Modern Europe 302 Final
Which of the following are reforms typically implemented by French Revolutionaries and Napoleon in lands conquered by the French?
Abolition of "feudalism." Confiscation of church lands and suppression of monasteries.
Late-nineteenth-century European imperial overseas expansion mostly occurred in
Africa and Asia
In the 1870s and 1880s Europe's economy experienced
A recession
When Talleyrand referred to the "principle of legitimacy," he meant
A right to rule consecrated by "the effect of long possession."
What occasioned the creation of the Dual Monarchy was
Austria's defeat in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866.
The Quadruple Alliance comprised ...
Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain.
In nineteenth-century Europe, what does the Dual Monarchy refer to and when was it established?
Austria-Hungary and 1867.
The Congress System collapsed because of
British opposition to Austria's efforts to establish a right to intervene in the domestic affairs of foreign states.
Historical demographers believe that the total European population remained roughly the same over the course of the nineteenth century, mostly because of overseas emigration.
False, Exactly the opposite: the population little more than doubled in spite of massive emigration.
According to Friedrich von Gentz's "Considerations on the Political System Now Existing in Europe" (1818), Russia represented the single greatest threat to European peace.
False, France
The creation of the German Empire in 1871 achieved a long-standing goal of German liberals and may thus be seen as a realization of the liberals political program.
False, Liberals got unification but at the cost of their core political beliefs. The political arrangements of the German Empire were not at all liberal and indeed represented a repudiation of the German liberal tradition.
In the first half of the nineteenth century, industrialization led to a substantial increase in the standard of living and real wage rates of most workers.
False, No, real wage rates and standards of living tended to decline through the 1840s.
Prince Metternich was the foreign minister of Prussia.
False, Not Prussia, Austria.
The kingdom of Poland was reestablished as a fully independent and sovereign state at the Congress of Vienna.
False, The "kingdom of Poland" (which doesn't even appear on the map in our textbook) was dominated by Russia, whose ruler (the tsar), was titular king of Poland.
The Napoleon's Empire included areas that were administered as integral parts of the French Empire and the so-called "Satellite kingdoms." The satellite kingdoms refer to
Kingdoms whose rulers had typically been installed by Napoleon and were related to him in some way.
In class I talked about the overall expansion of the European economy as measured by per capita GDP. This increased wealth
Largely found its way to the wealthy
The king of the French "Restoration" was
Louis XVIII
France's imperial holdings included all but which of the following:
Malaya (or Malay states) - controlled by Great Britain
The "secret orders to the Austrian police in Venice, c. 1820," testify to
Metternich's deep suspicion of any activities that might suggest revolutionary ferment in Italy.
Which of the following did not play a role in enabling European imperial expansion in the late-nineteenth century.
Radio Communications
In much of Europe religious minorities were "emancipated" at some point in the nineteenth century. What does this mean?
Religious minorities obtained equal civil and political rights: equality before the law.
According to best estimates, per capita GDP in nineteenth-century Europe
Roughly doubled
According to Friedrich von Gentz's 1818 analysis of European politics, which state represented the most important key to stability.
Russia
The five Powers which, according to Friedrich von Gentz, dominated European international politics were
Russia, Prussia, Austria, France, and Great Britain
At the Congress of Vienna
Saxony's territory was halved, with the annexed portion going to Prussia in compensation for Russia's domination of Poland.
Securing imperial holdings tended toward ever greater expansion of imperial holdings. One reason was
Security required numerous overseas bases for use as communication hubs and coaling stations.
Giuseppe Mazzini was
an italian nationalist and revolutionary
The Reichstag (National Parliament) of the new German Empire was
elected by universal manhood suffrage but possessed limited powers.
The Second Empire was established
following the overthrow of the Second Republic by coup d'etat in 1851.
In the 1850s and 1860s Europe's economy experienced
A period of substantial growth.
The Congress of Vienna restored an independent Polish state.
False
In French history, the term "Restoration" refers to the 100 Days of Napoleon's rule after his return from exile at Elba.
False, "Restoration" refers to the return of the Bourbons to the French throne.
Charles X's attempts to introduce liberal reforms into the Bourbon regime were partially responsible for the Revolution of 1830.
False, Charles X was a thorough reactionary who never demonstrated the more pragmatic proclivities of his older brother and predecessor, Louis XVIII.
The beginning of the second industrial revolution is typically dated from
1880s
The settlement of the Congress of Vienna succeeded in preventing a general, continental European war until ____
1914
The "radical" or "republican" political tradition in Europe began with the premise that
All men possessed certain inalienable rights, regardless of social condition or wealth.
The Dual Monarchy established
An imperial council that determined foreign policy and military but left the two monarchies to determine internal affairs.
Napoleon I first abdicated power in ...
April, 1814
The German Confederation was originally established ...
As a defensive alliance of German states.
If we take imperial lobby groups as indicative, the greatest support for imperial ventures came from
Journalists, politicians, academics, and members of the armed forces.
Article 13 of the Federal Act of (German) Confederation stated: "In all federal states, a constitutionally guaranteed assembly of the estates of the land shall take place." According to Gentz the article was
Based on a theory of representation via the component parts of society (the "estates").
The second industrial revolution resulted in a substantial expansion of Europe's economy: more things were being made, there was greater wealth. How did those developments impact those lower down on the economic scale (e.g., the working classes)?
By and large they appear to have enjoyed some of the benefits, even if they remained poor and disparities of wealth remained quite substantial.
Napoleon is often associated with which of the following?
Careers open to talent
Some of the developments that we typically associate with the second industrial are
Chemical manufacture, electricity, oil, large-scale corporate structures.
Perhaps the most striking fact about the political history of the first half of the nineteenth in Europe is
Complete absence of anything resembling a consensus regarding the proper form of government and nature and extent of political rights.
Evidence for secularization in nineteenth-century Europe can be found in
Decreasing rates of church attendance. The rise of "secular" intellectual disciplines such as history, economics, sociology, and the natural sciences.
After Napoleon's first abdication he was exiled to ..
Elba, off the Italian coast.
In 1848 revolutions took place in all the following countries but
England
Which of the following is associated with the general reforms implemented by French revolutionaries and Napoleon in areas conquered by the French?
Equality before the law and equality of opportunity.
In the nineteenth century, all of the established churches in Europe (such as the Church of England) lost their special privileges and powers in relation to the state.
False, While many of the rights that had once been reserved exclusively for members of the state churches, were made universal, most of the state churches retained their legal relationship with the state and close ties with the elite ruling classes.
According to Friedrich von Gentz's 1818 analysis of European politics, which state represented the greatest threat to European peace.
France
The Second French Empire of Napoleon III collapsed when
France was defeated by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War (1870).
With respect to territorial expansion the most important beneficiaries of European imperial expansion were
Great Britain and France
The Austro-Hungarian Empire of the late-nineteenth century presents an odd paradox in so far as
Hungary enjoyed real parliamentary government but with a highly restricted franchise, while political participation was wider in the Austrian half of the empire but with the result that parliamentary institutions were often dysfunctional.
The Congress System collapsed
In 1822 in response to France's proposed invasion of Spain.
The July Monarchy in France was established
In 1830 in the aftermath of the July Revolution.
Great Britain's imperial holdings included all but which of the following?
Indo-China
The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 were a set of laws
Intended to crack down on liberal and radical student movements and free speech in German Universities.
The French constitution of 1830 is a good example of a liberal constitution because
It established equality of civil rights but restricted political rights to the wealthy.
Interestingly, Napoleonic reforms were attractive to many of Europe's rulers, even those who regarded the French as enemies. What was so attractive about those reforms?
It was essentially a program of enlightened reform, which promised more efficient administration and increased state revenues.
One of the fateful decisions made at the Congress of Vienna was to unite Italy and place it under the control of Austria.
Italy was not united but rather divided between seven states.
The "100 Hundred Days" refers to
Napoleon's brief return to power in 1815.
The two most important issues to revolutionary movements in the 1810s and 1820s were
Nationalism and constitutional questions.
One of the more notable developments in nineteenth-century Europe was a massive increase in the urban population. The increase in the total number of urban dwellers is largely attributable to the extraordinarily high birth rates of Europe's urban population.
No - the main reason is in-migration from rural areas
The architect of German unification, Prince Otto von Bismarck, became the first emperor of the newly created empire in 1871.
No, the Prussian king, Wilhelm I, was crowned emperor; Bismarck became chancellor (a sort of combination of Prime Minister and Foreign Minister).
Identify the best answer to finish this sentence: Unlike liberals, radicals advocated ...
Non-monarchical or "republican" forms of governments.
The two most powerful states of German Confederation were
Prussia and Austria
After Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo on 18 June 1815, he was sent into exile at ...
St. Helena, South Pacific
Among the legacies of the revolutions of 1848 was
The abolition of various forms of peasant servility in all but Russia.
We typically associate the second industrial revolution with the emergence of "big business." One of the consequences of the new corporate structures of the late nineteenth century was
The emergence, on the one hand, of a managerial class and, on the other, a new class of employees: clerks and secretarial staff.
The German Confederation represented the Congress of Vienna's solution to the problem of German unification.
The entire statement is false in so far as the Congress did not concern itself with "solving" the "problem" of German unification and never had the intention of doing so. German political unity was not on the agenda.
When the German Empire was established in 1871
The king of Prussia, Wilhelm I, was crowned the German emperor.
When Gentz talks of "the phantom of a so-called cosmopolitan education" in his justification of the Karlsbad Decrees, he is criticizing
The teaching of ideas critical of the current political order in Germany.
Among the problems that faced the diplomats at the Congress of Vienna was
The simple fact that so many borders had been altered over the previous two decades.
The political unification of Germany was the product of
Three wars waged by Prussia between 1864 and 1871.
According to Friedrich von Gentz's "Considerations on the Political System Now Existing in Europe" (1818), France represented the single greatest threat to European peace.
True
The Austro-Prussian War of 1866 resulted in the exclusion of Austria from the German Confederation.
True, Prussia decisively won the war and took the occasion to take control of German affairs.
For class we read "Secret orders to the Austrian police in Venice, c. 1820." Austrian agents were operating in Venice because
Venice and Venetia had been ceded to Austria at the Congress of Vienna and was thus under Austrian administration.
Economically, the greatest benefit of imperialism to the European states was
access to cheap primary materials.
France first claimed Algeria in 1830. The French conquest of Algeria points up the importance of new technologies in European imperial expansion because
it took France decades to establish control over Algeria.
In class I talked about the overall expansion of the European economy as measured by per capita GDP. This increased wealth
largely found its way into the hands of the wealthy.
The German Empire of 1871 was a federation of states that
left the powers of local government to the member but reserved the determination of national and foreign policy to Prussia.
One of the political lessons of 1848 was that
nationalism and liberalism were not always or necessarily compatible.
1848 is sometimes referred to as the "springtime of the peoples" because
nationalist sentiment was one of the most important motivating factors of the revolutions of 1848.
The impact of the industrial revolution on European society can be seen in
the emergence of a substantial "middle class" whose wealth derived from these new developments in the economy.
In spite of the collapse of the Congress System, a Concert of Europe continued to inform European international politics. The Concert of Europe refers to
the idea that the major powers should act "in concert" to assure the stability of the international order
The European-wide revolutions of 1848 were sparked by
the overthrow in February of the July Monarchy in France
One of the most important differences between the revolutions of 1848 and those of the 1820s and early 1830s was
the prominence of social issues - problems of poverty and the condition of the working classes - in the revolutions of 1848.
Napoleon III's showcase project was
the rebuilding (or "Haussmanization") of Paris.
During the Second Empire French legitimists supported
the reestablishment of monarchy
Which of the following is not ordinarily associated with the nineteenth-century "factory system"?
the use of skilled artisans to oversee production.
When Bismarck stated that "my map of the world is Europe," he meant that
the world should be divided and apportioned with an eye to the European balance of power.
One of the Napoleon III's political achievements was
to reconcile an authoritarian empire with the principles of national sovereignty
