MOD A

What are three ways we can focus on discipling the toddler?

1. limit setting 2. negotiation 3. assist the toddler to learn problem solving

What are newborn primitive reflexes (7)

1. moro 2. root 3. suck 4. asymmetric tonic neck 5. plantar/palmar grasp 6. step 7. babinski

What are the four stages of sensorimotor stage of Piaget's theory for infants

1. reflexes 2. primary circular reaction 3. secondary circular reaction 4. coordination of secondary schemes

What are 6 common developmental concerns of the toddler

1. toilet teaching 2. negativism 3. temper tantrums 4. thumb sucking and pacifiers 5. sibling rivalry 6. aggression

When do fontanels close by

18 months

how long should the following sleep 18-month-old 24 month old 3 year

18-month-old- 13.5 hours 24-month-old- 13 hours 3-years-old- 12 hours

The nurse is assessing developmental milestones for a 7-month-old premature infant born at 28 weeks' gestation. What would be the adjusted age upon which the nurse would base the assessment? a. 2 months b. 3 months c. 4 months d. 5 months

C. four months

How do you find a premature infant's adjusted age?

Subtract the number of weeks that the infant infant was premature from the infant's chronologic age

What is the adjusted age of an infant

Subtract the number of weeks that the infant was premature from the infant's chronologic age.

When does the eruption of teeth occur?

first year of life

What are the 3 emotional and social development of a toddler

focus (separation) individuation egocentrism

For toddlers what kinds of food should they eat

food that is high in nutrient-rich food

The sensorimotor stage of Piaget's theory last how long

from birth to 2 years

What are fine motor skills of a toddler

holding and pinching to the ability to manage utensils

What is Erikson's stage of development for a preschooler?

initative verus guilt

what sleep is when the infant may move a little while sleeping and startle to noise

light sleep

For a toddler, what is Kohlberg's theory

moral development of the toddler

What are the 7 newborn primitive reflexes

moro, root, suck, asymmetric tonic neck, plantar and palmar grasp, step and babinski

What is Kohlbergh's 2 theory's for a preschooler

preconventional stage punishment and obedience orientation

What is Piaget's theory for a preschooler?

preoperational stage

What is transduction and when does it occur

preschooler and it extrapolates from one situation to another

What age group have imaginary friends

preschoolers

Who still do not understand the concept of death

preschoolers

What is animsm and who has it

preschoolers it atrributes life-like qualities to inanimate objects

Fine Motor skills develop in what kind of fashion

proximodistal fashion (limbs then to inside)

What sleep state is when the infants eyes are open wide and the body is calm

quiet alert state

As a parent what should you do to the toddler to help development

talk and sing to the child to help language development read to the toddler every day

What is speech that contains only the essential words to get the point across

telegraphic speech

When plotting growth parameters and developmental milestones what age do you use?

uses the infants adjusted age

Toddler Sensory Development describe the following vision depth preception hearing sense of smell taste

vision progresses depth perception matures hearing is at adult level sense of smell matures taste discrimination is not completely developed

What is the average weight, length and head circumference for a 6-month-old

weight- 15 pounds length- 25 to 27 inches head circumference- 16.5 to 1.5 inches

When Assessing growth and development of a premature infant how do you determine expected outcomes?

you use the infant's adjusted age

What is the age range of a toddler?

1 to 3 years old

Toddler's who are strictly vegan are at risk for what 3 deficiencies

1. Vitamin D 2. Vitamin B12 3. Iron

What are 4 common developmental concerns in infancy

1. colic 2. spitting up 3. thumb sucking, security items 4. teething

What are the 3 emotional and social development for a preschooler

1. friendships 2. temperament 3. fears

For a preschooler how many deciduous teeth should be present

20 teeth

What is the age of a preschooler?

3 to 6 years of age

When do most children discontinue daytime napping

3 year of age

when does a toddler have a full set of primary teeth

30 months

at 6 months you are suppose to introduce new foods. How many days should you wait to introduce a new food

4 to 7 days

At which age would the nurse expect to find the beginning of object permanence? a. 1 month b. 6 months c. 9 months d. 12 months

6 months

When should infants start eating solid foods as well as breast milk or formula

6 months

When do infants start to synthesize their own IgG? How much do they have?

6 months to 12 months. They reach 40% of adults levels at 12 months

For toddler's what is Freud's theory and how long does it last

Anal stage and it last 1 to 3 years

The mother of a 5-year-old boy calls the nurse and seeks advice on how to assist the child with the recent death of his paternal grandfather. The boy keeps asking when his grandpa is coming back. How should the nurse respond? a. "It is best to just ignore this and to not respond to his questions." b. "This is normal; children his age do not understand the permanence of death." c. "You have to keep repeating that his grandfather is never coming back." d. "He will eventually figure this out on his own."

"This is normal; children his age do not understand the permanence of death.

The nurse is planning a diet for a toddler that is rich in vitamin A. Which of the following foods might the nurse include? a. avocados b. corn c. strawberries d. spinach

D. spinach Other foods include apricots, cantaloupe, carrots, mangoes, dark greens and sweet potatoes

The nurse is teaching parents interventions appropriate to the emotional development of their toddlers. What is a recommended intervention for this age group? Remove children's security blankets at this stage to help them assert their autonomy. Distract toddlers from exploring their own body parts, particularly their genitals. Do not blame toddlers for aggressive behavior; instead, point out the results of their behavior. Offer toddlers many choices to foster control over their environment.

Do not blame toddlers for aggressive behavior; instead, point out the results of their behavior.

True or False Fine motor skills develop in a cephalocaudal fashion (from the center to the periphery).

False

true or False The best type of toys for toddlers is store-bought interactive electronic toys.

False

What happens to the HR and BP of a toddler

HR decrease BP increases

For a preschooler what happens to HR, BP and heart murmur

HR decreases BP increases heart murmur (innocent) may be heard

which 3 immunoglobulins are produced slowly throughout childhood

IgA, IgD and IgE

The nurse is describing the maturation of various organ systems during toddlerhood to the parents. What would the nurse correctly include in this description? Myelinization of the brain and spinal cord is complete at about 24 months. Alveoli reach adult numbers by 3 years of age. Urine output in a toddler typically averages approximately 30 mL/hour. Toddlers typically have strong abdominal muscles by the age of 2.

Myelinization of the brain and spinal cord is complete at about 24 months.

The nurse is assessing a 5-year-old child for signs of developmental delay. Which would alert the nurse to a potential problem? a. the child can build a tower of six blocks b. the child does not play with other children c. the child engages in fantasy play d. the child separates from parent easily

The child does not play with others

The nurse is performing a cognitive assessment of a 2-year-old. Which behavior would alert the nurse to a developmental delay in this area? The child cannot say name, age, and gender. The child cannot follow a series of two independent commands. The child has a vocabulary of 40 to 50 words. The child does not point to named body parts.

The child does not point to named body parts.

The nurse is assessing the respiratory system of a newborn. Which anatomic differences place the infant at risk for respiratory compromise? Select all that apply. The nasal passages are narrower. The trachea and chest wall are less compliant. The bronchi and bronchioles are shorter and wider. The larynx is more funnel shaped. The tongue is smaller. There are significantly fewer alveoli.

The nasal passages are narrower. The larynx is more funnel shaped. There are significantly fewer alveoli.

Is the following statement True or False? The nurse is assessing a 6-month-infant and obtains the following measurements: weight: 15 lb; length: 26 in; head circumference: 17 in. It has been determined that these are average measurements for a 6-month-old infant

True

True or False The nurse should recommend that parents of a 3- to 5-year-old receive 500- to 800-mg calcium and 10-mg iron daily.

True

For a toddler the brain reaches about what size by the age of 2

about 90% of size

What state is when the infants face and body move actively

active alert state

When do infants reach adult levels of IgM?

after 9 months of age

For a toddler what is Erikson's theory

autonomy vs despair

What is when eyes may close; the infant may be dozing

drowsiness

What is the repetition of words and phrases without understanding

echolalia

In a toddler what are two common occurences

echolalia and telegraphic speech

What is colic?

episodes of crying for more than 3 hours a day or more than 3 times a week

Based on Erikson's developmental theory, what is the major developmental task of the adolescent? a. gaining an independence b. finding an identity c. coordinating information d. mastering motor skills

finding an identity

The respiratory system of an infant versus adult regarding: nasal passages trachea and chest wall bronchi and bronchioles larynx tounge alveoli

nasal passages are narrow trachea and chest wall are more compliant bronchi and bronchioles are shorter and narrower larynx are more funnel shaped tongue is larger alveoli there are fewer

What is the average pulse rate for a newborn and an infant of 1 year old

newborn- 120-140 and to about 100 in the 1-year old

warning signs for language development in an infant (3)

no sound by 4 months does not laugh or squeal at 6 months does not use single words at 12 months does not babble by 8 months

What are some warning signs of sensory development of an infant (5)

not respond to loud noises not focusing on near objects doesnt make sounds by 4 months doesnt turn to locate sounds at 4 months crosses eyes most of the time at 6 months

What is parallel play

playing alongside another child

What are some examples of gross motor skills of a toddler?

running, climbing, jumping, pushing, pulling, throwing, pedaling

What is Piaget's theory for an infant

sensorimotor stage

what happens to blood pressure throughout the first six months? what is the average BP of a newborn? 12-month-old?

the bp increases newborn- 60/40 12-month-old - 100/50

Why are infants and newborns more susceptible to heat loss?

the peripheral capillaries are closer to the surface of the skin

For toddler's where are they at for language development

they can understand what is being asked or what is being said.

True or False in the first year of life, infants may experience mottling of the skin

true

What is Erikson's theory for an infant?

trust versus mistrust

The nurse teaching safety to teens knows that which of these is the leading cause of death among adolescents? Drowning Poisoning Diseases Unintentional injuries

unintetional injuries

How long does a toddler have a pot belly and why do they have it?

until about 3 years old and it is due to weak stomach muscles

in a toddler how long does the aveoli increase in number

until the age of 7

The nurse caring for newborns knows that infants exhibit phenomenal increases in their gross motor skills over the first 12 months of life. Which statements accurately describe the typical infant's achievement of these milestones? Select all that apply. At 1 month the infant lifts and turns the head to the side in the prone position. At 2 months the infant rolls from supine to prone to back again. At 6 months the infant pulls to stand up. At 7 months the infant sits alone with some use of hands for support. At 9 months the infant crawls with the abdomen off the floor. At 12 months the infant walks independently.

At 1 month the infant lifts and turns the head to the side in the prone position. At 7 months the infant sits alone with some use of hands for support. At 9 months the infant crawls with the abdomen off the floor. At 12 months the infant walks independently.

The nurse is providing anticipatory guidance for parents of a preschooler regarding sex education. What is a recommended guideline when dealing with this issue? Be prepared to thoroughly cover a topic before the child asks about it. Before answering questions, find out what the child thinks about the subject. Expand upon the topic when answering questions to prevent further confusion. Provide a less than honest response to shelter the child from knowledge that is too advanced.

Before answering questions, find out what the child thinks about the subject.

The nurse is performing a cognitive assessment on a 16-year-old client. Which behaviors demonstrated will the nurse identify as middle formal operational, according to Piaget's theory? Select all that apply. Reporting that he smokes marijuana occasionally Wanting to make decisions about health care independently Being very concerned with implications of the Affordable Care Act regarding health care benefits Wanting their friends to visit them in the hospital more than their parents Difficulty understanding the implications their diagnosis might present

Reporting that he smokes marijuana occasionally Wanting to make decisions about health care independently Being very concerned with implications of the Affordable Care Act regarding health care benefits

The nurse is explaining to parents that the preschooler's developmental task is focused on the development of initiative rather than guilt. What is a priority intervention the nurse might recommend for parents of preschoolers to stimulate initiative? Reward the child for initiative in order to build self-esteem. Change the routine of the preschooler often to stimulate initiative. Do not set limits on the preschooler's behavior as this results in low self-esteem. As a parent, decide how and with whom the child will play.

Reward the child for initiative in order to build self-esteem.

The nurse is providing anticipatory guidance for parents of a school-age child on teaching the dangers of drugs and alcohol. What advice might be helpful for these parents? School-age children are not ready to absorb information that deals with drugs and alcohol. School-age children can think critically to interpret messages seen in advertising, media, and sports. Parents must prevent their child from being exposed to messages that are in conflict with their values. Discussions with children need to be based on facts and focused on the past and future.

School-age children can think critically to interpret messages seen in advertising, media, and sports.

For a toddle what is Piaget's thoery

Sensiromotor

The nurse explains to parents of school-age children that according to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, their child is at the conventional stage of moral development. What is the motivation for school-age children to follow rules? They follow rules out of a sense of being a "good person." They follow rules out of fear of being punished. They follow rules in order to receive praise from caretakers. They follow rules because it is in their nature to do so.

They follow rules out of a sense of being a "good person."

What is magical thinking and when does it occur

believes thoughts are all-powerful preschooler

The nurse is performing an annual check-up for an 8-year-old child. Compared to the previous assessment of this child, which characteristic would most likely be observed? Breathing is diaphragmatic. Pulse rate is increased. Secondary sex characteristics are present. Blood pressure has reached adult level.

breathing is diaphragmatic

When does the bladder and kidney reach adult function in a newborn

by 16 to 24 months

When is the head size more proportional to the body

by age 3

The nurse is assessing a 4-year-old for gross motor skill development. Which would the nurse expect this preschooler to have accomplished? a. hopping on one foot b. standing on one foot for 10 seconds c. skipping d. swimming

d. standing on one foot for 10 seconds

What sleep is when the infant lies quietly without movement

deep sleep

how much does the preschooler child need of calcium, fiber and iron?

calcium- 500 to 800 mg iron- 10 mg fiber- 19 mg

how do gross motor skills develop in an infant

cephalocaudal (head to tail)

What are some social skills developed by the preschooler

cooperation, sharing, kindness, generosity, affection display, conversation, helping others and making friends

What state is it when the infant cries; body moves in disorganized fashion

crying