential sources of reinforcement for the problem behavior.** d. Verbal instructions and potential sources of reinforcement for problem behavior.

When is it unnecessary for a behavior analyst to obtain informed consent from a client and/or a minor client's parents or guardians?

a. Prior to substantially changing a behavior-change program that was previously consented to. b. Prior to assessment of behavior **c. Prior to conducting a literature review to generate ideas for assessment or intervention.** d. Prior to implementing a behavior-change program

Which of the following is a strategy for promoting maintenance of learned responses?

a. Probing for maintenance b. Stopping reinforcement of mastered skills c. Practicing maintenance skills on a weekly basis **d. Programming indiscriminable contingencies of reinforcement.**

Amy's client is a fifth-grade student with ADHD who hates token boards. He does not like for his peers to see him receiving reinforcement. Amy feels that her client really needs to receive external motivation to stay on task, however. What should Amy do?

a. Refer the client to another professional, because he is unlikely to benefit from behavioral interventions if he doesn't want to receive reinforcement. b. Implement a token board, because it is best practice and supported by the research. Her client will adjust to the token board and come to appreciate it when it is paired with back-up reinforcement. c. Since the client does not like reinforcement-based systems, implement a punishment plan instead. **d. Work with the client to develop a covert reinforcement system that he is comfortable with, and that his peers are not aware of.**

Asher is creating a token economy for his student. He will give his student a penny for every correct response. The student will be able to stick the penny to a board with velcro. When he has earned 10 pennies, Asher's student will be able to trade in his pennies for a choice of several items in a surprise box. What is the correct term for the items in the surprise box?

a. Reinforcer menu **b. Back-up reinforcers** c. Tokens d. Generalized conditioned reinforcers

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

a. Sal's boss is a jerk, so he quits to teach her a lesson **b. Sal always gets his reports in on time so that his boss doesn't yell at him again** c. Sal hates his boss, so he turns his reports in late to annoy her d. Sal is late to work one too many times, so his boss fires him

Which of the following scenarios does NOT describe effective behavior analytic supervision practices?

a. Saral's supervisor reviews the supervision contract that Saral has signed with her every three to six months, to ensure that all terms continue to be met and that Saral is receiving the appropriate supervision experience. b. Saral's supervisor provides feedback on correct and incorrect use of behavioral strategies, and follows up by collecting data to see if feedback is impacting Saral's use of strategies. c. Saral's supervisor collects data on Saral's use of behavioral strategies as well as on Saral's clients' behavior when Saral is using behavioral strategies. She shares both sets of data with Saral to provide feedback on her use of strategies and the effectiveness of strategies. **d. Saral's supervisor ignores incorrect use of behavioral strategies and only provides feedback on appropriate use of behavioral strategies.**

Regina has only practiced counting with one teacher, Eva. Although Regina is able to count accurately under Eva's instruction, she does not count correctly at home with her parents. What desirable outcome is lacking for Regina?

a. Self-management b. Rule-governed behavior **c. Maintenance** d. Response generalization

Zahara has discovered that a fellow BCBA at her agency is engaging in behavior that puts clients at risk of harm. Which of the following is the correct action for Zahara to take?

a. She should consult with another colleague to figure out what to do b. She should destroy any notes or case files that link her to the colleague who is behaving inappropriately, to avoid being accused of similar actions **c. She must take whatever action is necessary to protect the clients, potentially including reporting her colleague to authorities.** d. She should talk to her colleague and try to resolve the issue informally.

Jacob gets out of his seat constantly, dances around the room, and laughs and yells. An FBA indicates that this behavior is likely maintained by teacher attention. Which replacement behavior is most appropriate?

a. Sitting quietly b. Playing with a fidget toy c. Taking a movement break in the hall **d. Raising his hand and waiting for the teacher to call on him**

Ruth was teaching her student how to dribble a basketball. She started by modeling, but he was not able to imitate her action. She then stood behind him and gently tapped his elbows to prompt when he should push down on the ball. When this didn't work, she put her hand over his hand and provided a full physical prompt so that he could dribble successfully. What prompting strategy did Ruth use in this example?

a. Stimulus prompting **b. Least-to-most prompting** c. Most-to-least prompting d. Prompt fading

Kathy is reviewing the effectiveness of a behavior plan that she wrote to decrease aggression in her client. Upon which of the following should she base her evaluation of the plan's effectiveness?

a. Teacher and parent reports of their observations of decrease in aggression **b. Data collected on occurrence of aggression before and during the intervention** c. Staff responses to an aggression scale d. A two-hour behavioral observation conducted after the plan has been in place for a month

Janice is likely to scream when the classroom is noisy. She also sometimes screams when the room is quiet. When she screams, the teacher is likely to come and talk to her. Sometime she stops screaming, but sometimes the teacher needs to remove her from the classroom to get her to stop. What is the function of Janice's behavior?

a. Teacher attention b. Manipulating the environment c. Escape from noise **d. There is not enough information to tell from this example**

Heather notices that her supervisee, Isaac, tends to avoid working with a particular client. When asked about it, Isaac says that he doesn't feel comfortable with this client because he has never been trained to work with someone who has the client's diagnosis. What should Heather do?

a. Tell Isaac to start to work with the client. Diagnosis shouldn't matter when conducting behavioral interventions. b. Report Isaac to the agency director for discrimination based on diagnosis. c. Reassign Isaac to another client **d. Provide education and training about the diagnosis and how it may impact behavioral interventions for the client.**

Which of the following should NOT be included in a contract between supervisor and supervisee?

a. Termination criteria. **b. A guarantee that the supervisor will approve all supervision hours** c. Fees, compensation, and pay schedules d. Performance expectations for both supervisor and supervisee

Every three months, John collects data on his supervisee's performance of specific assessment and intervention strategies. He also looks at outcome data for his supervisee's clients, and asks his supervisee to provide feedback on how she thinks supervision is going. What is John probably evaluating?

a. The effects of supervision b. The supervisee's understanding of behavioral principles c. The effects of the interventions that the supervisee is using with clients. d. The supervisee's commitment to her clients

Which of the following is an example of a naturalistic teaching strategy?

a. The teacher puts several colored cards out on the table and gives the child toy cars to match to the colors, one at a time. When the child has matched all the cars, the teacher gives her a break to play with the cars. b. When sitting outside on the playground swing, the teacher shows the child colored cards and asks, "What color?" When the child answers correctly, the teacher pushes the child on the swing. **c. While playing with toy cars that the child has chosen, the teacher holds up a car and asks "What color?" When the child answers correctly, the teacher gives her the car.** d. The teacher holds up a toy car and asks "What color?" When the child answers correctly, the teacher provides an edible reinforcer.

Sandy is a 4-year-old child with autism who sees her father cooking some soup. She picks up a toy pot and spoon and pretends to stir just like her dad is doing. She has never been taught to imitate this action. Which of the following statements is true?

a. This is not imitation, because there is no formal similarity; Sandy is not using a real pot and spoon like her father's. b. This behavior is a coincidence, because Sandy has never been taught to imitate this action. c. This is not imitation, because Sandy's father did not say, "Do this" or "Copy me." **d. This is an example of imitation**

Which example describes an appropriate use of testimonials by a behavior analyst, according to the BACB Code?

a. To avoid potential ethical concerns with soliciting testimonials, Howard makes up several positive statements about his business for his website, and identifies them as being solicited from "satisfied clients." b. Howard asks for a testimonial from a current client. The testimonial, which is published on Howard's website, is identified as solicited. It also states that the person giving the testimonial is Howard's client. c. Howard asks for a testimonial from a former client. The testimonial, which is published on Howard's website, is identified as solicited. It does not identify the person giving the testimonial as a former client, to protect client confidentiality. **d. Howard asks for a testimonial from a former client. The testimonial, which is published on Howard's website, is identified as solicited. It also states that the person giving the testimonial is Howard's former client.**

Which of the following is NOT the responsibility of a behavior-analytic supervisor?

a. Training his or her supervisee to implement interventions correctly b. Training his or her supervisee to use assessments correctly c. Training his or her supervisee to collect and analyze data correctly **d. Ensuring that his or her supervisee passes all graduate-level coursework in their behavior-analytic training**

Which of the following is not generally a consideration in the analysis of graphed data?

a. Variability b. Level **c. Validity** d. Trend

Jenna is teaching her little brother to play tennis. Which of the following is NOT a good strategy for promoting response generalization?

a. Varying the distance between them as she serves balls for him to hit back. b. Practicing on different courts **c. Using different colored tennis balls** d. Serving him balls at different speeds

Which of the following factors should NOT be a consideration in determining the need for behavior-analytic services?

a. Whether environmental modifications alone are not enough to improve behavior concerns. **b. The type of insurance the client has** c. The client's preferences d. Whether the goals for behavior change are socially significant

Which example illustrates a dependent group contingency?

a. Whoever finishes dinner gets ice cream. Whoever doesn't finish dinner does not get ice cream. b. If Joey finishes his dinner, he can have ice cream. If Adam finishes his dinner, he can have cake. Their parents will have whatever dessert they want, regardless of whether or not anyone finishes their dinner. c. If everyone in the family finishes their dinners, the whole family can have ice cream. If anyone in the family does not finish dinner, no one gets ice cream. **d. If Joey and Adam both finish their dinners, they and their parents can have ice cream. If either boy does not finish his dinner, no one gets ice cream.**

John is a child with autism who has found that he can engage in several different responses to get his mother's attention. These include crying, hitting his head, and throwing objects. Together, what are these behaviors called?

a. annoying **b. a response class** c. a stimulus class d. stimuli

Harrison is teaching his client, Anna, to ask for a doughnut. He starts by providing a small piece of doughnut as a reinforcer when Anna makes any sound. After a while, he stops giving the doughnut when Anna makes any sound, and waits for her to say something close to "doughnut." When Anna says "doh," Harrison gives her a piece of donut. He continues to give her pieces of donut when she says "doh" until she is saying it reliably. Then, he stops giving the donut when Anna says "doh," and waits for her to say something closer to "doughnut." When Anna says "doughnut," Harrison gives her a piece of doughnut and continues to reinforce only the full word. What technique is Harrison using to teach Anna to say "doughnut"?

a. chaining **b. shaping** c. functional communication training (FCT) d. augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)

Leo is conducting a study to determine how frequently choices should be provided to effectively reduce problem behavior in students in a fifth-grade class. Conditions include choices allowed only once per day, choices allowed twice per day, and choices allowed every period. Which term best describes this type of research?

a. comparative b. reversal **c. parametric** d. component

Petra is teaching her student to read sight words. For each sight word, Petra graphs the number of times that sight word was presented up to the time mastery was achieved. What kind of measure is this?

a. duration **b. Trials to criterion** c. frequency d. percentage

Which of the following describes what behavior analysts are ethically required to be familiar with?

a. the BACB code b. The ABAI Ethics Code **c. At least the BACB Code and any other applicable ethics codes, such as those associated with local licensure requirements.** d. Local licensure requirements and regulations