Modern Art history Final Exam

Paranoiac-critical painting

- Salvador Dali's Own terminology of how he describes his own approach into Surrealism -Writes a lot about his approach which he refers to as Paranoiac thought, and paranoiac-critical painting -shows us what he is trying to accomplish in his work -to engage in alterative mentality, consciousness, reality, it conveys a sense of schizophrenia, and mental illness -wants to immerse people in a state of paranoia with his paintings -example: The persistence of Memory, Soft Construction with boiled beans: Premonition of civil war.

Frottage

-A process that Max Ernst used in his work the Horde. creatures with bird like features, almost a little violent. - from French verb meaning to rub -takes a piece of paper put over something textured and you rub a medium like charcoal or pastel and the medium catches the textures. -the use of rubbing to create abstract patterns, empty his mind and look at the patterns and empty his mind and respond to patterns. -example of Automatist surrealist

Counter-Relief

-was a method associated with artist Vladimir Tatin, has a work called Corner Counter-relief. -his method pushing away from traditional painting and sculpture. -used constructivist approaches such as assemblage, and modern materials. - utilizes constructivist ideals and assemblage and additive techniques, making it modern as it makes use of materials outside of traditional media.

Umberto Boccioni, States of Mind I: The Farewells

1911 - Tied to the Futurism art movement: showcase art of modernity, tech, machines, industry, violence, auto mobils, push for change. -Boccioni most famous artist of futurism. -work shows Boccioni's method of how to make art for the future, his answer was through cubism with the attention of technology, machines, and travel. -this is seen by the rendering of a train which represents travel and people moving around which is a key aspect of modern life -Green aspects are a representation of analytic cubism, the analyzing, and fragmentation of a couple embracing. - train in the background shifts to two figures applying a machine-like aspect to the forms and makes the composition more modern.

Percy Wyndham Lewis, Composition

1913 -Key aspect/ artist of the Vorticism movement in England: movement about action and motion, most radical art movement for England before ww1. -Influence of cubism by the depiction, and the use of geometric forms, a juxtaposition of shapes jammed within the work. This also machine-like forms associated with modernity. -very similar to futurism, but Vorticist as they both shared characteristics of movement and action, but it is important to note the vorticist were not futurist and were their own movement in England.

Jacques Lipchitz, Man with a Guitar

1915 -limestone -ex of how artist grabbed what Barque and Picasso created and made it their own individual approaches. -uses cubist approach to create a picture or in this case sculpture, the pushes it further. -utilizes negative space hole in center suggest a guitar. -method of breaking down the figure into fragmented parts and analyzing it into something new suggests that this is analytic cubist approach but through sculpture. -had many assistance to help transfer this into her final plaster work.

Alvin Langdon Coburn, Ezra Pound

1917 - example of a vortisis photograph know as a vortagraph. - Coburns way to give visual form to a vortsis aesthetic in photography. -by attaching an unusual attachment on the lenses of the camera to create a cubist fragmentation of images, reads very analytic cubist. -subject matter is important because it demonstrates a key figure of the vorticism Ezra pond who helped Wyndham Lewis find the vorticist magazine the blast, being photographed by another key figure Alvin Langdon Coburn.

Man Ray, Gift, replica

1921 (remade in 1958) - example of NYC Dada, consisted of an iron and spikes attached onto it. -this is an example of an assisted/reified readymade as it is an ordinary object that is altered. this was Man Ray's twist on the readymade -interesting aspect about this work is that by placing the nails on the iron it then renders it useless, which then sabotages the usefulness and utilitarian nature of the object. -Man ray steps away from Dadaism and moved to Paris to be later associated with surrealism.

joan Miró, Object

1936 -surrealist artist but translate surealist ideals of sponinatiy into art. -Assemblage of mixed media -Ex of surrealist object, using found objects that dont nessicarly go with one another or relate to each other, this creates a moment of surpise ex the parrot, hate manniquen legs all of this put otgether creates a surpise pf materials

the Ash Can School and the eight

-A School in America that creates art in the similar fashion of French Realism, and french realism art Gustauv Corbat -Gustav created artworks that reflected leftist ideals and the hard-working conditions of the laborers in France at that time. He paints in this very representational way that does not idealize these subjects, he shows the dirt and grime of the person. -The Ash Can School is similar to this because they also politically minded and push this leftist ideal as well. However, they represent the hard circumstances such as living conditions, labor, and poverty of the Urban Poor in America. -example of how even when the artist in American stray away from academic tradition they still are using representation to push their ideas. -The Ash Can school will also provide illustrations for political periodicals as well. -Ashcan is a place to throw ashes away so they are known as the garage school, which is also a reflection of what the elite think of this school, art, and people they are painting because it is not "enlighting" or idealized. -Ex of work would be John Sloan's Hair dresser's window shows subject matter, this one is not political per-say, but shows the style the ashcan school works in, representational but does not have that finished polished traditional academic look. -The Eight: A group of artist that gets the Ash Can School started, their work was rejected by the national academy of design in 1907 and got together to exhibit together in 1908, very similar to the session groups in Europe like Gustav Klimt, but do not refer to themselves as a session they call themselves the eight. -group of 8 artists, exhibit at the Mcbeth Gallery and form as an act of protest against authority and also doubles as an important exhibition for American modernist painting, note only some of the 8 are accosted with the Ash Can school.

Pure Psychic Automatism

-A method associated with Surrealism. -Method that Andre Breton uses to unlock his unconscious. -In which he is slipping in a trans and emptying out the mind from the conscious thought and allow the unconscious thought that has been hiding to come through, and would write that down. -Letting the mind work without restrictions, to showcase thought in an obscure way that defeats any form of reason and shows control. -allow the mind to react naturally to what is being presented. -Examples of this would be Andre Breton drawing of the exquisite form

Pablo Picasso, La Vie (Life)

1903 -This work is an example of Picasso's paintings before cubism, and possibly his response to symbolism. - Known work from a phase in his career called the blue period, blue tones, monochromatic, color pallet and works in this period were often deemed depressing due to subdued color pallets and subject matter. his friend also commited sucide. -the title "La vie" is a rather symbolist title, referring meaning life, shows the cycles and phases of life. -Right shows a maternal figure of a mother and child, left a young male and female figure embracing, as the man points to the woman on right suggesting a link (his mother perhaps). represents the son breaking away and maturing from mother son relationship to more romantic.

Pablo Picasso, Accordianist

1911 -Analytic cubism: shows the fragmentation of forms through the use of geomentric lanuge -subdued color as a method to push intellecutal responses to their art, heavy focus on that. -looks very close to Braque's work "the Portuguese (the Emigrant)". this work compared to Braques work represents how their work gets very similar its hard to tell them apart. -they often painted and studied together. -the product of this work helps push other artist to create fully non-objective art, is important in art history terms because it adds to the development of modern art. -The painting differs from Braque's in that Picasso does not use text in this work, but he later develops that.

Marc Chagall, Paris Through the Window

1913 -Oil on canvas painting -example of Fantastic art, and how innovative and unique fantastic artists are. An example of how Fantastic artists do not fit in with an art movement, and not closely linked with trends around them, have a departure from reality and convey reality with a more fantastical, whimsical, playful approach. -Looking at the fragmentation of the sky you can tell Chagall has seen cubism but isn't a cubist painter. -painting shows the worlds around him but through a fantastical, whimsical lens. As the painting shows the reality of Paris but with a whimsical twist like the Paris skyline through a window, we see figures we recognize, but aspects of the scene make it unusual ex-people floating and the human-like face on the cat, blue face in the corner, the cat also a reinterpretation of the Greek myth of Cyprus, dog of the underworld, but not a dog a cat. -2 heads (blue) refers to roman gods Janice goddess of doorways she has both heads on each side of the world. -myths give that fanciful twist. -

Kazimir Malevich, Suprematist Composition: White Square on White

1918 - oil on canvas work white square on white square -A Suprematist paintings, push the rejection of the ojective world, and material reailty very much like Kandinsky. wanted to move away from objective and tradition in order to he expressed that representation as a burden. -pushed the concept the black square. -this work however is an example of his 3rd phase of Suprematism, his first two were the 1. black and white phase, 2. the color phase, this one was his White on white phase. -the last phase, seen as the ultimate rejection of observing the material reality. -uses white to symbolize infinity, and show no shading. -created in 1918 after the Russian revolution, showing that after the ban of Avant grade art Malevich was one of the artists to stay in Russia, and continue to create in an Avant grade way representing that he was willing to suffer and be punished for his art.

Romare Bearden, Folk Musicians

1941-42 -example of painting during the Harlem renaissance. -Gouache and Casein on Kraft paper. -best known painters from the Harlem renaissance context. -Early work, has long career, works through the 2nd WW, and 50's and 60's, becomes very known famous man of African American artist -modernist artist, with a very defined focus on cultural politics, closely associated with cubist approach, In other times a rather abstract expressionist approach, here cubist approach. -dabbles in collage and mixed media paintings, informed by modern approaches. -takes self consciously selects he preferred subjects as african americans, famously one of the artist thattakes on the task of trying to figure out what black American art look like. -1934 important essay as he defines his larger project, "the nergo artist in modern art" where he calls on other black arts to make art that is based on the lived experiences of black Americans, as their experiences and art will look diff from the white American artist, wanted to make art that reflects his experience of a black American, very self-conscious approach where they attempt to define the black experience, and black American approach to art-making -involved in the 306 group which was a group of African American artists, name from an address where they meant. -features of this work, cubist aspects, and visual aesthetic, how he is treating figures, geometric simplification of features, focusing on black subjects and black musicians, becomes famous for increasing aspects and referenced to older African art, emphasise of black flok music bc it shows more authenticity

James Van Der Zee, Harlem Billiard Room

- Photograph. - very famous black photographer who is associated with the Harlem renaissance. -best known for his portraiture and his studio in Harlem, his work outside of portraiture often captures the cultural contexts of the Harlem renaissance, suggests a visual portrait of the mood and events going on at this time. -also less artistic and more documentative in this aspect of his photography, is documenting the current cultural events. -This work represents Van Der zee to larger trends of documentary and photography of the era, formal considerations of the raise of pool tables creates a repetition of the rectangular forms of that give it a cubist-like aesthetic, and larger trends in photography that will become more apparent in later modern developments in photography. -representation of Black Americans but more in the background, and less represented in others say "protest parade".

the Futurist manifestos

- Wrote many Futurist manifestos which had very confrontational language, that conveys a very important part in history as it shows the passion of people declaring their ideas and published them. -Manifestos got published in a popular journal causing a wide spread of their ideals and becomes very popular resulting's in more futurist work. - The Manifesto's argued for a cleansing of the past and a focus on the future. -in one of Manifesto's he declares that with futurism Italy will be pushed back to the forefront of art once again. This is bc Italy was a mainly more traditional and conservative art center due to the renaissance and was therefore left behind when art got more avant-garde. -mentions the burning and disassociating of libraries and museums and the embracing of war.

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

- was a French poet that was named the leader of the Futurism movement in Italy. -goal was to create a modern art form, that captures the aspects of speed, tech, movement, and violence and passion denounce the past or things that are advocates to the past such as museums and libraries. -to push industry and automobiles and population in art. - Wrote many Futurist manifestos which had very confrontational language, that conveys a very important part in history as it shows the passion of people declaring their ideas and published them. -Manifestos got published in a popular journal causing a wide spread of their ideals and becomes very popular resulting's in more futurist work. -in one of Manifesto's he declares that with futurism Italy will be pushed back to the forefront of art once again. This is bc Italy was a mainly more traditional and conservative art center due to the renaissance and was therefore left behind when art got more avant-garde. -mentions the burning and disassociating of libraries and museums and the embracing of war.

chronophotography

-A method of photography that showcases multiple exposures of the a subject on one picture, a Chrono photograph may show the an object moving but it is able to capture the movement and certain phases of the subject moving on one image gives off a feeling of motion. Had a huge influence in paintings they used what they saw in Chronophotography and appropriated it into their art works. -artworks that showcase aspects of Chrono photography: Marcel Duchamp's Nude ascending the staircase the white dotted line are suggestive of that. -Giacomo Balla and "dynamism of a dog on a leash, Leash in motion". shows tail and legs at multiple points of movement. -photography that had been inspired by Chronophotography: Antonio Giulio Bragaglia Greetings.

fatagaga

-Coined by Cologne Dada artist Max Ernst. -was created and fixed into surrealist when DADA was dying out -The creation of these disturbing dreamlike landscapes that contain vaguely human, robotic-like figures, uses mechanical Langue, often disturbing undertones. -coins term to describe his work. -precursor to surrealist works and style -examples of works: - Max Ernst, 1 copper plate 1 zinc plate Rubber cloth 2 Calipers 1 Drain pip Telescope 1. -Max Ernst, Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale

Psychoanalysis

-Developed by Freud -school of medical, psychological treatment. -Attempt to scientifically map the human mind and come up with treatment and heal the unconscious -Freud is know as the father of Psychoanalysis -broke up the human mind into different parts -the conscious where we have thought that is controlled -the the Unconscious, which is not accessible, we put things in there we cant free with memories, trauma, or desires.

Cologne dada

-Ex of that Max Ernst, 1 copper plate 1 zinc plate Rubber cloth 2 Calipers 1 Drain pip Telescope 1. - Showcases weird monsters that showcase a more mechanical language -many different techniques here, vaguely human forms, showcases his Fatagaga imagery: haunting dreamscapes with robot-like human-like forms, disturbing qualities to his work. -will later influence and be associated with Surrealism. -Another group of Dada artists with the Leader of Max Ernst in a city in Germany called Cologne. -Similair aspects of Berlin Dada?

Socialist Realism

-Socialist realism is a product that stems from the Russian revolution. - After the Russian Zar fell in around 1917 the there was a push for more utilitarian art and less Avant-Garde art. -Joseph Stalin hated Avant-garde art and pushed for art that advocates for the new art that pushes people to participate in their new political system the socialist government. referred to socialist realism. -a push for art that is not for the elite but understandable for all, more representational, and easily digestible, and promotes propaganda -this causes a lot of avant-gardes and constructivist artists to leave, or adjust their work to convey Russia's new art agendas.

biomorphic abstraction

-bio= living, morphic = Form -approach to making nonobjective images that look like they are taking the forms of living things, but do not nessicarly represent the living things. - common in Zurich dada work -aspects of this can also be seen later in early surrealism such as the Harlequin carnival -example works: Jean Arp, Fleur Marteau ( hammer Flower) - making shapes that are suggesting a hammer or flower, but also could read something else like another living organism, the suggestion of organic living form, but does not actually represent that living form.

Merzbild & Merzbau

-both extensions of Dada art. -Famous made by artist Kurt Schwitters who was an independent artist, that was rejected from the Dada group in Germany. -both are examples of his method of art makings. Merzbilds and Merzbau. -Merz is his own term to describe his works. -Merzbilds are the works he created using 2-D methods of art-making more of a collage theme, collects trash, printed papers, and assembles them in a collage-like manner. -uses trash to convey that anti-art theme that is often found in Dada artworks, like in the art of Marcel Duchamp's Fountain. - still skillfully composed and worked with until other anti artworks like the fountain. -Example of his Merzbilds. -Merzbau: is an example of his 3-d work, which works in a similar fashion to the 2-d work, finding things and objects and altering them into a constructivist sculpture by messing with his objects and placing them together. -Example work: Hanover Merzbau he built in his house, and expands throughout the space, uses geometric forms, Nazi's destroy this work, made one on Norway, was destroyed, and made a 3rd one in England.

Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907

1907 -represented the beginning of his cubism experiments -This painting represented Picasso telling the public his new direction of art, inspired by Henry Matisse's painting Joy of life, as that painting was used to step away from fauvism. -painting is significant because it displayed an ambitious amount of experimentation to the point where friend Braque felt like it was too experimental and hard to swallow. -Subject matter: prostitutes' in Barcelona arranging themselves for display for the customers of the brothel, the display however implies that the viewer is the customer which is a controversial gesture to put the viewer in the position. -Cubist as it represents a geometric fragmentation and breaks down of details and anatomy of the human form. Can be seen by the triangle breast and arms etc.. -Right figure is similar to African masks, and a sign that cubism did pull and appropriate styles from another culture, and that central African culture because a large contributor to the cubism aesthetic as well. -used geometrics to display animals and this painting illustrated the woman in an animalistic fashion, seen by the woman squatting with an animal-like face, painting not only objectifying but insulting to woman.

Georges Braque, Houses at L'Estaque

1908 -oil on canvas painting -Cubist painting -early painting in Braque's career. -can see the influence of Paul Cezanne, as it resembles Cezanne's landscape paintings. As he is pushing away the details and focusing on finding the basic forms. -can see this in the tree and the houses they are broken down into squares, rectangles triangles and cylinders. -sent to the Autumn salon of 1908, in which Henri Matisse was on the jury, passionately disliked it and refers to it as "bazar cubes", art critic hears about this, writes about it and gives cubism its name. -the painting the coined cubism.

Georges Braque, Violin and Palette

1909 - Cubist painting -analytic cubism: shows the fragmentation of forms using geometric shapes. -1st mature phase of cubism is the point where Barque and Picasso developed cubism to be an intellectual project. -in order to push intellectual concepts of their work they subdued the color pallets and rejected Henry Matisse's bright colors bc they viewed vibrant colors relied too much on sense, and pleasure, they did not want their work to be a form a pleasure but an intellectual exercise. -fragmentation of subjects into basic geometric forms, however, I will say as time and cubism develops it gets even more fragmented like in works of the accordionist by Picasso. -the brown and dull color pallet is a sign of analytic cubism that we see in other works like the accordionist, or Muchamp's nude figure ascending the staircase. or the"the Portuguese (the Emigrant) which was very similar to Picasso's the accordionist it was hard to tell the difference.

Sonia Delaunay, Blanket

1911 -a collaborator in the development of simulation contrast. -created this work for functional purposes but resembled a style known as crazy quilts which was a form of folk art. -this work showcases how the artist creates in a style of non-repeating patterns of geometric bits of color. -this quilt was made for her son when he was born, but the cubist community loved it as referred to it as the cubist quilt most likely for its juxtaposing organization of color blocks. - will go off this and make a dress referred to as the simultaneous dress, which uses a sense of cubism, sense of movement, and color but through textiles like this quilt. -uses textiles to push feminist art, and work like this influences feminist art and textiles. her work in textiles like this was a percussor to her success and famousness in fashion, sense this work inspired a dress with similar characteristics this works as an example of how fashion and textiles come together through her.

Natalia Goncharova, Icon Painting Motifs

1912 -Natalia is a Rayionist artist who also created neo-primitivist work. -This work reflects the themes of Neo-primitivism, a method of art-making that focuses on pulling from Russian icon painting/ folk art style, and local traditons. relates to christian paintings as it mainly had dipitions of Jesus and Mary. -Often were flatened, and the setting was important, with an emphasis on contour line, in a style to Bzyntine icon panel paintings. -improtant to note that in local russain culture they did not worshipped the painting itself as their icon but viewed them as more of a way to focus their prayers. -Important note about this work is she is approreating aspects of Russian Orthodox traditions icon paintings to create avant-garde art as a more pure appoarch. -differs from regular Primivism because rather than traveling to an unknown place like Gaugin, Neo-primivist artist approate local culture. -This work relates to these aspects as you see a version of Jesus holding his hands in a holy matter, And Mary in another panel, we see Heavy contour lines throughout the clothes as well.

Pablo Picasso, Guitar, Sheet Music, and Wine Glass

1912 - example of synthetic cubist painting, making use of found materials, pattern wallpaper, did not use paint. - used an assemblage/ collage technique as it was a mixture of paper, music sheets, and drawings. -another example of his work he and George referred to as papier colle (meaning pasted paper). -another example of hour music shows up in artwork, here Picasso uses a music sheet of a popular song during this time. -piece itself is a collection of abstract geometric bits, circles, blue rectangular things, hand drawing, this is an example of how synthetic cubist put things together to synthesize a certain form without using actual aspects of that form, rather he just arranges random bits and when put together it reads or suggests a guitar. -"LE Jou" demonstrated again, a playful game between Braque and Picasso as they often incorporated this in their work. -also means to be playful is a pun bc they are PLAYING with media.

Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase No. 2

1912 -Cubist work that helped make Duchamp's career. -Analytic cubism as he takes on the reduced color pallet using browns, and fragments the form, by breaking down the figure and movement of the form, the use of geometric shapes contributes to that machine-like aesthetic and robotic form. -This work is Duchamp responding to analytic cubism, as he is highlighting the concept that B&P emphasizes a lot in cubism: that cubism should be an intellectual experience hence the subdued color pallet so the viewer can focus more on the artist's intellectual interpretation of the fragmented subjects. -The emphasis on intellectual experience in cubist art like in this painting also transfers to Duchamp's other work and becomes an important characteristic for him. -this work was showed in the armory show (a modern art exhibit that brought Avant-garde art to America) this painting causes a lot of uproars and made his career. -Dotted lines suggestion to photography known as Chrono photography that shows multiple exposers on one image.

Pablo Picasso, Still Life with Chair Caning

1912 -Oil on canvas, oilcloth on canvas, surrounded with rope. -1st example of synthetic cubism: a part of cubism that utilizes the use of assemblage/collage-like method. putting things together of different materials. can also visually put things together like shapes infused bits of things together in order to suggest a scene of shapes. you can see this with the use of rope, canvas. -to combine visually with images or physically with materials. -juxtaposing a table, newspaper, coffee, to suggest being at a coffee shop, ex of cubist approach bc they often jam things together in order to suggest something. -unusual shape/ size of canvas, combining rope and oval canvas maybe a suggestion of a table. -incorporates hand-drawn and industrial mass-produced visual imagery such as the cloth in the middle and the drawings of knives and cutting board as well as a newspaper. -Includes text, the suggestion of a newspaper, and part of a french verb means to play, suggesting a sense of playfulness, takes Barques method of using text in his work and pushing it into a collage.

Giacomo Balla, Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash (Leash in Motion)

1912 -piece is a great example of futurism and the attempt to capture movement and modern life. -dog is moving and the suggestion of a figure walking alongside next to it in a modern dress strolling down the street, suggest leisure and modern life. -Balla was an older member that often used neo-impressionist techniques such as pointillism, as other futurist artist did in order to incorporate a scientific and technology sense to the painting process. -In this work Balla uses other techniques to convey modernity, and movement, by showing the tail wagging and legs moving on the dog in multiple points in the process of motion at the same time -movement is tail and leg resembles a crono photograph in which they show different stages of movement at the same time in one picture.

Pablo Picasso, Maquette for Guitar

1912 -uses modern material to assemble this work, cylinder ex cardboard, string and wire, not nessicalry traditional. mediums. -synthetic approach as he uses random-like shapes puts them together and it reads as a guitar ex... cylinder for sound hole cardboard half cirlcle like things as curves of gutiar etc... - Synthetic cubism, but in 3-d/ sculptural method. rough draft but and recreates it as a welding metal sculpture this then sparks a welding craze that is still highly used today, welding also applies to the synthetic aspect of cubism as it is not craving but adding and assembling something together. this sets the stage for modern sculpture.

Aleksandr Archipenko, Médrano II

1913 -Synthetic approach to cubism but through sculpture, Synthetic because it uses a variety of materials such as painted tin, wood, glass, and painted oilcloth. -makes use of modern supplies, rather than traditional; supplies and methods of art-making. -noted in his later work such as the Walking woman in 1918- 19 he uses more traditional methods of art-making like bronze but adds cubist methods of sculpture such as assemblage, and abrtsactnes. -recognizes the human figure and synthesizes it but paints each component of the sculpture in bright colors as a way to add on and morph synthetic cubism into his own style, also utilized the method of negative space in his work. - sets up the sculpture to act like a relief or diorama-like set up.

Postcard showing The Armory Show

1913 - A large milestone for american art. -was very large show that consisted of american contenportay artist with contemprty avantgarde works being developed in Eurpoe. -goal was to compare and measure up the work in amreaica with what is happening in Europe. -Show starting in manahttan and travles around the U.S with otver 1250 works and ecortive arts. -The european artworks were the ones mostly talked about, as they looked more striking than the american art work. -American artist did not favor abstraction, while the europen artist had more formal, and visual expriemenataions and abstractions, it felt more outragous to the people who witnessed the show. -This hsow was taken place in a national gaurd armoy. -included works from many different movements, like post impresstionist, favuits, sybolist, and cubist. -show is also signicant bc it represents the frist opptountiy for americans to see eurpoen avant garde art in person with out having to leave the country.

Robert Delaunay, Simultaneous Contrasts: Sun and Moon,

1913 - example of an artist reacting to Kandinsky (German expressionist artist of the blue rider group). to the fact that he got the credit as first non-objective work when he believed he was the 1st (when in reality they were both among the 1st people). -Subject matter: suggestive of a moon and sun/ nature scene but is unsure, there is an emphasis on color, the non-objective, and incorporation of music shows that this work goes under as another new form of Cubism called Orphism. -Orphism was coined by a French Avant-Garde critic and supporter of cubism named appolianiore, and refers to a Greek myth called Orpheus who was amazing at music. -Orphism has a connection to music because it is a creative example of harmony, rhythm, and abstraction. -this work is an example of Delaunay's focus on color as it represents his studies and theory about contrasting colors when put together create a sense of movement and energy thus referring to its title "Simultaneous contrasts Sun and moon. Not to mention it is also symbolic because the Sun and moon contrast one another.

Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space

1913 - famous futurist sculpture of Boccioni. - rendering of the human form, but transformed into a machine/ armored form. -gives a sense of militaristic form due to the dramatic striking pose. -pose of the legs very muscular adds to the machine-like effect. -rendering of figure has a cubist approach as the figure was broken down to a fragmentated state. -broken base of the sculpture emphasizes the stride and also suggest movement. -futurist piece however it does showcase traditionally mediums as it is casted in bronze.

Giorgio de Chirico, The Melancholy and Mystery of a Street

1914 - This works moved away from the fanciful, whimsical aspects, and leads towards a more sober, unsettling creepy, and suggestive mood. -unsettling, suggestive mood is can be conveyed through what seems like an innocent little girl playing about to encounter this large dark shadow on the right side of the painting. The artist suggests a sense of foreboding and unsettling mood creating this dark narrative but won't tell us what will happen when the girl and figure meet. -The buildings in the painting represent Chirico retaining a renaissance concept of linear perspective, but altering it to his own style by emphasizing it. The linear perspective is dramatically off, the white and darker buildings don't have the same vanishing point which also adds to the unsettling mood of this painting. -Often works with identifiable themes such as references to the renaissance by illustrating grand buildings as we see in this painting. -style of painting is referred to as a metaphysical, subset of the Fantastic art category, Chirico coins this term as a way to describe his work, he uses the term metaphysical as it makes his work and themes sound more intellectual and physocologal. Chirico later uses his approach to painting (metaphysical) and creates a school/ following of painters set to create in this style.

Carlo Carrà, Patriotic Celebration (Free-Word Painting)

1914 - uses news print, on cloth, mounted on wood, make it a collage. -artist goal: to make use of very modern materials to capture modernity, instead of relying on modern subjects to capture modernity. -Focuses on text to emphasize being in a crowd, you hear jumbles of conveys, by convey a crowd he is also suggesting modern life. -swirling affects also suggest movement a key aspect in futurism.

Juan Gris, The Table,

1914 -Spanish artist that incorporates color to the cubist table. -synthetic cubist work as it uses pasted and printed papers and charcoal on paper as well. -clear inspired by Picasso and Barque as she uses similar aspects such as using wood grain patterns, text from new papers "LE Jou" to continue the playfulness B&P used in their works, as it acts as a pun because they are PLAYING with different materials to make a successful work. -suggestion of a drawn pipe, cigarette, bottle. Just like in other synthetic cubist work uses a random assortment of shapes and materials to suggest a scene or group of items, subjects

Marsden Hartley, Portrait of a German Officer,

1914 -This artist was associated with the art gallery, 291, ran by gallerist and advocate of avant-garde art Alfred Stiglitz, starts off as a photo gallery, then European art gallery then shifts to more American art, it was another place other than the armory show where Americans could see avant-garde work. - a lot of artists would exhibit there and develop a relationship with Stiglitz thus them being referred to as the Stiglitz circle who shared the same interest in developing and furthering their art in abstraction and formal experimentation avant-garde art. -this place really furthered the careers of this artist that showed here. - Marsden Hartley was one of those examples of artists connected with the 291 galleries and supported by Stiglitz. -Portrait of German Officer, crated in 1914, was a part of a series she made while living in Berlin, all similar subject matter. -shows a rather cubist-like representation like in the flags and metals illustrates materials and objects often associated with imperial, militaristic-like tone in Germany, but not to celebrate those aspects. - this painting conveys a cubist montage to create an abstract impression of dynamism, the energy of militarism, and the context of Germany. -it is suggested this painting may have been a reference to someone the artist may have known or loved during WW1. -shows recognizable objects in the work, however, he rearranges them and uses a strong color to create an abstract work.

Raymond Duchamp-Villon, The Horse

1914 -influenced by Rodin showing the continued impact of 19 cent. art. -brother of Marcel Duchamp, who died in the war -Later exposed to cubism and inspired by Archipenko and began to include negative space in his work just like Archipenko did. -cast in a more traditional media (bronze). -uses cubism in a unique way, develops a machine aesthetic, due to the fact the cubism uses geometric shapes it often suggests industrial and technological contexts resulting in these machine-like forms and was an influence on futurism. - The horse in this work showcases this rod and piston-like imagery that it acts as cubism exploring the technological language of geometry, as it translates an organic form to a more industrial form.

Vladimir Tatlin, corner-Counter-Relief

1915 - Example of the constructivist piece in Russia prior to the Russian revolution. -this work is not highly politized, just reflects constructivist ideas such as a focus on the non-objective approach, the use of geometric forms, and the use of assemblage techniques all to convey a theme of modernity, industrial materials. emphasis on the intent to create a uniquely modern art form. -Known as a counter-relief, which is the term coined for this method of art making, the use of assemblage. -placed in the corner of the room as a reference to old Russian religious works, the most important will be in the corner of the room -Much like Art deco and art nouveau Conctivist wanted to use art to enhance the life of the working class by implementing it into everyday life. -In this work, it echoes constructivist themes by the use of modern materials such as iron, copper, wood, rope, and class. However, it plays with the idea od tradition as the art is hung in the corner of the room, a Russian tradition for icon paintings, the important icons and paintings are in the corner. -the work is in the air and defys aspects like gravity and material reality. -uses material such as wood and glass bc they are seen as "less fancy" and allow us to feel as if the work is connected to our world. -often uses a truth to material technique, where he does not make a material do something that is against its nature.

Marcel Duchamp, The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass)

1915-23 -Example of a famous NYC Dada artist as well as reflects the development of Dada art in NYC -Famous for his ready-mades, but this work is not an example of a readymade. -Emphasized the point that art should be an intellugical experience. -This work is an example of Duchamp played games with his viewer, and emphasized the importance of concepts in a work as this was a very conceptual, intellecual, difficult peuce that involved punning. -this work took him a very long time to finsih. -is created to look like a large door, and aespct similiar to Rodin's gates of Hell, Duchamp also takes aspects of this work and remakes it into a individual work just like Rodin and the thinker. - uses wine, oil paint, and dust to contribute that dada charaterisic of randomness and chance, The large cracks were created on accident from returning it from a show the movers damabed it but Duchamp commented its finnalt finished= an other example of randomness and chance. -Machine with cones is a chocotale machine that is reworked into an individual peioce later. -Machiaical forms for human figures he liked to undermined and romanicaize the human form , just like in past work nude ascending the aisr case. -suggested that it might be a sign for human desire. - suggested that figure next to the windows at the top left with veil is the "bride" and the machincal figure on the bottom panel are the "bachelors" referenced in the title.

Mikhail Larionov, Rayonist Composition

1916 - Relating back to the Rayonist movement. - Larionov and Goncharova were the developers of the way of art making. -Rayonism is art that contained very non-objective art work, but is mainly focused and based on the their readings of science, and theories surrounding how light reflects off objects and affects vison. This also echo's the scientific approaches made in neo impressionism. -The work itself is more subdued than other Rayonist works epically works like Natalia Goncharva. -this work is subdued in terms of less suggestions of light refracting off to the eyes, and even patterning of lines it feels more tamed. -due to the formation of lines it echos signed of cubism as it create geometric forms. -This work relates to these aspects as you see a version of Jesus holding his hands in a holy matter, And Mary in another panel, we see Heavy contour lines throughout the clothes as well.

Hugo Ball reciting the poem Karawane at the Cabaret Voltaire, Zurich,

1916 -Key figure of the Dada art movement, this performance was a part of the 1st center cities of the Dada art movement in Zurich Switzerland. -Dada had 3 center cities it mainly took place in but it began in Zurich Switzerland, Switzerland was neutral during WW1, and Dada was created as a method of protest art against WW1. -WW1 had an emotional traumatic effect on Europeans people felt technology and machines were supposed to do good things, but instead, all of those aspects contributed to weaponry and destruction of WW!. -Dada artists felt that it would not be effective to combat this issue straight on and address the circumstances of the war, meaning they rejected representation and traditional art methods. -needed to step outside of the box/ tradition and civilization in order to attack it and make new methods of art. -sense reason and order and logic were a part of what made the war they purposely rejected that and praised randomness, irrationalness, etc.. - This performance was taken place in the Cabaret Voltaire, a popular performance place that was founded by Dada artists. -This work is an example of sound poetry, a form of art Ball invented that had aspects of traditional peotry, rhythm, rhyme, and structure, but it did not make any sense, and use nonsensical sounds, sounds normal at 1st but when you listen it doesn't make sense. -often was very interactive with the audience and another artist will chime in and contribute.

George Grosz, Fit for Active Service (the Faith Healers),

1916-17 -ink and pen -Berlin dada work. -anti war work that is also associated with the new objectivity era goin on in Berlin dada movement. - Grosz tends to show disgust with society and humnaity in his work, survived WW! but ended the war in an asylum took a large mental toll on him. -work has pesismentic over tone. -subject matter a docter examining a dead corpase to see if it may fight in the war, and proclaiming it is ready for war. -this is a critique on how this corpse that is clearly not meant to face anymore conflict is sent back to the forefront while the generals sit back and enjoy themselfs. -guards are stuff like buildings suggesting them as machines, they cannot think for themselves. -still new objectivity despite it not being realisy in nature, but it still still made with representational aspects, and is meant to engage viewer.

Jean Arp, Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance

1916-17 -was a french artist that lived on the border of France and Germany so he was familiar with avant-garde art before moving to Zurich. -later becomes associated with surrealism when dada dies out. -example of visual Zurich art, work used materials of paper and glue. (discuss Zurich and its connection to Dada and Dada itself) -His method of new work goes against reason and planning (a common Dada theme). was to get two pieces of paper and tear one up, place the other on the ground and let the torn paper fall on the ground paper, where ever it fell is where he would glue it down. -this embraces randomness and spontaneity, however, there is evidence against him that shows he has moved and adjusted the works a little as there is dried messed up the glue on some of his works.

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain

1917 - Dabbled in cubism seen by his famous work nude ascending the staircase. -Example of a famous NYC Dada artist as well as reflects the development of Dada art in NYC -example of his development called the readymade, which steamed from his believe that art did not have to be a skill or beautiful, believed that art should be an intellectual process. -the concept of a ready-made is the artist gathers and appropriated object that exists before the artist used it, a premade ordinary object and that by the artist choosing it they then elevate it to the level of art. an ordinary object is made to be art through the process of selection by the artist. This often looked liked massed produced objects because they weren't nessicalry unique. -the Foundation is a very famous example of the ready-made, Duchamp was a part of this artist society and they were putting on an exhibition in which they were not going to reject any work, as a method to challenge them on their word Duchamp went and bought a urinal and signs it R. Mutt, it was rejected and he uses this experience to resign. -uses this work to point out the hypocrisy of the society. -also doubles as a form of anti art gesture, because a tiolet is very far from being "art" so he uses that as a form of protest. -despite the rejection this work was still placed in museums, much like his show called bottle rack and fountain in Stockholm.

Sophie Taeuber, Rythmes Libres

1919 -studied Avant Garde art work in France before moving to Zurich. -often performed at the cabaret Voltaire and made sculptures, was very famous for her Marinette's. -This work was made from Gouache, watercolor on vellum. -Had a relationship with artist Jean Arp, and she was credited for being very knowledgeable for creating brilliant compositions through geometric abstraction. - she worked in wide ranges of materials, and was very famous for her work with textiles, like in this work she uses textiles such as Vellum to convey abstraction. -in this work she used abstract geometric patterns while working with a non traditional material. -the use of textiles is also a good example on the willingness of female artist who embrace materials like fabric and Vellum and textiles. This is important to note because it becomes important and inspiring to the feminist artist in the 1970, becomes a precursor for these woman. - dies young in her sleep due to oven accident, Jean Arp continues her work and labels them a collaborate work because they used to share a studio and collaborate.

Vladimir Tatlin, Model for Monument to the Third International

1919-1920 -work is an example of how constructivism evolves after the Russian Revolution (1917 and after). conveys how constructivism becomes weaved into political ideologies of the soviet union. - supports the revolution, the title refers to the gathering of the communist national party. work during this time was pushed to favor the elite LESS, meaning Avant-garde art was rejected and more digestible, and representational art was pushed. -Constructivist artists that stay in Russia during that time shift their method of art-making in order to help and push the communist agenda, as well as a monument. - This work is a model for a building that would've served as a place for communists and socialists to form and discuss ideas, and rules, standards, etc... -In this work, he is using a geometric form, and assemblage method and materials to illustrate a modern form. However, in a way that will be beneficial to the political system. -actual building would be a glass cylinder, cone

. Hannah Höch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada Through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany

1919-20 -example of the 3rd center city of dada, in Berlin Germany key figure in Berlin Dada. -Berlin dada differed from the other dada movements because it did work with representation depictions, and often did directly address political aspects. It provided direct critiques on politics and leaders, and the war itself they often use political cartoons and collages using big text, headlines and most importantly glossy maginze pages that were new to the scene this resulted in the creation of photo collage. then later the invention of photomontage which consist of a picture of a collage meant to be reproduced. -This work is an example of a photomontage, this artist is known for creating surpising and hsocking forms of postions, she cuts and pastes it herself but arranges the subjects in a rather unsual matter, the heads and bodies never match, this is her attempt to show you SHE constructed this herself. -This peice is an example of how her works discuss gender identity by swapping female heads onto male bodies and vise versa. All of this shows the shockinf aspects of Dada that we assiocate with dada art today. -Her conecpts on gender identy did not conform to socilaal norms and uses this as a method to convey gender is a social construct. -The title refers to a time of germany after the 1st WW before the nazi's called the Weimar republic beer belly cultural epoch, this is a method of hers to critique the bourgeoisie culture of getting fat and complacent, and overindulge, and culture focused on industry and militarism. -also critique by combining these images top right shows the Weimar republic middle a ballerina tossing her head.

Charles Sheeler, Church Street El

1920 - example and key artist in Precisionism art. -Precisionism, siginficant aspect of avant garde art that comes from america, and is coined in the 1940's -Had representaional qualities but had a interest in simplicafling and of subjects, to reach a little back to Paul cezanne and break these down to a more esstial geometric form. -showcases interest in technological forms and urban subjects, modern buildings, trains and machines, manulfactorying when creating country side looks and over outdoor scenes. -uses geometric forms speak on mordern life, stemms from cubism = early cubism from George Braque looking at houses distilling it down fot most basic form. -Sheeler started as a photographer on 1910 recurting new buildings for arcthicure firms. this style of photograph is argued to be seen in his painting espeically this one. -look at the buildings in a urban context using modrn shapes clean, clean lines and shapes to repreent NYC. -he would take photographs at odd angles and frames then painted them, example is this painting use photographs to create paintings in a precisionist way. -create a short film celebrating the effects of living in the big city with Paul Stran in the 1920's this painting is grabbed from an individual frame of that movie (called Mannhatta).

Piet Mondrian, Tableau No. II, with Red, Blue, Black, Yellow, and Gray

1921-25 - example of new style emerging from Holland, refered to as De stijl. Holland created by a group of artist who socialized together and shared the same aesthetic - Holland remained neutral and isolated from the 1st WW, and was not exposed to the other avant garde work and yet still created this style of work. -Looks like it emerges from cubism, looks like supremivism. -very interested in abstraction of and simplication of of forms, advocated for an art of clarity and certianty meaning they wanted art with balacne and harmony, to distll art down to its most fundementals the very basics. -simple straight lines, minimalistic themes, geomentric art, unmixed colors. -Felt a spiritual significance to this method much like how Kandinsky felt, they were inspired by his writings. -felt art must reject the depiction of reality in order to push art it a higher more spiritual state, a more pure one. -believed art should be integrated into everyday design to better the life's of people, and they believed industry was a positive. - Best known artist for the group, oil on canvas, and vocal leader, one of his best know art works. - showcases the approach very well, simple straight horizontal and vertical lines, primary colors w/ white and black. NO diagonals. -artist felts a spiritual implication to the vertical and H lines. -intersections create a grid-like patterning -saw cubism and slowly began to limit signs of subject matter. -this certain style is called Neo-plasticism Mondrian's way of describing this style, known solution to rid the reality and representation on the world is to only use V&H likes and primary colors w/B&W. linear structure, trying to express visual unity.

Käthe Kollwitz, The Volunteers, Plate 2 from War

1922-23. - a woodcut peice - another example of Berlin dada art. -Berlin dada differed from the other dada movements because it did work with representation depictions, and often did directly address political aspects. It provided direct critiques on politics and leaders, and the war itself. -This was an anti war work to protest against the recruitment and militarism. -this work was apart of her series "war". -this work is representational however it shows representation in order to convey the realty of what is happening around her this method is referred to as the new objectivity. - However it still uses aspects of avant-garde art and not complete reality ex: the figure on the left represents death beating a drum to summon volunteers to blindly lead them to their death.

László Moholy-Nagy, Light-Space Modulator

1922-30 -Internation constructivist artist, Hungarian artist, way not an original Russian constructivist. - Construvtist artist who taught at the Bauhaus school in Germany, advocated for constructivist aesthetics in sculpture and design and photography, especially tried to incorporate constructive aesthetics in photography. -was one of the key figures that taught the fundamentals class at the Bauhaus school, published booked about constructivism. -This work is an example of his interest in Kinetic sculpture, a sculpture that integrates motion in the 3-D art world. -memorable work bc the light of its use and incorporates the environment around it. -moves, makes use of motion, motorize machines, transparent materials, he referred to these works as light space modulators, when moving it cast lights into the room and turns so it becomes interactive. -makes use of assemblage and geometric forms as well as modern materials.

Varvara Fedorovna Stepanova, Design for sportswear

1923 - work is an example of how constructivism evolves after the Russian Revolution (1917 and after). conveys how constructivism becomes weaved into political ideologies of the soviet union. -Constructivist artists that stay in Russia during that time-shift their method of art-making in order to help and push the communist agenda -work during this time was pushed to favor the elite LESS, meaning Avant-garde art was rejected and more digestible, and representational art was pushed. -In this case, the artist makes use of fashion and textiles and her way of contributing to society. example of how the artist is taking constructivism and relaying it into a modern technological aesthetic, industrially produced items. -use of triangle, squares, rectangles, and geometric forms, all aspects of the classic constructivist work but put into the act of fabric design. -these designs and many others were actually produced as she went to the state manufacturing in Russia and got geometric pattering and produced her designs.

Vassily Kandinsky, Composition VIII

1923 -Later style of Kandinsky, was apart of the blue rider expressionit group. -becomes facilty at the Bauhaus, this is an example of how his art shifts to fit their aesthtics. -still beilives that art is a spitirual experience, and shifts from favoring color to favoring form as a method of expression. -his work becomes very geometric, and mathematical, technological, flattened, hard edge lines, percisse lines, less painterly like his expressionist days, introducing contrsuctist like styles with his work. -still uses music in his work as he believed that music emphasises an abstract art form. only adds compostion or a music reference when the work is completely done and he feels it is an important work. -emphasized the power of the geometric form, and acute angles, and ciricles.

Max Ernst, Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale

1924 -oil on wood. Starts of as a Dada artist with Fatagaga drawings, and collage, distrubing scenes, makes transition into surrealismt, had always had a surrealist aesthetic to his work. -makes thus work in the year surrealist was founded. -This work made Andre Breton to invite him into the surrealist groups (french writer who was the leader and founder or surrealism). - closely in lined with freuds theory of the unconious, shows foundationals of surrealisnt, nightmareish scene showing a girl running with kinive about to attack a bird, a body on the ground next to her. a man on a house reaching fro a doorknop that is projecting itself into our space, breaks its way to use and the frame, gives more of a sense of depth too. -silliness and obcerity by the title. -shows his obession with birds in his work, later developes a bird eler ego called lop lop, shows up repeatedly assleblage technques

Aleksandr Rodchenko, Untitled advertising poster ("Books)

1924 -work is an example of how constructivism evolves after the Russian Revolution (1917 and after). conveys how constructivism becomes weaved into political ideologies of the soviet union. -Constructivist artists that stay in Russia during that time-shift their method of art-making in order to help and push the communist agenda -work during this time was pushed to favor the elite LESS, meaning Avant-garde art was rejected and more digestible, and representational art was pushed. -the art itself is adverting for books, the translation of what the subject is shouting means books. -use of constructivist style by using geometric shapes all over the work to emphasize the purpose. Also uses collage and photo text which is cut up and pasted together or assembled

Gerrit Rietveld, Schröder House, Utrecht, The Netherlands

1924-25 -Example of the De Stijl movement but incorporated into the architecture. -the De Stijl artists believed in incorporating art into everyday life this would be an example of that. -This work was designed in order to encourage a neoplastic/de Stijl aesthetic into construction. -shows those V&H lines use of colors primary, white and black, red and black -Incorporated aspects of Mordian into a 3-d way by overlapping shapes on one another. -The inside is also designed the same way from the walls to the furniture, not nessicalry comfy but the design is supposed to promote clarity within the living space due to its aspects like H&V lines.

Joan Miró, Carnival of Harlequin

1924-25 -Key figure associated with biomorphic surrealism. -exhibited with the surrealism, very closely associated with the as well, Andre Breton called him "the most surrealist of them all". -very independently minded artist, never embraced the level. -wrote about surrealist theory and automatism. -was one of the artist very heavily influenced by the poets and surrealist writers. -by 1925 was "drawing from entirely hallucinations". -spontaniously drawing forms, simplified cartoon like forms, later creates more disturbing creatures, but here seems very playful, bright. The Suggestion of creatures and living things but we dont actually know what they are. -uses primary colors here to show hybrid creatures, some are less idteniflable than others, like a cow like creatures, monkey, things are less identifble, slightly haunting affects. -shows signs of early style, almost humorous.

Eugène Atget, Magasin, avenue des Gobelins

1925 -Albumen Sliver print. -example of surrealism in photography. -seems silly to interwine surrealism and photography as captures reailty and the world around up in a very true fahsion, Surrealism is known to caputure the unconuous reality, and famtasty and ream like states and the unseen. -There were surrealist photographers who tried to capture surrelaism into the photography, but many other were just photographers who's work was later linked to the creepy aspects of surrealism. -ex of how he took photographs of old paris with an old camrea to convey the themes of paris he view we were losing due to modernization. -often showed these scenes in a very melconly mysterriuos theme, suggestive of monsetrs or creatures. spirites. -suggest a dreamworld and thus connects him to surrealim even more. -maniqins suggest figures of atomons wondering the store.

Walter Gropius, Bauhaus, Dessau, Germany

1925-26 -This building is an art school in Germany -The Bauhaus is a product of international constructivism, a form of constructivism that was made when the constructivist artist left russia and spread constructivism methods of art-making around the western world but without the politics of constructivism. finds home in an actual school of design. -this is not the original building but another location, as the school was expanding. -Innovative in manways, and embraces the constructivist aesthetics in the teaching of art, design, and architecture, the embedded the ideals across different forms of art-making. -Key figure is Walter Gropius, who was committed to the constructivist style because he believed that art and design had to be functional, he was also a large influence on the curriculum. -School emphasized the harmony of the different arts, if all of them followed constructivist methods/aesthetics and creates art, futures textiles, and spaced then the world would be more harmonious and feel modern. -school used innovative materials and techniques like steel glass and architectural constrruction= cheaper and faster buildings. -education-wise the school created a fundamentals course where students of all the arts had to take together bc they believed the different arts emerged from the same thing, percussor to what er have now. -The building itself incorporates the constructivist aesthetic into architectural design, geo forms, rectangles, reinforced concrete, -H lines, shows off the industrial mechanical aesthetic of modernity. -lettering is a font designed by a staff member, made new font to get rid of the old ones with the extending edges bc they felt that reflected antiquity. -BIG IDEOLOGY OF UNITY AND DESIGN IN VISUAL CULTURE.

André Masson, Battle of Fishes

1926 -early work of how surealism looked, and what kind of tricks artist would do in order to liberate the unconious contents of our minds. -experienced the violence of the war, this effected his approach to art making for the rest of his life -visual representation of automatist surrealism a style commonly taken up by surreatlist artist - 1st gen of surrealism artist that take up automatic drawing, similar to the ink eyeblod test, non-objective patterning, here Masson is pouring glue in random sand, paint, deeps into his mind crafts an image from that, responding on top with what every comes to mind. -method of empting his mind freeing unconious -bc of experiience of war often these images look very militaristic and war like, battle like. -creates fish forms, pools of blood. -makes use of unqiue materials shows to be very modern. -Another Example of Automatist surrealism is Andre Breton, Valentine Hugo, and Greta Knutson, Tritan Tzara, Exquiste Corpse -some people thought you need to prompt the unconcuious, -a game the created that started with writing then morphed into drawing.

Otto Dix, Dr. Mayer-Hermann

1926 - Dada art in Berlin Germany (discussion Berin Dada). -example of Hyperrealist representations of images that show people in their workplaces/ occupations. New objectivity to show the world around the artist. -hyperreal, but exaggerated realism with exaggerated features focuses more on mass to make it unflattering, rather than in past more traditional art they idealize figures here he is doing the opposite. -we see this throughout the face and body size, which uses a lot of circular shapes to convey this doctor. -tempera on wood.

Marcel Breuer, Armchair, Model B3

1927-28 -An example of the furniture design created at the Bauhaus in Germany, international constructivist aesthetic. -Uses unique materials a characteristic the Bauhaus was famous for. -explain Bauhaus. -Chrome-plated Tubular steel with Canvas slings, this is still manufactured to this day. -Very modern materials, tubular steel, industrials, shows the artist is trying to use the truth to materials approach, a common approach to Constructivist, which is basically a method of art-making where artist exposes the inherited nature of the materials. -Another person that pushes this approach is Walter Gropius.

René Magritte, The Treachery of Images

1928 -oil on canvas painting -associated with illusionistic surrealism, however Andre Breton, french writer, and leader of the surrealist movement was not a big fan of his work. -moved away from Paris because he felt it was too intense. -used punning and optical tricks, creating contradictory imagery and playing games, and work is very whimsical but can be disturbing. - showcases this deadpan sense of humor, did not show a high tortured sense of drama like Dali, very simple, straightforward work, interested in the play between representation and reality, what is the nature of representation and how does it connect to reality. -uses text to call the process of representation into question for example the text in the painting "Leci n'est pas une pipe" translates to this is not a pipe. uses this and the painting to create those contratdictions.

Salvador Dalí, The Persistence of Memory,

1931 - Example of the Illusionsitic method of art-making. -most famous surrealist artist, very recognizable style and name, achieves celebrity status, does game shows, therefore, does self-promotion - Spanish artist, joins surrealist in 1929, Breton welcomes into groups, declares him to be the "best incarnation of the surrealist spirit". -creates this illusionistic, realistic, dreamlike style that takes over as the dominated style of surrealist art, -illusionistic art: the illusion of 3-d and reality of actual objects, painted realistically by has a monstrous dream-like or trippy twist, scene s themselves may look like they make sense but when you look closer they look impossible and strange. -New trend, biomorphic and automatism, spontaneity falls out of favor. -referred to work as "painted dream photographs. -small-scale paintings to give a viewer a sense of isolation. -gives off the feelings of irrational spontaneous knowledge and putting it into objective form, giving form to delusions. -suggestive distorted vision, temporary emerging, makes disturbing outraging scenes. -early work, shows why his later work is disturbing illusionistic presentation of a tree, and mountains, following traditional aspects like perspective to put our expectations up that everything will be normal but throws up off by melting watches and some hybrid form in the foreground. Dali suggests it's a hybrid self-portrait and the melting watches come up a lot in his paintings. - a lot of his works are the size of small photo graphs this on is larger. - Paranoiac-critical painting: to engage in alterative mentality, consciousness, reality, it conveys a sense of schizophrenia, and mental illness -wants to immerse people in a state of paranoia with his paintings

Georgia O'Keeffe, Cow's Skull with Calico Roses

1931 -his artist was assoicated with the art galerry, 291, ran by gallerist and advocate of avant garde art Alfred Stiglitz, starts off as photogrpahy gallery, then eurpoean art gallery then shifts to more amercican art, it was another place other than the amrory show where americans could see avant garde work. - alot of artist would exhitbit there and develope a relationship with Stiglitz thus them being refred to as the Stiglitz circle who shared the same interest in developing and futhering their art in abstraction and formal experipentational avant garde art. - This subject matter of flowers and cow skculls often repeats in Georgia O'keefe's work. - an example of the work she made later in ther career after her close up of flowers that people debated were female gentials. -She visted mexico and settled in new mexico as a result often paints these desert motifs.

Paul Klee, Ad Parnassum

1932 -Teacher at the Bauhaus school, exhibited with the expressionist blue ruder group. -wrote a lot of art theory. -works in the abstract, but pulls from aspects like nature, so not fully abstract. ex in this work you see a suggestion of mountains, or structure, still abstract. -inventive style has a neo-impressionist aesthetic going on here with the globs of paint, almost like a mosaic like aspect to his brush strokes. -poetic artist often wants to reflect his personal experiences with personal symbols, sometimes so personal it is very hard to read his paintings. -argues that artist should be Inspired by an inner vision of material reality, that the art process is supposed to be the essence of the subject matter so very suggestive, and the artist is meant to act like an visionary on behave of the viewer. -liked the naïve, or primitives' style of painting as he believed that children or people of non-civilized cultures had a superior vision as they were not conditioned by the traditional academic tecques, and that civilization hindered the artist.. -Title is a music and Greek myth reference, as it is translated to the stairway to parnassum, a placed were muses and the god of music live, uses music to elevate art closer to the gods, related to Kandinsky and how he viewed music.

Alberto Giacometti, Woman with Her Throat Cut

1932 -joined Surrealist in 1929 -Broonze sculture. -surrealist artist but translate surrealist ideals of hybrid forms into 3-d art. -Uses surrealist Sculture method: a method in which the artist uses materials that are more tradition such as modling bronxe marble, clay. -early work inspired by primitivism and was inpired by african masks but the style of the figures in African art, this is reflected in this work. -The sculpute makes use of simplified forms, and the title of the work, and the form laying back with its throat suggestest a sense of violence, sudidtic masgoninstic tone that echos alot in surrealist work. . -lins are hinged so it can be interactive with the viewer, and they may embrace the randomness and spontiaity

Frida Kahlo, Self-Portrait on the Border Between Mexico and the United States

1932 -oil on sheet metal -internationally famous artist who made her representation in Mexico. -apart of the same social context uses political and social overtones in her work. -was married to Diego Rivera. -more of an isle painter did not do mural paintings -had a tough life, 1925 in a bus accident that was hit by a train, resulting in her spine and pelvous and foot were crushed, caused long term damage to body, had polio as a child, in pain with most of her life, struggled bc she really wanted children, but was unable to, all this trauma into her work, and often displays these traumas as self portraits , that are highly symbolic, representations of objects and creatures, objects, architecture that surreal bc of all the jutsapotion of the items, all attempts of Freida trying to tell us about herself. -paints herself a lot and also painting more public subjects at the same time she is engaging with other subjects like nationalism and reference to pre-Columbian culture in order to identify a modern Mexican identity in modern art. -in this images she depicts herself in between two cultures on the border between Mexico and America. America: construction, machinery, flag lost in the smoke, did not experience her time in America, might be a symbol of that. Mexico: more connected to nature, pre-Columbian culture more authentic culture. -chose her dresses very carefully in her portraits often suggest Mexican traditions, why wearing a dress that is connected to certain traditions and regions, his holding the Mexican flag. -may be a self portrait but referencing folk traditions and has overtone of politics and the formulation of nation identity

Diego Rivera, Detroit Industry

1932-33 -example of an artist fromthe Mexican reniessance, very similar to the Harlem reniisaces but with Mexican culture, and Mexican artist pulling from pre- Colombian art and older art that stems from their traditions, trying to define and create art that is a Mexican style, and create and represent themselves on their own terms. -Mexican Ressniace become associated with aspects of pride and nationalism, resulting in the government pushing and reaching for artists to spread this idea and style into public places, resulting in the government pushing for the production of murals. -very politically minded artist, focus energy on mural paintings, committed communists felt it was important to create art to educate people wildly, and it can be shared to everyone, very nationalist, comes together in his art. -this mural is in Detroit, working for the ford motor company in Detroit depicting for the auto mobile industry - in this mural trying to convey man and mural in harmony in the processes of labor, makes the humans look like they are part of the machines. -top competition making reference to pre- Columbian sculpture, the suggestion of pyramid form or mountain form, aspects of Mexico nationalism, this compo is suggesting a harmony with nature, humans, and industry.

John Heartfield, Little German Christmas Tree

1934 - Berlin dada art, example of another photomontage approach, Hannah Hoch wanted it to be clear she infact distorted and created her image, Heartfield wanted to disguise the fact that he manipulated the photos to look untouched, more blended approach. -this image is taking on Hitler who was just elected chancellor. Hitler also signaled out Avant garde and activtly expressed his hatred for it. -Berlin artist often attack hiteler through there art many times. -Heartfield alters a christmas tree to look like the nazi symbol, and alters the christmas carol at the bottom to read "oh christman tree in german soil how crooked are your branches.

Meret Oppenheim, Object (Luncheon in Fur)

1936 - Fur covered cup -berlin artist who moved to paris as an art student, joined and exhibted with the surrealist. -Example of Surrealist object: uses bits and pieces of found objects/ materials and appropriated materials, combing things and methods that do not always go together. -Most famous work, to the point she was annoyed talking about this work. - very famous because it does a good job of disorentating our senses and expectations and causes a bit of surpise to us, or a cogntaive shock. -bc the veiwer is very used to consumtipn and touch it is usuall and a shock for use to see this justapotion of materials. -It is improtant to the idea comes to her by picasso when he mentioned her fur covered bracelets, he mentioned "you could cover anything in fur". -the fur renders the object almost usless because usally cups are made from non-poress material, and this is thrown to the wind bc fur is a poress material

Man Ray, Observatory Time—The Lovers

1936 - this work is related to a halftone reproduction in which he incorporates photography with paintings -example of how he often works with a mix of painting and photography making him an important figure in fashion and photography later in the 30's and 40's. -he is one of the reasons why fashion photography maintains this feeling of mystery and fantasy. -this image -created and often creates images that do really make sense, odd, unsettling, just potions of subject matter and scenes, disembodied scene of lips and landscapes.

Salvador Dalí, Soft Construction with Boiled Beans: Premonitions of Civil War

1936 -oil on canvas -creates this illusionistic, realistic, dreamlike style that takes over as the dominated style of surrealist art, -illusionistic art: the illusion of 3-d and reality of actual objects, painted realistically by has a monstrous dream-like or trippy twist, scene s themselves may look like they make sense but when you look closer they look impossible and strange. -often shows hybrid scenes and creatures, and impossible circumstances that give off a disturbing creepy theme to his work. -referred to work as "painted dream photographs". -gives off the feelings of irrational spontaneous knowledge and putting it into objective form, giving form to delusions. -Spanish artist -responding to the violence and war happening in his country, troubled by events, not a mural-sized painting but 24 by 24 so decently sized work. -example of a hybrid disturbing human form tearing itself apart, and in agony, and not a familiar body, but had familiar bodily aspects to us, a leg, face, painted in an illusionistic detail and style. -referencing political events through this nightmarish, delusional, disturbing way

Leonora Carrington, Self-Portrait (The White Horse Inn)

1936-37 -bristih artist -also writer, well known for her short. stories and paintings. -Woman artist associated along with Dorothea Tanning with Surrealism, her works are often fantastical, and whimsical using animals of this spiritual being, and magical aspects within her works. -not nearly surrealist but takes aspects from surrealism and morphs them into her own unique style. -strong ties to max Ernst, romantic relationship. -works become very autobiographical, seen by this self-portrait but with a shaman-like figure, tends to tell stories of visionary, and magical-like experiences. -sense refers to a short story she wrote that had a magical theme to it. Rocking horse in her painting was i her short story= rocking horse becoming a real horse and this is displayed in this paintings. -wild wind indoors, suggestive gesture to hyena, that just appeared due to the smoke near him all this showing a magical, shaman-like aesthetics. -hyena is often associated with transformation. -shows her painting intertwined with her writing -surrealism with a unique twist

Room 3 including Dada wall in Degenerate Art exhibition, Munich

1937 -A photograph of one of the rooms in the Degenerate exhibtion. - Hitler and the Nazi party greatly disliked Avant-garde artworks, so they stole thousands upon thousands of Avant grade works. -somewhere burned, some went missing but the rest were put into this show organized by the Nazi Party know as the degenerate art exhibition. -the NAzi's had their own style of art, very classical and traditional with themes of their ideals of racial superiority -This exhibition was used to "defame", shame and denounce these artist as degenerates. Examples of some artist that were showed in this exhibition was Picasso, Kandinsky, Georg Grozs. -This exhibition shows many modern art works from different styles, nearly 5000 works shown. -each section had had works labelled under stuff like art work harmful to Germany society. to show society and the German public what not to do. -despite the fact that this was meant to deface the artist it resulted in something rather opposite. - because all of these amazing artworks were going to be in one place at the same time it became a huge event of Modern art that people have been dying to see, seen as the 1st large, blockbuster of modern art.

Henry Moore, Reclining Figure

1939 -elmwood - British artist, made his name know during the interwar period. -enjoys and works with public monuments after the war and advocates for a rebirth of the public sculpture commission. -a lot of his work is found in the plaza's outdoor settings. -creates abstract work but illustrates the human figure in those abstractions like in this work. -we see a reclining female figure, slightly abstracted with curvy lanugues to her body, shows off abilities to express form and negative space. -reclining the figure is an important subject she often repeatedly conveys. -may not be completely surrealist but is connected to it . -in other works, he uses more stone wood and plaster= traditional mediums and carving forms. -uses expressive like aesthetic and shows his interest of African and Colombian art, and his art will echo themes of the Toltec culture from central Mexico -shows his interest in other cultures and countries like paul Gaugin shows remembrance to the charcoal figure from an era of warriors. -shows that the truth to tradition approaches much like the constructivist works w/ the material's nature in order to highlight the materials through rendering the subjects. -in this work, he uses the curvy ness and flow of wood to represent the figure. - very hardwood. -wood tends to be knotted and swirly smooth contour lines uses negative space creating interlocking Langues with spaces and voids and oval openings -the openings suggest a connection to cubism -shows his distortion o human figure

Stuart Davis, Report from Rockport, 1940

1940 -oil on canvas - Abstract art was not the dominant method of making art, however, there were places that still exhibited abstract and avant-garde work such as the MoMa, the Salman geoginhim, and the group called the American Abstract artist (triple A) the held exhibitions and circulated ideas, despite still not beings the dominate form of art. -one of the artist of that time, and still used some form of representation. -key figure of the abstraction in the U.S and second WW and onto the '50s, long career. -politically leading artists very focused on politics and socialism, and social reform, apart from this larger context, but not nessicalrry seen in his work. like the other artist like the Ashcan artist pushing for leftist agenda in their work. -very fun art no serious overtones, much more playful and fun. -slang has puns, using bright colors. -believed that art should capture a broad appeal, eye-catching, grasp people's attention. -on the line of abstraction and representation. -this artist is connected to the armory show, showed watercolors there, was converted to modernism by the works he witnessed in the armory show, and example of how that show influenced viewers and artist alike, and showed how he was rep. and the show changed him to be more ab. -suggested the poltical, and critque on american socity through the use of his playful, and colorful style, but more in a method of engaging with people at all levels of society -close ties to pop culture, jazz music, vernacular structures. -rendering of main square in an artist coloney in mass, suggestion of the buildings, skys, and signs.

jacob Lawrence, The Migration series, Panel No. 1: During World War I there was a great migration north by Southern African Americans

1940-41 -key figure of African American art, an artist who liked to worked in series, interested in history and historical experience of African Americans. -associated with Harlem renaissance art has he pulls from similar wants and ideologies of the Harlem renaissance - part of the migration series, focusing on the years following WW1 in 1940-41, series of 60 panels based on this historical phenomenon in which African Americans migrate from south to the north, and industrial cities, made a habit to thoroughly research his works, titles are long and almost reads as a caption for blacks, using his art to create and show a history of black people that is not usually shown or taught as a method of a teaching tool, will result in him displaying his work with text next to it to continue to teach the viewer, use language to communicate his works as well. -capture the shared experiences of a group of people.

Naum Gabo, Linear Construction in Space, No. 1 (Variation)

1942-48 -Gabo was a part of the original groups in Russia, fled Russia because he was very passionate about avant-garde art. Also very much reject utilitarian art, which is what was being pushed in Russia after the revolution. -One of the people responsible for spreading the aesthetic and ideologies in western Europe. -wasn't facility of the Bauhaus, but lectured there and even was published in the school magazines, this shows his relations to the Bauhaus school. -Makes use of modern materials which is a trait of the Constructivist style. - uses precise recreation of lines and gives off a very technological quality to the work. -non-objective geometric in form. - example of how RC converts the Russian constructive approach to a more national approach and also is a good example of what international constructivism would look like around the 1940s. It-Also modern because this work uses modern materials such as plastic and nylon thread. -also uses asslebling techques - thought constructivist art should exist separately from the other art approaches.

Marcel Duchamp, Given 1. The Waterfall, 2. The Illuminating Gas

1946-66 -New york dada work -mix media and assemblage. - In the exhibtion space frist you see his work "the Bride stripped bare by her bacjelors" and around the corner you see this work. - Never finished this work, took him decades, others had to finish it for him using notes. -last nasty trick he plays on the viewers and acts as a summary of western art tradition. -starts as a brick arch with wooden doors there is a hole with grease stans implying alot of people looked through there bc of oil from their faces. -Look through you see a wall made of stone with another hole and a scene of violence and or sexual violence on the other side. -woman laying in nature nude with an open pose. -very particular with his materials, worked very hard to get something that mimicked dead skin a little too well. The nude female form with an open poster suggest murder, and mystery, yet an traditionally aspect to it as she hold a lamp that usually a symbol in the western arts as the passing of knowledge or the act of showing someone something. -this work shows the invasive nature of artistic traditions and was very disturbing to the public.

Josef Albers, Homage to the Square: Apparition

1959 - Another key figure and faculty of the Bauhaus school, would also teach the fundamentals class (a class in which different studentd from different methods of making art will such's as art design and architecture are all taught together as they viewed they stem from similar place) - Large avdotce of construvist in art making. -also taught furinutre design and glass workshop. -This work is an example of the artist applying constructivist aesthetic due to the geometric but with an painterly approcah. -most famous series of works from this series. -began with this in the 1950's experiomenting, long term project with the perspetion of illusopm with the square, layering tdiff colors of squares on top of one another and nesting them together. -experiments with the jutsapotion of colors . -there is a sense of depth and op. illusion where some colors jump out at you or some are reduced.. -constructivist aesthic bc of geometry . -did do alot of varties of this but reworking it over again but with diff colors