Modern HSC Notes

T3 - Berlin Wall 1961 - Construction

- 13th August 1961, the wall separating East and West Berlin was built. - For the Soviets it put an end to the German refugee crisis - The final piece in the total division of capitalism and communism

T3 - Soviet under Gorbachev - Glasnost quote Gorbachev 2000

"Chernobyl became a difficult test for glasnost, openness and democracy .. it shed a light on many of the sicknesses of our system as a whole

T3 - Consquences of Detente - Quote by Ronald Reagan 1990

"Détente is a French word the Russians had interpreted as a freedom to pursue whatever policies of subversion, aggression, and expansionism they wanted anywhere in the world"

T3 - Berlin Wall 1961 - JFK Quote 1961

"It is not a very nice solution, but a wall is a hell of a lot better than a war"

T3 - Cuba 1962 - Quote by Fidel Castro 2003

"It was the US Administration that brough the Cold War to Cuba. When the revolution triumphed, we had no relations with the Soviet Union

T2 - Creation of the USSR - Stalin Quote (1924)

"Let us hope, comrades, that by forming our Union Republic we shall create a .. decisive step towards the union of the working people of the whole world into a World Soviet Socialist Republic"

T2 - Nature of the USSR under Stalin - Quote M McCauley 1981

"Stalin becomes the father of the nation [...] he is above party, indeed he is above everyone."

T2 - Reasons for Emergence as Stalin as Leader - Issac Deutscher, 1966

"Two years after the end of the Civil War, Russian society already lived under Stalin's virtual rule, without being aware of the ruler's name"

T3 - Development to 1969 - Domino Theory quote by D Eisenhower 1922

"You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is a certainty that it will go over very quickly"

T2 - Reasons for Emergence as Stalin as Leader - JN Westwood 1973

"[Stalin] could stand back and watch his rivals dig their own grave, ocassionally offering his spade to one or the other of them"

T3 - Emerging Differences Between the Superpowers - Quote by Churchill 1946 in Sinews of Peace Speech

"an iron curtain has descended across the Continent .. in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in many cases increasing measure of control from Moscow"

T3 - Korean War - Quote by K Weathersby 1993

"it was not the objective significance of the attack but rather the perception of what this event signified about Soviets intentions that so galvanised the American government

T3 - Vietnam War - Quote by J Wirtz 1991

"the Tet Offensive was the decisive battle of the Vietnam War because of its profound impact on American attitudes about involvement in Southeast Asia""the Tet Offensive was the decisive battle of the Vietnam War because of its profound impact on American attitudes about involvement in Southeast Asia"

T2 - Death of Lenin Quote - Lenin 1922

'Lenin's Political Testament' - "Comrade Stalin ... I am not sure whether he will always be capable of using that authority with sufficient caution" "Comrade Trotsky .. has already proved outstanding ability ... most capable man in present Central Committee"

T2 - Events of the Civil War

- 1918, several foreign forces arrived in Russia - 1919, the White Army converged on Moscow, it lacked the leadership and coordination to take the city - Foreign forces proved largely ineffective against the Red Army - 1920, most of the White forces were defeated - By November almost all the Anti-Bolshevik government had collapsed. - 1921, Red army mopped up remaining White forces, bringing the Civil war to an end

T3 - Berlin Blockade & Airlift - Causes

- 1948, USA and Britain join forces to form Bizonia, France jumped on a year later - West introduces new reforms, included a new government and new currency - Stalin feels threatened, feared capitalist expansion and economic consequences of a second currency in Germany - Western Powers hold a conference and don't invite Stalin - Soviets left the Allied Control Council March 1948

T3 - Korean War - Timeline

- 1950, June North Korea invades South Korea, proxy war (North Koreans were supported both financially and militarily by the USSR) - 1950, July American troops sent to South Korea over fears of a Communist takeover - 1950, September American general Douglas MacArthur leads UN forces in counterattack against the North, successful - 1950, October, departing from policy of containment, the combined UN forces try to 'rollback' communism as far up north Korea as they can on the border with China - China does not respond well and invades Korea - 1951, June more UN troops arrive in Korea, was becomes a stalemate - 1951 July peace talks begin without much success - 1953, January, Eisenhower takes over from Truman as president, vows to bring peace to Korea - 1953, June, an armistice is signed begin North and South Korea brings about a ceasefire - Technically North and South Korea are still in a state of war today.

T3 - Development to 1969 - Emergence of Peaceful Coexistence

- 1953, Stalin died and Nikita Khrushchev became leader of the Soviet Union - Soviet Union began policy of peaceful coexistence with the West - Ended with the U2 spy incident of 1960 (Soviets shot down an American spy plane over the USSR)

T2 - Death of Lenin

- 21st January 1924, Lenin died - Between 1922 and 1924 Lenin suffered a series of strokes - 1922, Lenin dictated a letter, outlining opinions on each key Communist Party member, was known as 'Lenin's Political Testament" - The race to lead the Communist Party came down to Trotsky and Stalin

T3 - Development to 1969 - Dwight D. Eisenhower

- 34th President of the United States (1953-61) - Held simple slogan "Communism, Corruption and Korea" - Eisenhower presidency saw extensive interference through the CIA in neutral Third World countries to contain nationalism, remove national leaders (Iran in 1953), fund counterrevolutionaries in Third World localities (Guatemala in 1954) - Left active duty in May 1948 as one of the most popular and respected soldiers in the United States, he reached the position of five-star general - Opposed the use of the atomic bomb against Japan at the Potsdam Conference 1945 - Refused to publicly admit his dislike for Joseph McCarthy's anti-communist crusade however worked behind the scenes to diminish McCarthy's influence and eventually discredit him - Signed the armistice that ended the Korean War shortly after assuming his position - Wanted ties improved with the USSR especially after death of Stalin, proposed Open skies policy, rejected by the USSR - Met with Khrushchev in 1959 - The U2 spy incident occurred during his time in office

T1 - Features of dictatorships - Russia

- 5 year plans - improving industrial capacity by growing outputs of steel, coal, iron and agriculture - Collectivisation - government seized and took control of all privately owned farms and factories. Led to large resistance forming as well as food shortages, awful working conditions and famines - Cult of personality - Stalin used methods of propaganda, censorship and repression to project a view of himself as a charismatic, heroic leader - Terror - purges where people, mainly people who opposed the party, party rivals, and intellectuals were forcibly removed to prisons and brutal labour camps such as the Gulag, NKVD (secret police) - Comintern, international organisation dedicated to the global spread of communist ideas across national borders - Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (Soviet-Nazi non-aggression pact) with Hitler in 1939

T3 - Arms Race - Background

- A competition between two countries to build up the largest number of military resources - It was a nuclear arms race to see who could build the greatest number of nuclear weapons - 1945, US dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki through their Manhattan Project - 1949, Soviets had successfully tested their first atomic bomb

T3 - Czechoslovakia 1968 - Background

- A country inside the Soviet sphere of influence - During the 1960s, Czechoslovakia was under the leadership of Antonin Novotny a hard-line communist who censored the press and limited the personal rights and freedoms of many Czechs - Czechoslovakia was a puppet government, it did and said exactly what the Soviets wanted it to do

T1 - Consolidation of Nazi Power - Reichstag Fire

- A propaganda gift for Hitler. - Civil rights were suspended, and arrests made as Nazi used the fire as an excuse to attack political enemies

T3 - End Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan - Background

- Afghanistan sat just below the Soviet sphere of influence. - Shortly after 1978, Daud's government was toppled by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan - Soviets signed a Treaty of Friendship, in December 1978, new regime was hugely unpopular with Afghans as the deeply religious nature of their culture made it hard to accept communism - By 1979, Hafizullah Amin ordered the assassination of Taraki and seized power for himself, he was a communist put pursued closer ties with the USA - On December 24th, 1979, 50-75000 Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan as they were worried, they were losing their footing, they installed Soviet friendly Babrak Karmal as leader - From 1973-79, the rapidly changing Afghan leadership and increased Soviet presence progressively destabilised the region

T3 - End Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan - Impact on Middle East

- Afghanistan was completely destabilised - The Taliban developed out of the mujahideen and filled the power vacuum that existed in Afghanistan after Soviet withdrawal, from 1996 they ruled the country under an extremist form of Sharia Law - In 2001, US war in Afghanistan began

T2 - Economic Transformation under Stalin - Collectivisation Short Term Impacts

- Agricultural production, grain production dropped every year between 1930-34, livestock populations dropped by more than 50% - Peasant discontent, peasants branded as kulaks as part of the kulak resistance - Human cost estimate of ten million peasants died due to mass deportation, mass executions and famine. Famine of 1932-33 5 million peasants died

T1 - Consolidation of Nazi Power - Enabling Act March 1933

- Allowed Hitler the power to enact laws without involving the Reichstag - All political power was taken away from parliament - Hitler unified Germany's government under a central control vastly changing its political structure - Ended the short-lived democracy in Germany

T3 - Consquences of Detente - Helsinki 1975 (Ford & Brezhnev)

- Also known as Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe - The formal recognition of Eastern European boundaries - The acknowledgment of basic human rights 35 countries signed the agreement- Also known as Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe - The formal recognition of Eastern European boundaries - The acknowledgment of basic human rights 35 countries signed the agreement- Also known as Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe - The formal recognition of Eastern European boundaries - The acknowledgment of basic human rights 35 countries signed the agreement

T3 - Vietnam War - Tet Offensive

- America was struggling against guerrilla tactics of Vietcong - On Vietnamese New Year 1968, Vietcong launched surprise attacks against cities and military targets, including the US embassy in Saigon, became known as the Tet Offensive - US forces managed to win back control, and Vietcong were weakened - However, questions were raised about the economic and civilian cost of American involvement in Vietnam

T3 - Vietnam War - Importance of Vietnamese independence

- America was worried if Vietnam became independent it would fall to communist rule through the domino effect - America was also acting on the foreign policy of containment - The US supported the South to contain the communist threat

T3 - End Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan - Reasons

- Annex Afghanistan into Soviet zone of control - Rescue the fledgling communist regime and restore Soviet influence in Afghanistan - Supress religious extremists - Maintain access to the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean to oil-rich regions

T3 - Detente - Economic Reasons

- Arms Race, by 1970s both superpowers were looking to lower arms spending and put that money to better use in their economic economies - The Vietnam War, hugely expensive conflict that battered the American economyT

T1 - Impact of Nazi Regime on Culture

- Art, media and music had to support Nazi ideology - Jewish and 'black music' were banned.

T2 - Political Transformation - Purges

- As Stalin strengthen his control, he became increasingly paranoid about people trying to unseat him - Decided best course of action was to purge threats - Kirov Decrees, after assassination of Sergei Kirov in 1934, mapped out how Communist Party should deal with threats, meant that Stalin could start purging the party - By mid 1930s, over half of the Party membership had been purged

T2 - Power Struggle - Stalin's Role in Changing Factions/Alliances

- At first with the Leftists - In 1925, sided with the Right - By 1927 Stalin betrayed the right - Comrade Stalin emerged unscathed from the political mess that occurred

T1 - The Munich Putsch

- At the height of hyperinflation, opportunity to lift the profile of Nazi party came in 1923 - Hitler saw it as the moment to seize power - Inspired by Mussolini's March on Rome in 1922, Hitler decided to march through Munich to seize political power in Bavaria. - March turned out to be a failure, with armed police opposing it and opening fire on the crowd - Hitler was arrested and charged with High Treason - Hitler used the opportunity of the trial to make patriotic speeches declaring there was no such things as high treason against the traitors of 1918, this made front page news throughout Germany.

T2 - Political Transformation - Propaganda

- Based on Marxist-Leninist ideology to promote Communist Party way. - One of the many ways Soviet Union tried to control its citizens - Through posters, simple designs to enforce their beliefs - Cinema, strong part of the Bolshevik/Soviet propaganda

T3 - Emerging Differences Between the Superpowers - Capitalism in the USA

- Based on private enterprise, limited government involvement in the market - Democratic government

T3 - End US Under Reagan - background

- Became President of US in January 1981 - Before his presidency, America was humiliated by the war in Vietnam, political scandals (Watergate) were occurring weakening public trust in government, events in Middle East threatened America's access to oil, Soviets were updating their missile stockpiles

T2 - Political Transformation - Background to the Great Terror

- Beginning in 1937 - Stalin wanted control over this plan - Stalin was paranoid of his political rivals - Stalin's modernisation plans were ambitious, needed total cooperation to make industrialisation and collectivisation work - Began tightening his grip on every part of USSR by: - Bringing wealthy peasants into line - Cracking down on labour - Eradicating disloyal party members - Enforcing strict subservience

T2 - Origins of Cold War - Tehran 1943 Conference

- Between US, USSR and UK in November 1943 - Agreement by Britain and US to open up a second front in Europe to help relieve the pressure on USSR - Iran and Turkey were discussed in detail, all agreed to support Iran's government and USSR pledging to support Turkey if they entered the war - The Yugoslav Partisans were given full Allied support - Stalin and Churchill decided on the Cruzon line to divide Poland

T3 - Origins of the Cold War - Yalta Conference 1945

- Between the big three, UK, USSR, US - To decide on the state of play once the war ended - Split Germany into four zones post was UK, US, USSR and France receiving one section each - USSR would enter war against Japan in pacific - Free elections would occur in Europe, Stalin still exerted communist influence in Poland's elections by giving communist high political seats - Committed to ending Nazism in Germany, all Nazi war criminals tried and prosecuted - Created the United Nations, with the Security Council to preserve peace and security

T3 - End US under Reagan - Economic Policy

- Biggest beliefs that the government played too big a role in the private life of the individual - Cut taxes to encourage economic growth - Delivered drastic cuts to social services, causing the middle and upper class to benefit, however, the poor only got poorer - His military spending continued to go up and up - By the end of Reagan administration in 1988, America had a debt of US$2.5 trillion

T2 - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk - Terms of the treaty

- Biggest impact was on Russia's population and land - Lost its key seaports and a 32% of its arable land - Lost 34% of its population 62 million people - Several blows to Russia's economy and industrial sector - Forced to surrender 54% of its industrial enterprises - 26% of its railways - 75-89% of its coal and iron ore - Russia was forced to pay Germany six million marks in war indemnities - Was effectively cancelled with Germany's defeat in November

T2 - early Soviet Govt - Obstacles to the consolidation of power

- Bolsheviks still hand to content with failing economy, lack of food, anarchy in countryside and WW1. - Civil servants and the state bank wouldn't cooperate with the party greatly limiting SOVNARKOM's administrative functions - Lacked the many features of a strong governing body, a complete army, law enforcement agencies, support of all Russian Soviets and a direct control over the whole country

T3 - Disarmament agreements - Geneva, Switzerland 1985 (Gorbachev & Reagan)

- Brought the two superpowers together after the tensions of the Second Cold War Laid the foundations for cooperation

T3 - Emerging Differences Between the Superpowers - Communism in the USSR

- By 1945, the USSR was a communist dictatorship under control of Stalin - No outside influence, state owed all industry and agriculture

T3 - End Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan - Consquences

- By 1988, realising that victory in Afghanistan was unlikely, new Soviet leader, Gorbachev signed an agreement with the United States, Pakistan and Afghanistan - By 1989, all Soviet troops had withdrawn from Afghanistan, but the region would never be the same again.

T1 - Consolidation of Nazi Power - Trade Unions Ban

- By May 1933, trade unions were abolished and replaced by the German Labour Front. - On 14 July, a decree made the Nazi Party the only legal political party in Germany.

T3 - Vietnam War - Consqeunces of Vietnam War

- By late 1960s a large peace movement had started up, advocating an end to the conflict in Vietnam - Young people protested the 1969 Draft Lottery which was a way of selecting men to fight in Vietnam - By 1969, Ho Chi Minh died, Richard Nixon became President of the United States

T1 - Consolidation of Nazi Power - burning of the books

- Campaign conducted by German Student Union in Germany and Austria 1930's - Books targeted for burning were those viewed as being subversive or as representing ideologies opposed to Nazism. - Represents an element of censorship - May 10, 1933 most famous book burning in history

T2 - Political Transformation - Show Trials

- Carefully staged shows where suspects were often forced to confess to crimes they hadn't committed - Justice was abandoned - Punishments were harsh

T3 - Korean War - Impact on International Relations

- Changing relations between China and superpowers, China's involvement brought it closer to the USSR, Soviets gain a degree of influence in Asia - Increased tension between superpowers, between US and USSR, US saw North Korea's invasion of South Korea as a demonstration of Soviet expansionism in Asia. - Soviets saw the Korean War as an example of Western imperialism and the ability of the US to manipulate the UN and world affairs more broadly.

T3 - Collapse of Communism - Impact of changes on Cold War

- Collapse of the communist sphere meant there was no longer a strong ideological enemy to capitalism - Gorbachev stayed out of satellite state protests, proving that the USSR wanted to ease tension with the West - The USSR broke down to the point it no longer existed - The end of the Cold War was in clear sight - Eastern Europe gained independence

T1 - Hermann Goering

- Commander of German Air Force, President of the Reichstag - Joined Nazi Party in 1922, part of Munich Putsch of 1923 - From 1933, Goering played a role in Nazi state, was in charge of mobilisation of the German Economy.

T1 - Heinrich Himmler

- Commander of SS - Responsible for implementing the 'Final Solution' - Responsible for state security and controlled the secret police (Gestapo) - Joined Nazi Party in 1923 and became member of SS in 1925 - Organised the Night of the Long Knives and ran concentration camps - Ruthless, committed, fanatical - Enforced racial purity and breeding

T3 - Emerging Differences Between the Superpowers - Tension between the two ideologies

- Communists were suspicious of Capitalists, lead to buffer zone around USSR - Capitalist were suspicious of Communists, fear of two systems being able to coexist - Ideologies were inherently incompatible.

T1 - Impact of Nazi Regime on Religion

- Concordat: Signed between Hitler and the Pope, they stay out of each other's business. Nazis did not honour this. - Anti-church measures: Catholic schools closed down, youth groups removed, clergy persecuted, show trials for priests. - Catholic church replaced by Evangelical Reich Church

T3 - Conflict in Middle East - Yom Kippur War 1973

- Conflict drew both superpowers into an intense proxy war between Egypt and Syria (USSR) and Israel (USA) - A peace agreement was signed in 1975 to put an end to the conflict

T2 - Economic Transformation under Stalin - Collectivisation Long Term Impacts

- Consolidating control of countryside - Building up capital for Modernisation, 1929 grain exports were 0.029 million tonnes, 1931 5.05 million tonnes. Freed up peasants to work in cities

T3 - Berlin Wall 1961 - Impact on Cold War

- Containment of communism and of spheres of influence - Used as a propaganda symbol by both sides, for the US it was a symbol of the West's struggle against oppressive communism, the East saw it as a sing of Soviet strength in fighting capitalist influence - Crackdown on life in the East, were watched and interrogated by the secret police - the Stasi - the people faced poor working and living conditions, with limited access to consumer goods - Defection and escape, there are many stories about those who tried to cross from the East to the West

T2 - Political Transformation - Impacts of Great Terror

- Cost the lives of millions of citizens - Transformed the Soviet society - Transformation of Communist Party - Explosive growth of the Secret Police - Development of personality cult around Stalin - Imposition of mass obedience to Stalin's regime

T3 - Collapse of Communism - Collapse of Soviet Union through End of the Warsaw Pact

- Created in 1955, military alliance of communist states - In 1990, East Germany left the Pact to reunify with West Germany, other countries wanted out too - The Warsaw Pact was officially dissolved on 31 March 1991

T2 - Political Transformation - Official Culture

- Culture that was backed by the State - Fostered an atmosphere of conformity, enabled Stalin to enforce his control - Socialist realism, official artistic style from 1930s onwards - Banning of all churches and religious groups - Strict discipline in schools and propaganda in classrooms - Tightening of family laws to revive more rigid ideas of family life - Massive rallies and displays celebrating the achievements of industrialisation

T1 - conditions that enabled dictators to rise to power in the interwar period - Russia

- Death of Lenin - Centralisation of power caused by ban on factionalism and civil war - Unrest due to WW1 and Civil War - Power of Secretariat allowed Stalin to take power

T3 - END Soviet under Gorbachev - Social conditions in Soviet Union

- Declining living standards - Falling agricultural harvests - Poor quality of consumer goods - Long queues for basic supplies - Alcoholism in the workplace - A general mood for change

T1 - Consolidation of Nazi Power - Law for the "Protection of the German People"

- Decree for the Protection of People and State (February 1933) - Hitler gained power to exercise central power and rights of the German people - Gave Hitler the personal power to do whatever he thought was necessary to protect the German people from a supposed communist threat

T2 - Political Transformation - Features of the Great Terror

- Defined by massive increase in state endorsed violence, arrests, imprisonment, torture, exiles and executions - The NKVD, secret police, try and execute enemies of the state in the purges and show trials - Social atomisation, eroded relationships, enforced strict loyalty to the state

T2 - Boleshevik ideology

- Derived from the Communist Manifesto (Communism, a stateless and classless system) - In theory, the Proletariat (working class) would rise and push Russia to the next step and eventually Russia would transition into communism: freedom, equality with no poverty or oppression. - In reality, Russia skipped capitalism as it was too late to industrialise and remained feudal for too long. - Believed Marxism was the solution to Russia's problems. However, Russia was socially, economically and politically backwards due to slow industrialisation. - In Marxism, Russia had to reach capitalism before it could progress to communism, yet the revolutionaries hated capitalism - Lenin developed his own political philosophy, Marxist-Leninism concluded that: 1. Russia's proletariat was powerful while its bourgeoisie was underdeveloped 2. Revolution wouldn't necessarily build a communist society in Russia immediately. But it would kick start communist revolution across capitalist Europe of which then could provide aid to Russia 3. Russia would have to experience the dictatorship of the proletariat. Small group of revolutionaries would transition the state to socialism and then to communism. They would need to weed out the opponents - Lenin's 'April Theses' of 1917 provided some slogans that illustrated key elements of the Bolshevik program "All power to the soviets" highlighted that soviets led by revolutionaries would help pass power to the workers; and 'Peace, bread and land' called for withdrawal from war and the taking of landlords' land for the peasants

T3 - Emerging Differences Between the Superpowers - Soviet Expansion into Eastern Europe

- Despite agreements made at Yalta and Potsdam, Stalin installed communist governments in Eastern Europe - Satellite states include, East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria - Increased Soviet control in Eastern Europe - Angered the Americans, went against national self-determination - Changed direction of Foreign Policy, led to decisions like Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan

T3 - Development to 1969 - Domino Theory

- Developed in the USA 1950s - If one country fell to communism, so too would all the others that surrounded it. - Asia was a central concern when China became communist in 1949 - This was followed by the Korean War (1950-53) and eventually Vietnam War (1955)

T3 - Collapse of Communism - Reasons for Loss of Soviet Influence

- Disillusionment with communism, as living conditions plummeted and the leaders were autocratical - Gorbachev introduced the reforms of glasnost and perestroika, and repealed the Brezhnev Doctrine which meant that Soviet satellite states no longer feared intervention from Moscow - In 1989, Gorbachev visited West Berlin and opened up the idea that Europe might not always be divided between communism and capitalism

T3 - Berlin Wall 1961 - Background

- Division of Berlin, capitalism in the West and communism in the East - Berlin was described as an island of capitalism in a sea of communism - By the end of the 1950s, Khrushchev was faced with a refugee crisis, East German 'brain drain' as East Germans were fleeing to the West thousands at a time. - Summit between Eisenhower and Khrushchev in May, 1959 Geneva to address the German question - The U2 incident of 1960 lost the superpower cooperation - Khrushchev reinstated his Berlin ultimatum demanding that Western troops withdraw from the city of Berlin within six months to John F. Kennedy who had become president in 1961

T2 - Political Transformation - Censorship

- Drowning out opposition - Banned anything that undermined the ideals of the revolution, questioned official party practice, challenged economic modernisation

T3 - Czechoslovakia 1968 - Soviet's Response to Prague Spring

- Dubcek's reforms threatened the state of communism in Czechoslovakia - The Soviets were at risk of losing one of their key satellite states

T3 - Truman Doctrine and its Consequences - Truman Doctrine March 1947

- Economic assistance and military aid to be given to Greece and Turkey - Called for $400 million USD from Congress to help Turkey and Greece out from a communist takeover - Warning against the Soviets, whilst not explicitly mentioning the Soviets. - Shift in US foreign policy, first time US became financially involved in another country

T1 - conditions that enabled dictators to rise to power in the interwar period - Japan

- Great depression, strain on Japanese economy, resources suffering at home - Military expansion in China/Korea, army became powerful - Factional power struggles between Kodo Ha and Tosei Ha - Tojo's rise to a dictator

T3 - Soviet under Gorbachev - Foreign Policy

- Economic policy consisted of withdrawing from the Arms Race and the war in Afghnistan which conserved huge sums of money - Diplomatic policy consisted of pursing increased participation in superpower summits and treaties for disarmament, he signed the INF (Intermediate Nuclear Forces, 1987) and START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, 1991) Treaties - Military policy was underpinned by cuts to nuclear weapons and military spending - Social policy brought a focus on human rights and domestic wellbeing to the USSR

T2 - NEP - Reasons

- Economic situation in Russia 1921 was pretty bleak - The Kronstadt Rebellion indicated that the Bolsheviks were losing popular support because of the War Communism

T2 - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk - significance

- Eliminated German threat from Russia - Significantly damaged the relationship between the Bolsheviks and the Social Revolutionaries - Contributed to the onset of the Russian Civil War as it led to growth of internal opposition to Bolsheviks and foreign intervention against the Bolshevik regime

T3 - Collapse of Communism - Political impacts

- Emergence of many young democracies - Development of nationalism in Europe, as Eastern European countries were keen to assert their independence and national identities in post-Cold War world - Promotion of liberalism, less government control on the private individual

T3 - Communism in China - Background

- End of WW2 China was engaged in civil war between the Communist Party (led by Mao Zedong) and the Nationalist Party - In October 1949, the Communist Party won the civil war and declared the People's Republic of China - China aligns with Soviets

T2 - early Soviet Govt. - Structure

- Established themselves as leading socialist party in Russia - Formed the Council of People's Commissars (SOVNARKOM), Lenin was Chairman, Trotsky was Commissar of Foreign Affairs and later on Commissar of War and Stalin was Commissar of Nationalities.

T3 - Cuba 1962 - Consqeunces of Cuban Missile Crisis

- Even though it was a time of high tension, it produced a peaceful outcome - It gave the world assurance that both the USA and the USSR could and would act reasonably despite their ideological differences - Boosted Kennedy's reputation however for Khrushchev, some in the USSR thought he had retreated in the face of American resistance - The crises led to several key cooperative measures between JFK and Khrushchev that would shape the period of détente in the 1970s - Led to a direct phone line between the US and Soviet leaders introduced in August 1963 - The Limited of Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty came into effect October 1963, first attempts by both superpowers to limit the development of destructive nuclear weapons - 1967 Outer Space Treaty, made sure space was reserved for peaceful activities and no missiles - 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty limited nuclear weapons production and promoted cooperation in alternative uses of nuclear energy.

T3 - Communism in China - Impact on Cold War

- Expansion of Communism into Asia, led to development of the domino theory - Spread of the cold War outside of Europe - Failure of US Aid to Stop communism, US had given US$3 billion to the Nationalist forces Demonstrated that US policy of containment was not enough to stop spread of Communism

T1 - features of dictatorships - Italy

- Fascist Italy was a totalitarian dictatorship, one party government holding total control over private and public life - Extreme nationalism underpinned the state and saw Italian interests put first and foremost. It was maintained through excessive militarism, as seen in the Black shirts paramilitary group - The regime rejected democracy and communism, instead seeking to create a corporate state where individuals worked in corporations for state interests - Mussolini's aggressive foreign policy centred on the idea of Italian cultural superiority, which he sought to extend through imperial expansionism - Hostile foreign policy helped align Italy with Germany and later Japan who together formed the Axis Powers.

T1 - Nazi Methods used to exercise control

- Fear, eg. Oppressive policies towards minorities, riots (Munich Putsch), Night of Long Knives - Economic, Boycott of Jewish Stores (April 1933) - Nationalism, pushing agenda through propaganda - Politics, rewards, back door deals - Censorship, control of media, radio, propaganda - Legislation, article 48, Enabling Act, Decree for Protection of German people - Glorification of Nazi - The Hitler Myth, separating Hitler from Germany's mistakes

T1 - Consolidation of Nazi Power - first use of concentration camps

- First set up in 1933 - Were a reminder to German citizens against the danger of acting against Nazi state - By end of 1933, over 30 000 were housed in concentration camps

T2 - Soviet Foreign Policy - Early Years

- Foreign policy was all about survival - Russia was diplomatically isolated after refusing to repay pre-war debts, bailing on WW1 and enduring Civil War - The Comintern was established in 1919 to promote socialism around the world, but it was really used to promote Soviet interests overseas

T3 - Sino-Soviet Split - Impact on the Cold War

- Fostered better relations between China and the USA, as they would undermine the USSR - In 1971, US National Security Adviser made secret trip to China, followed by President Richard Nixon visiting in 1972 - Improved Sino-American relations led to a three-way relationship between Moscow, Washington and Beijing

T3 - Korean War - Background

- Fought between 1950-53 between communist and capitalist supporters - Liberated from control of Japan by allied forces at end of WW2 - Korea was divided, USA in the South and USSR in the North occurred along the border 38th parallel - South Korea, capitalist democracy supported by Americans - North Korea, communist regime, supported by Soviets

T3 - Conflict in Middle East - Six Day War 1967

- Fought between Israel and Egypt, Syria and Jordan. Superpowers influenced by proxy - Israel had a strong army and was able to destroy the armies of Arab states and capture the Sinai Peninsula - Did not improve relations in Middle East

T3 - End Soviet under Gorbachev - Economic conditions in Soviet Union

- Functioned under a communist dictatorship - By 1980s, the dire economic conditions were clear: - Low worker productivity - Declining living standards - Failing domestic industries - Economic stagnation

T3 - Disarmament agreements - Helsinki, Finland 1990 (Gorbachev & Bush)

- Further disarmament talks Confirmation of a new friendship between the USA and USSR

T2 - Economic Transformation under Stalin - Failures of Industrialisation

- Harsh labour discipline, state relying more and more on forced labour camps, workbooks introduced to control workers' every move - Conditions in Gulags - Falling living standards, five-year plans leading to consumer industries suffering serious shortages of basic necessities, severe overcrowding in urban centres - Consolidation of Stalin's Power, industrialisation allowed Stalin to crack down hard on any and all opponents of his regime, consolidating his power across the USSR

T1 - Martin Bormann

- Head of Nazi Party Chancellery - Hitler's Private Secretary, controlled appointments and the flow of information to the Fuhrer - Joined Nazi party in 1927, member of SS in 1937, rose up through the ranks

T2 - War Communism - impact Bolshevik

- Helped them to victory in Civil War - Was a solid attempt at turning Marxist Theory into real policy

T1 - Consolidation of Nazi Power - National boycott of Jewish Businesses

- Hitler and Nazi Party played fear on the German population - Used Jews as scapegoats for many of Germany's economic and social problems - 1st April 1933, National boycott of Jewish business was put into force by SA - Marked first important act against the Jewish minority in Germany

T1 - Consolidation of Nazi Power - The Night of the Long Knives 1934

- Hitler executed members of private Nazi Army, the SA. - SA, were from the lower classes of society, close to 2 million of them, attracted by the uniform, racial hatred and violence - Posed a threat to Hitler's leadership - 20th June 1934, Hitler used the SS to murder SA leaders - Their violence extended to other enemies of Nazi Party: communists, Jews, outspoken politicians and trade unionists - German population approved of the move as it showed Hitler's strong decisive leadership.

T1 - Impact of Nazi Regime on Youth

- Hitler wanted dedicated, fanatical Nazis (boys -> army, girls -> mothers) - Education: Textbooks and subjects were changed to indoctrinate children (Nazi love and Jewish/communist hate) Bio -> race science, history -> promoted Nazis. - Teachers had to train in the German Teachers League so they would pass on Nazi ideas. - The Hitler Youth: Taught kids loyalty to the Nazis and military skills. There were about 8 million youth involved by 1938. - The camps focused on physical labour (for girls too—healthy bodies = healthy babies) and the best pupils went to special schools such as Adolf Hitler Schools and Order Castles.

T3 - Collapse of Communism - Berlin Wall Background

- Huge democratic protests were occurring in Eastern Europe in 1989 - Thousands of East Germans travelled to the West through Hungary because of its newly opened border with Austria - Monday Night Protests were regular protests occurring in East Germany - 7th October 1989, Gorbachev visits East Germany announces support for democratic protests - 18th October 1989, East German communist leader replaced by Egon Krenz - October-November, democratic protests and migrant crisis grow - 9th November 1989, a spokesman for East German politburo accidently announces that reforms allowing East German to travel freely to the West would come into effect immediately - 9/10th November 1989, throughout the night, thousands of East Germans climb, cross over and tear down the Berlin Wall, the night becoming a symbolic reunification of Berlin

T1 - Treaty of Versailles Economic Impacts

- Imposed harsh measures on Germany - Borrowing money to pay for reparations (led to inflation) - Germany was soon unable to make payments (French invasion of Ruhr) - Lower production led to government printing more money to pay workers (led to hyperinflation)

T3 - Vietnam War - Reasons for American Involvement

- In 1963, the Vietcong staged a successful attack against the South Vietnamese army - Diem was overthrown and murdered by the South Vietnamese army, with US support - In August 1964, the US naval vessel USS Maddox was attacked by North Vietnam prompting Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving US President Johnson free rein to pursue full-scale American involvement in Vietnam

T3 - Czechoslovakia 1968 - Prague Spring

- In 1967, peaceful protests mainly led by students and intellectuals broke out against Novotny - Novotny called on the new Soviet leader to help him out, however he wouldn't get involved, in response a new communist leader Alexander Dubcek was appointed in 1968 - Dubcek supported communism but not Soviet communism - He tried to implement 'Socialism with a Human Face' in an effort to move away from Soviet control - His reforms included increased trade with the West, decreased state control, freedom of the press, de-collectivisation of agriculture, the formation of non-communist parties - These reforms were well liked by the Czech people and the period of Dubcek's rule became known as the Prague Spring

T3 - Consquences of Detente - Outcomes

- In 1977, Jimmy Carter became US President, liked idea of détente, but critical of Soviet's poor approach to human rights - Between 1977-79, USSR updating its nuclear stockpiles sending both superpowers back into the arms race - The 1979 Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan proved that friendly relations could only go so far - In 1981, new US president Ronald Reagan promised to restore American strength, officially ending détente and reinvigorating the Cold War

T2 - Power Struggle - The Rightists

- Included Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky - Wanted to ride that capitalist wave for a few more years, keeping the NEP and generating prosperity for the country

T2 - Power Struggle - The Leftists

- Included Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev - Backed an end to New Economic Policy, state control over agriculture and speedy industrialisation

T3 - Berlin Wall 1961 - America's Response

- Increased military tensions with both sides placing tanks along the wall - Somewhat a relief for the Americans as it avoided a direct military confrontation between USA and USSR

T2 - Economic Transformation Under Stalin - Successes of Industrialisation

- Increased production, transformed the economy, uptick in production of heavy industry, iron, oil and electricity, transport and munitions - Changing workforce, opportunities for paid employment and introducing incentives for hard work and efficiency - Growth of industrial centres, rapid urbanisation - Patriotism, aided by extensive propaganda, whilst the West was suffering from the Great Depression, the USSR was flourishing in rapid-fire industrialisation

T3 - Detente - definition

- Means release of tension - In the Cold War, it was the relaxing of tensions between the USA and the USSR after decades of intense rivalry

T2 - Reasons for the Civil War 1917

- Increasing opposition to Bolshevik regime - Bolsheviks banned all opposing political parties and censored their press, using the Cheka to crush political dissidence - The opposition included rival political parties, social opponents, and foreign forces angered by Russia's early exit from WW1- Increasing opposition to Bolshevik regime - Bolsheviks banned all opposing political parties and censored their press, using the Cheka to crush political dissidence - The opposition included rival political parties, social opponents, and foreign forces angered by Russia's early exit from WW1

T2 - NEP - Details

- Intended as a temporary solution to Russia's economic problems - Small scale private enterprises were encouraged, but the Party would retain control of the 'commanding heights of the economy

T3 - Arms Race - Features

- Intense Superpower Competition, new phase of superpower rivalry - Nuclear Deterrence and MAD, the idea that more nuclear weapons one side had the less chance there was of a nuclear attack from the other side - Atoms for Peace speech by Eisenhower 1953 warned of the extent and dangers of unlimited nuclear development - Significant Military Spending, serious economic burden on USA and USSR and less focus on domestic affairs - Increased Influence of Military-Industrial Complex, influence of the defence industry on government policy and the military - Tensions Fuelled by Military Alliances, NATO and the Warsaw Pact

T3 - Conflict in Middle East - Suez Crisis 1956

- Israel, Britain and France invaded Egypt after Egyptian President Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal, which had been a strategic trading passage for Britain and France - Both the Soviets and the Americans condemned the attack: - The USSR sent aid to Egypt and threatened to drop nuclear bombs on Britain and France - The USA was annoyed that their European allies had acted in secret - The crisis ended with the withdrawal of British, French and Israeli troops from Egypt

T3 - Cuba 1962 - Missile Crisis

- JFK chose to blockade Cuba on 22nd October 1962, by imposing a naval blockade on Cuba to stop Soviet ships from reaching the island - Over the next few days both superpowers mobilised their armies - On 26th and 27th of October 1962, Khrushchev sent two letters to Kennedy, stating an offer to remove the missiles if Kennedy ended the naval blockade, a request that America remove its missiles in Turkey - The crisis ended on 28th October 1962 when Khrushchev declared he would dismantle the missile sites - Kennedy agreed to end the naval blockade and promised not to invade Cuba and agreed to dismantle American missile sites in Turkey

T2 - early soviet govt - decrees

- Land Decree allowed peasants to seize land from wealthy landowners without payment. Contradicted Bolshevik ideology, but they needed to secure their power with the peasants on their side - Peace Decree they called for immediate negotiations to end Russia's involvement in WW1 and to encourage soldiers to stop obeying military generals - Worker's Reforms, introduced unemployment benefits, pensions and sick pay, eight hour workday and worker control of factories and railways to improve the lives of workers - Religious Reforms, dissolving the power of the Russian Orthodox Church, officially separating church and state in 1918 - Social Reforms, 1918 marriage code made women legally equal to their husbands and made divorce a lot easier. Abortion was legalised in 1920 - Military Reforms to give more power to soldiers and less power to greedy generals. Officers had to be elected and would be controlled by army soviets.

T3 - Berlin Blockade & Airlift - Impact on Cold War

- Led to the official recognition of the division between East and West Germany - Set the tone of the Rest of the Cold War, indirect tactics and threats became common - Made Berlin a permanent symbol of the Cold War - Led to dramatic changes in the world, USSR tested their first atomic bomb the same year, followed by formation of NATO in 1949 and Warsaw Pact in 1955

T3 - Collapse of Communism - Economic impacts

- Liberalisation of Eastern European markets, less government involvement in the economy - Increased world trade - Beginning of globalisation

T2 - Power Struggle - How Stalin Used His Power

- Limited the publication of Lenin's Political Testament - Build up support within the Communist Party, he used power to influence membership and important political appointment and turfed out anyone who didn't back him 100% - Positioned himself as Lenin's disciple, created the 'cult of Lenin' he was able to inherit much of the authority and power that Lenin had possessed in his prime

T3 - Detente - Social Reasons

- Living standards were increasingly declining due to the drop in the economy thanks to excess military spending, the Americans who didn't agree with the Vietnam War were keen on a new approach to global politics

T3 - Collapse of Communism - Hungary

- Longest history of anti-communism - In 1989 communist party leader was replaced and the party was renamed the Socialist party Free elections in 1990

T3 - Sino-Soviet Split - Reasons

- Mao developed close ties between Stalin upon first becoming Communist in 1949 - Tensions between Mao and Stalin, Stalin had been suspicious of agricultural workers, whereas Mao considered agricultural workers to be the driving force behind Chinese development - Tensions between Mao and Khrushchev, Mao saw Khrushchev policy of de-Stalinisation and peaceful co-existence as a sign of weakness - By 1965, the USSR cut all ties with China, including financial aid and political support

T3 - Consquences of Detente - Summit Meetings

- Massive improvement in communication between the USA and the USSR - During the 1970s there was a big increase in conferences which helped to bring about progress on arms agreements, scientific cooperation and human rights

T3 - Korean War - Impact on Korea

- Massive loss for Korean people - Huge civilian losses - Total of 1.4 million killed, 780,000 North Korean and Chinese soldiers and civilians, 500,000 South Korean civilians - Sever environmental and infrastructural damage

T3 - Soviet under Gorbachev - Perestroika

- Meaning restructuring - Aimed to introduce limited market reforms in attempt to stimulate the Soviet economy - Reforms included, decentralisation of industry and agriculture, more independence for factory managers, development of some small businesses - Didn't have the effect that Gorbachev had anticipated, led to high inflation and a lack of basic resources, leading to increased dissatisfaction among workers and a desire to move away from the communist system entirely

T3 - Origins of Cold War - Casablanca Conference 1943

- Meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill - January 1943, two years before conclusion of war - Was agreed that US and British would accept nothing less than unconditional surrender from Germany - European invasion would be undertaken by US against Germany - Plans for the leadership of free French forces and post war North Africa were put in place - Both parties aimed to bolster Russia in order to both boost political relation as well as to aid the Eastern Front - They could not agree on their individual's countries stance on what was to be done with the war in the Pacific

T3 - Emerging Differences Between the Superpowers - Iron Curtain

- Metaphor to describe the divide between communist countries of Eastern Europe and capitalist democratic countries of Western Europe - Sinews of Peace Speech, urged closer relations between UK and US, condemned Soviet expansion, addressed future - Stalin gave a response to the speech in Pravda, Soviet State Newspaper, where he compared Churchill to Hitler and suggested that he was a racist imperialist - Set the tone of the Cold War

T1 - Joseph Goebbels

- Minister for Propaganda and Enlightenment - Managed the flow of information and public opinion - Joined Nazi Party 1924, made important contributions to Nazi Propaganda due to his gift as a speaker and a writer - President of Ministry of Propaganda, organised burning of the books, national boycott of Jewish businesses, indoctrinated people and spread ideology

T3 - Development to 1969 - Nikita Khrushchev

- Named secretary of the Communist Party in 1953 - Emerged as leader of the USSR by 1955 - Preached a policy of 'peaceful coexistence' - Created the Warsaw Pact to solidify the Communist bloc - Believed that global communism would be the eventual winner in the war between the ideologies - He played a role in the Cuban Crisis of 1962 as it was his desire to assist Cuba and expand Soviet influence into the Americas - Khrushchev's time in power is remembered for the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956, funding of the Aswan Dam in Egypt from 1957, the split between Mao and China in 1959, the shooting down of US spy plane in 1960, extensive diplomatic trips to US and UN - He demolished the idea of Stalinism and was active in restoring Leninism back into society - His foreign policy enabled him to achieve the friendship of several Arab countries - He revealed the truth on Stalin and his cult of personality at the 20th Party Congress of February 1956. He accused Stalin of fostering the cult of personality, accused him of the murder of rivals including Sergey Kirov, mass repressions, the neglect of Lenin's legacy, being ill-prepared for Germany's invasion of Russia in 1941 and anti-Semitism- Named secretary of the Communist Party in 1953 - Emerged as leader of the USSR by 1955 - Preached a policy of 'peaceful coexistence' - Created the Warsaw Pact to solidify the Communist bloc - Believed that global communism would be the eventual winner in the war between the ideologies - He played a role in the Cuban Crisis of 1962 as it was his desire to assist Cuba and expand Soviet influence into the Americas - Khrushchev's time in power is remembered for the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956, funding of the Aswan Dam in Egypt from 1957, the split between Mao and China in 1959, the shooting down of US spy plane in 1960, extensive diplomatic trips to US and UN - He demolished the idea of Stalinism and was active in restoring Leninism back into society - His foreign policy enabled him to achieve the friendship of several Arab countries - He revealed the truth on Stalin and his cult of personality at the 20th Party Congress of February 1956. He accused Stalin of fostering the cult of personality, accused him of the murder of rivals including Sergey Kirov, mass repressions, the neglect of Lenin's legacy, being ill-prepared for Germany's invasion of Russia in 1941 and anti-Semitism

T1 - Impact of Nazi Regime on Workers

- National Labour Service - RAD: Gave men jobs in public work. Camp life and little money, but free food and pride. - Unemployment: Went from 6 million in 1933 to 300,000 in 1939. However, this was achieved by sacking Jews and women who were not recorded in the figures. - German Labour Front: Run by Dr Ley, replaced trade unions. Workers weren't allowed to bargain for higher wages and working hour restrictions were removed—many worked 60-72 hours a week. - Strength through Joy/KDF: Arranged cheap activities and leisure programs for workers, such as ski trips and cruises. This increased Nazi popularity.

T3 - Conflict in Middle East - Ending Hostilities

- Neither the USA nor the USSR ever became directly involved in any of the conflicts - After the Yom Kippur War, the Arab-Israeli tension began to ease a little as: - Soviet-backed aggression against Israel had failed - Egypt's new president (Anwar Sadat) wanted to pursue peace with Israel - The Arab States were not as keen on communism as the Soviets had hoped - In 1978, US President Jimmy Carter signed Camp David Peace Agreement leading to peace between Israel and Egypt.

T3 - Czechoslovakia 1968 - re-establishment of Soviet Control

- On 20th August 1968, all of the Warsaw Pact countries invaded Czechoslovakia under the direction of the USSR - The Czechs did not resist or respond violently to the invasion, they were considered part of the broader trend of non-violent resistance that swept the world in the 1960s - In September 1969, Dubcek was replaced by Gustav Husak who brought Czechoslovakia back in line with Soviet communism

T2 - Economic Transformation under Stalin - Industralisation Quote by Stalin 1931

- One feature of the history of old Russia was the continual beatings she suffered for falling behind, for her backwardness

T3 - Truman Doctrine and its Consequences - Harry Truman (1945-53)

- Ordered the use of the atomic bomb to end World War ll - Policy of containing communism was a central plank in his plan for the transition into peacetime - Forced to manage a series of crises including the Berlin blockade and airlift, the opening up of the Cold War's second front in China and Korea and Stalin's demands for a sphere of influence in Eastern Europe - Policy of being 'tough on communism' was one of the reasons for the start of the Cold War

T3 - Detente - Political Reasons

- Ostpolitik, 'Eastern policy', refers to West German leader Willy Brandt's attempts to develop diplomatic relations with East Germany creating spirit of cooperation in Europe - Cuban Missile Crisis, pushed the world to the brink nuclear annihilation, both sides recognised the importance of arms reduction and limitation for global peace and security - Sino-Soviet split, refers to split between China and USSR due to differences over the interpretation of communist ideology, Soviets became jealous of China fostering better relations with the world

T3 - Truman Doctrine and its Consequences - Marshall Plan

- Plan injected US$15 billion worth of grants to provide the means of reconstruction in Europe, including fuel, raw materials and food. - Many European governments were suspicious of open, free trade capitalism, partially due to the Great Depression being a failure for economic systems - The plan touched on one of the fundamental disagreements between the US and the USSR: the future of Germany - Although the money was largely targeted at West Europe, it was also offered to East Europe and countries under Soviet influence - In response to the Marshall Plan, the Soviets created Comecon, an organisation that coordinated trade cooperation among the Eastern Europe countries - The goal to make each country strong enough to start trading and stimulate the world economy

T2 - events of the October Revolution

- Planning, Lenin wanted a revolution as soon as possible, Trotsky persuaded Lenin to hold off until the Second Congress of All Russian Soviets, this would allow the Bolsheviks to seize power in the name of all Soviets, rather than just them. - Official starts, Revolution started on 24th October (Julian calendar) when Trotsky ordered the Red Guard to capture strategic positions in Petrograd (bridges, railway stations, public buildings) - Remainder, Trotsky ordered Red Guard to enter Winter Palace and arrest Provisional Government Almost a complete bloodless revolution

T1 - reasons for collapse of the Weimar Republic

- Powerful groups such as big businesses, the army, large landowners and leading civil servants never accepted the Weimar democracy - Germans had faith in nationalism and an authoritarian style of government - Humiliation of defeat in the First World War, democracy reminds of defeat - German Unification, Germany became a nation in 1871 under the strong anti-democratic leadership of Otto von Bismarck; hence there was a historical distrust of democracy and faith in nationalism and an authoritarian style of government. - The particular economic circumstances facing Germany in the 1920s and 30s

T3 - Origins of the Cold War - Future of Germany

- Preoccupation of the Americans at this time, they wanted a strong industrial Germany to ensure continuation of open markets and prosperous trade in Europe - US benefited most from the war - At Yalta, a four-zone division of Germany was agreed upon till permanent arrangements could be made - The Soviet and American failure to find common cause permanently entrenched Cold War tensions.

T3 - Consqeunces of Detente - Vienna 1979 (Carter & Brezhnev)

- Produced SALT ll - Tensions were on the rise again - USA ultimately refused to ratify SALT ll and the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan the same year After this Summit, détente came to its official end

T2 - NEP - Impact

- Produced some positive results including increasing industrial production and grain harvests - Seen as a complete contradiction of socialism and led to emergence of bourgeois elements in Russian society such as the Kulaks. - Lenin held firm that a brief reversion to capitalism was necessary on Russia's long road to communism.

T3 - Collapse of Communism - East Germany

- Protests broke out against communist leader Honecker, asked help from Soviet troops to quash the protests but was denied - Migrant numbers from people passing to the West through Hungary became so great they had to let them pass freely 9thNovember 1989 the fall of the Berlin Wall

T3 - Truman Doctrine and its Consequences - Impact of Containment on World War

- Proved America was willing to intervene in foreign affairs to resist spread of Communism - Tensions between east and west ramped up, USSR accused US of buying influence with the Marshall Plan - Stalin responded by creating Cominform and Comecon, which were organisations that supported Eastern bloc nations both politically and economically.

T2 - Oct Revolution - Russia's Deteriorating Political Situation

- Provisional government created poor living conditions (prices skyrocketed and massive shortages of essentials), Russia's continued involvement in WW1 (soldiers deserted, called Trench Bolshevism), Control of the land (peasants started forcibly seizing land that the government wouldn't help them get) - Petrograd Soviet, revolutionary support, soldiers and workers rose up against Provisional government and looked for Soviet in support

T2 - Political Transformation - Impact on Soviet Society of the Purges and Show Trials

- Purges and show trials turned Stalin into a ruthless, incontestable dictator - Created atmosphere of terror and punishment - Up to 24 million kulaks were sent to gulags, 13 million of whom died - Over ½ soldiers of Red Army were accused of treason - Any Trotsky supporter was purged - Left the running of the USSR in incapable hands

T2 - Differing Experiences of Social Groups - Workers in the Cities

- Rapid industrialisation meant lots of work for industrial workers but falling living and working conditions - Emerging party bureaucrats developed as a new class of professionals who were completely loyal to Stalin and his vision

T3 - End US under Reagan - Foreign Policy

- Reagan Doctrine, promised to fight any communist threat to any government that would draw them away from American sphere of influence, aimed to restore American pride and prestige, mainly involved secret funding of anti-communist rebels around the world - Used the CIA to secretly train and arm anti-communist rebels in countries like El Salvador Afghanistan and Libya, famous example was Iran-Contra Affair, US government illegally sold weapons to Iran and used the money to fund anti-communist rebels in Nicaragua.

T2 - War Communism - Features

- Refers to economic policies designed to bring the economy under tighter Bolshevik control - Policies included nationalisation of industry, introduction of class-based rationing, end of market economy, strict labour discipline, grain requestioning and increased use of the Cheka

T3 - Origins of the Cold War - Post War Aims of the US

- Regarded the Soviet refusal to withdraw from their eastern positions as a desire to expand communism - Truman took an aggressive stance towards the Soviets and Communism

T4 - Impact of Cultural Revolution - Religion

- Religion was a victim of the Cultural Revolution. - Organised belief systems such as Christianity and Islam were practised underground. Despite the strict and often vicious attempts to control Chinese lives and impose ideologically pure thoughts, ideas and values, oppression was usually counter-productive.

T2 - War Communism - impact non-Bolshevik

- Resulted in declining industry, widespread famine, increased use of terror and death of millions - Was deeply unpopular

T3 - Collapse of Communism - Fall of Berlin Wall Impact

- Reunification of Germany, officially reunified in October 1990 - End of the Cold War, many historians believe the fall of the Berlin Wall marked the end of the Cold War, as the Berlin Wall was a physical symbol of the conflict of the capitalist West and communist East - Emergence of a New Global Order, capitalism had fought communism and capitalism had won, massive political changes throughout world

T1 - Impact of Nazi Regime on Women

- Role: Wives and mothers - Propaganda slogan—Kinder, Kirche, Kuche (children, church, kitchen) - Encouragement of motherhood: · Tax relief and mortgage reductions · Motherhood Cross—women with the most kids · Lebensborn—for unmarried women to be impregnated · Banning of abortion and contraception · Law for the Encouragement of Marriage—1000 mark loan for married couples, 250 marks kept per child · Law that never came into effect Politics/workforce: Women were removed from their jobs and denied a political role. Limits were placed on women at university.

T2 - Political Situation between Feb and October 1917

- Run by the Petrograd Soviets and provisional government - Made up of conservative, monarchist and the bourgeoisie, weren't many socialists - Actions planned sweeping reforms of freedom of speech, universal suffrage, creation of a democratically elected Constituent Assembly. Struggled to get off the ground - Continued Russia's involvement in WW1 - Consequences Russia experienced serious economic downturn, widespread famine and increased civil unrest and class division - Political rival, Petrograd Soviet - Members socialist groups and reformists - Actions promoted proletarian values, opposed the bourgeoisie provisional government making it almost impossible for them to govern without consulting the Soviet - Created Order Number One, placed all of Petrograd's armed forces under their control, crucial to the October Revolution

T2 - Soviet Foreign Policy - 1930s

- Russia benefited from increased interaction with the West but was also threatened by the rise of Hitler - The USSR tried to pursue collective security with Western powers, but Britain and France continued to appease Hitler - Stalin signed the Nazi- Soviet Non-Aggression Pact with Germany in August 1939

T2 - Soviet Foreign Policy - 1920's

- Russia started to function as a normal state, pursuing friendship treaties and trade agreements - The 1922 Treaty of Rapallo forged strong ties between Russia and Germany

T3 - Collapse of Communism - transition from the USSR to Russian Federation

- Russia was largest and most powerful republic, the smaller republics sought independence, and new non-communist leaders were elected in free elections, the smaller republics asserting their sovereignty - Boris Yeltsin in 1990 declared the Russian Federation an independent sovereign state and began to introduce capitalist economic changes in Russia, Gorbachev began to lose authority - In August, 1991, hardline communists staged a coup in Moscow to rescue the Soviet Union, they had Gorbachev arrested, Yeltsin demanded Gorbachev's release and ordered a general strike until the hardline communists backed down, on Christmas Day, 1991, Gorbachev finally resigned as leader

T2 - Experiences of Women

- Russian women had enjoyed a golden age of social and political freedom during the early years of the Bolshevik regime, gaining the right to vote, seek an abortion and receive equal pay - However, Stalin retreated to traditional family values - The Family Code of 1936, legislated against abortion, prostitution and homosexuality and made divorce very difficult - While the Code did lead to child support benefits and improvements in education, women ultimately lost more than they gained

T3 - Soviet under Gorbachev - Glasnost

- Russian word meaning openness - Policy was all about opening up highly controlled, secretive, bureaucratic and corrupt government - Reforms included multi-candidate elections, increased press freedom, increased political and intellectual debate, a more open government system - The need for Glasnost was highlighted in the Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986, which exposed the secrecy and inefficiency of the entire Soviet system - Glasnost didn't quite work, as it gave many Soviets and other Eastern Europeans a sense of the potential for a freer-non-communist state.

T3 - End Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan - American Response

- Saw it as Soviet expansionism - In January 1989, President Carter announced the Carter Doctrine which stated that America would intervene if their economic and political interests were threatened in the Persian Gulf - Americans funded anti-communist rebel groups that had sprouted up after the communist coup of 1978, they pursed a guerrilla war against the Soviets, receiving arms and economic aid from the USA

T3 - Origins of the Cold War - Post War Aims of the Soviet Union

- Security on western borders - Needed to reach an agreement on future of Germany - Soviets believed they were justified in their demands for a buffer one and sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. - Installed communist government in Poland, January 1945 - Aim to prevent Germany from making any further attacks on Soviet Union

T2 - Economic Transformation under Stalin - Collectivisation Evaluation

- Short term it was disastrous, agricultural output dropped, peasant opposition grew and millions died - Long term it was a success, strengthen Stalin's dictatorship, vital in creating the capital and labour for rapid industrialisation

T3 - Disarmament agreements - START 11 1993

- Signed by the USA and USSR Aimed at more dramatic cuts to missile stockpiles

T4 - Impact of Cultural Revolution - Culture

- Socialist realism was the only acceptable form in art, leading to an underground art movement. Opera was another traditional cultural form that was brought under state control. Jiang Qing sought to reform Chinese opera, banning all except eight operas which glorified the PLA and the so-called 'Mao Zedong Thought'.- Socialist realism was the only acceptable form in art, leading to an underground art movement. Opera was another traditional cultural form that was brought under state control. Jiang Qing sought to reform Chinese opera, banning all except eight operas which glorified the PLA and the so-called 'Mao Zedong Thought'.

T3 - Space Race - Impact on Cold War

- Source of tension and competition between the two superpowers - 1975 mission known as Apollo-Soyuz saw cooperation and symbolised the period of détente between the two superpowers

T3 - Czechoslovakia 1968 - Brezhnev Doctrine

- Soviet Leader Leonid Brezhnev used the Brezhnev Doctrine to justify the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia - The document stated that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in other communist countries where it believed that communism was under threat

T3 - End Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan - Impact on USSR

- Soviet economy was really struggling - Some say that Afghanistan was a key factor in the breakdown of the Soviet Union and the ultimate end of the Cold War

T3 - Collapse of Communism - Romania

- Staged a bloody revolution against their communist leader - He and his wife were executed on Christmas day 1989, marking end of Communism - Anti-communist protests equalled big changes and end of communist control in Bulgaria in 1989

T2 - Power Struggle - Stalin's Accumulation of Power

- Stalin had be accumulating power over the years - General Secretary of the Party, Commissar for Nationalities, Commissar for State Control, Commissar of Workers' and Peasants' inspection and a member of the Politburo - Stalin influenced all three branches of Communist Party administration: The Politburo, Orgburo and Secretariat

T2 - Experiences of Ethnic Minorities

- Stalin introduced several anti-nationalist policies including: - Russification, forcing everyone to speak Russian and adhere to Stalin's official culture - Ethnic assimilation, squash two unrelated and completely different ethnic groups into one territory, aimed to weaken nationalist sentiment - Deportation, forced removal of over a million ethnic minorities and their relocation to Central Asia, had its roots in the Great Terror - These policies led to widespread discrimination against and persecution of ethnic minorities

T2 - February Revolution 1917

- Starting in Petrograd. - Mass demonstrations grew and grew - Soldiers remained loyal to the Tsar and fired on the crowd to maintain control - By the third day of protest, the Tsar refused requests to form a new government made up of the Duma - Soldiers then mutinied and refused the Tsar's orders - Formation of new political bodies - Provisional government - formed by the Duma - Petrograd Soviet - made up of socialist parties like the Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries - End of Tsardom, Nicholas ll abdicated

T3 - End US under Reagan - Reagan's Attitudes

- Strong anti-communist views, described USSR as 'evil empire' - Determined to restore America to a place of economic and military strength - Determined to return America to the top spot on the world stage

T2 - Differing Experiences of Social Groups - Peasants in the Countryside

- Suffered a lot under collectivisation, with individual peasants basically wiped out as a social class - Tightened Stalin's grip on countryside but made him hugely unpopular

T3 - Vietnam War - Conflict between the USA and Vietcong

- The Americans military policy was known as Operation Rolling Thunder that had a devastating impact on civilians and the environment, Napalm was used with devastating effect - My Lai Massacre, an American search and destroy mission that resulted in US soldiers shooting down hundreds of defenceless civilians killing mainly women, children and the elderly, reflected very badly on the USA - US used Agent Orange to clear the jungle, caused severe health defects - By 1968 the USA had 536,000 troops in Vietnam

T3 - Cuba 1962 - Background

- The Cuban government was very tight with the USA - The US had exclusive access to Cuban land and forbade Cuba from entering into treaties with other countries - The Cuban revolution, US was not happy with the revolution, it played into their fears of a domino effect in the Latin America - The USSR struck up a trade deal in 1960 with Castro's new Cuban government - The US declared a trade embargo with Cuba, which sent the Cuban economy spiralling - In May, 1961, Castro declared Cuba a communist country after the Soviets came to their economic rescue

T4 - Impact of Cultural Revolution - Society

- The Cultural Revolution disrupted society. Traditional trading patterns were completely overturned during the period when the PLA had virtually run China. - People were unable to obtain items such as matches, soap and toothpaste, as they were considered 'luxuries' under Mao. - Family members were encouraged to spy on and denounce other family members to show their loyalty to the CCP. - Divorce was encouraged, and families were broken up. - Children were sent to serve the Cultural Revolution as Red Guards as soon as they graduated from middle school and their parents were often sent to separate re-education camps. Love was regarded as bourgeois during the Revolution. Relationships were frowned upon and sex was a taboo.

T1 - Terror, Consent, Repression, Fear and Reward

- The Nazi regime was not maintained by force but was in fact popular according to "Gotz Aly" - The SS, Gestapo and concentration camps were signs of terror - Existing laws and traditional police agencies were means of control; the regimes forced people to support the government - Example would be young people who refused to join Hitler Youth would not receive a school-leaving certificate - 800,000 Germans were imprisoned from 1933-45, 500,000 were shot Stormtroopers/SA - street thugs, initially ran the concentration camps and intimidated enemies until they were destroyed in Night of Long Knives 1934 Gestapo - secret police, spied on and arrested enemies of the state, communists, democrats, Jews, homosexuals. They encouraged people to report on neighbours, parents, co workers etc. SS - Elite, racially pure and committed Nazi's, they ran the concentration camps and enforced law and order Concentration camps - introduced in 1933. Involved brutality, hard labour and executions

T3 - Collapse of Communism - Background

- The Soviets had a sphere of influence created by Stalin - Soviet republics were directly part of the Soviet system included countries such as Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Georgia - Soviet Satellite states were technically independent but kept on a tight communist leash, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania to name a few. - By the time Gorbachev came to power in 1985, it was shaky, by 1989 it began to fall apart

T3 - Korean War - Impact on US Foreign Policy

- The first Proxy War, superpowers to defend their ideologies by supporting conflicts in other countries without becoming directly involved. - Early example of limited war, both superpowers didn't deplete their weapon supply or aim to completely defeat the enemy - Conflict of containment and Rollback, to get rid of it all together, it was a disaster and US later reverted to containment again

T3 - Consqeunces of Detente - Beijing Summit 1971 (Nizon & Zedong)

- The first time a US President visited communist China - Led to improved relations between China and USA China was recognised by the UN as a result

T4 - Impact of Cultural Revolution - Economy

- The revolution disrupted the economy. Craftsmen were sent into factories, which led to a rapid decline in quality and production (they weren't familiar in the new working environment). - Black market emerged so that people could survive. - Economic instructions were always changing depending on leadership. In some places, they farmed as part of a commune, whereas other places they applied more capitalist structures of individual profits - The Revolution ruined consistent economic policy.- The revolution disrupted the economy. Craftsmen were sent into factories, which led to a rapid decline in quality and production (they weren't familiar in the new working environment). - Black market emerged so that people could survive. - Economic instructions were always changing depending on leadership. In some places, they farmed as part of a commune, whereas other places they applied more capitalist structures of individual profits - The Revolution ruined consistent economic policy.

T3 - Conflict in Middle East - Background

- The role of the two superpowers in the Arab-Israeli conflict between Israel (backed by USA) and Arab states (Egypt and Syria, backed by USSR)

T3 - Truman Doctrine and its Consequences - US policy of containment

- To contain the spread of communist ideology at all costs - Economic suffering in post war Europe, vulnerable to communist takeovers - Stalin's push for influence beyond Eastern Europe, a threat to America - A response to crises in Iran, Turkey and Greece. - American diplomats feared a domino effect of Communism across Europe. - Broad warning to the Soviets that America would protect the right of people everywhere to determine their own political destiny

T3 - Origins of the Cold War - Potsdam (Germany) 1945

- Truman was American leader, beginning of tensions between USSR and US - UK leadership changes, Attlee new leader - America had developed nuclear abilities - Germany was democratized, demilitarized and emptied of Nazis - USSR entered the war against Japan - USSR wanted harsh settlements for the Germans - The promise of free elections as seen in the Yalta conference did not work, as a communist regime began in Poland, buffer zone around the USSR - Agreement of reparations, within each countries zone in Germany - War trials, Germany military and government officials would be trailed as war criminals in Nuremberg - The borders between the USSR, Poland and Germany all shifted west - The last meeting between the members of the Grand Alliance to discuss post-war reconstruction

T2 - Key Events - 1917 March

- Tsar Nicholas ll was forced to step down. New provisional government is formed from Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldier's deputies.

T3 - Development to 1969 - Policy of containment

- US aim to try and limit the spread of communism through supporting anti-communist regimes, creating anti-communist alliance's and intervening in conflict - Was quite successful in Western Europe - Example would be the Korean War (1950-53) - America's containment of Communism in Indochina from 1954

T2 - Creation of the USSR

- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - Certain members of the Communist Party pushed for the creation of a state that recognised the true extent of Bolshevik control - 29th December 1922, Treaty and declaration on the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was approved by four republics - 1924, a new constitution was created which legitimised the new state - Britain recognised the USSR, meaning the world's first communist state was set in stone - By 1940, the USSR had 15 republics, most of eastern Europe.

T3 - Vietnam War - Background

- Vietnam was a European colony controlled by French from late 1800s - In 1946, the Vietnamese liberation movement Viet Minh went to war with the French in Vietnam known as the French Indochina War which lasted until 1954 - The Geneva Agreement of July 1954 granted independence to Vietnam and divided it into North and South along the 17th parallel

T3 - Berlin Blockade & Airlift - Allied Response

- Violated agreements made at Potsdam and Yalta - Went against the idea of international cooperation - Allies decided to sneak around the land blockade by flying into Berlin - During the Berlin airlift, Allies flew up to 8000 tonnes of food and supplies into Berlin each day - Total cost of airlift was appro US$350 million - It lasted 11 months ending May 1949

T3 - Berlin Blockade & Airlift - What actually happened?

- Was always considered an 'international zone of occupation' goods and people could travel freely through East and West Germany - Stalin began blockade, travel was completely restricted, food shortages, lack of fuel and medicine and West Berlin was completely in danger, thus they looked to the Allied powers to help them

T4 - Impact of Cultural Revolution - Education

- What was taught in schools had become almost completely ideological, further restricting academic development. - After Red Guards had rampaged through classrooms, bureaucrats often reappeared where schools had stood. "Students at every level had undergone years of indoctrination during the socialist education campaign. Encouraged by the party machine they harassed, denounced, humiliated and even tortured suspected class enemies"

T3 - End Soviet under Gorbachev - Political problems of Soviet Union

- When Brezhnev died in November 1982, he was succeeded by Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko who couldn't keep up with the economy - The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was controlling, corrupt and highly bureaucratic and couldn't keep up with the times - All changed when Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of Soviet Union in March 1985

T3 - Cuba 1962 - Bay of Pigs

- When JFK became president in 1961, he agreed to invade the Bay of Pigs in Cuba with 1500 Cuban exiles who had been trained by CIA - The bay of pigs invasion was an utter disaster and pushed Cuba closer towards communism, as Castro no longer trusted the Americans - In 14th October 1962, an American spy plane photographed the construction of Soviet missile bases in Cuba - There was also movement of Soviet ships loaded with missiles headed towards Cuba, making the possibility of a nuclear attack on the USA more real than it had ever been

T1 - conditions that enabled dictators to rise to power in the interwar period - Italy

- Ww1, disappointment with Paris Peace Conference - New democratic measures led to unemployment, inflation, civil disorder, fear of communism - Fascist Party rose rapidly

T2 - Role of Ideology in Soviet Foreign Policy

- based on the idea that a communist revolution in one country would kickstart one elsewhere ie. domino theory. - some also argue that foreign policy stemmed from national security concerns

T2 - Armies of the Civil War - White Army

- disorganised, several leaders, made up of non-Bolshevik political parties, monarchists, liberals, national separatists and international forces

T2 - Armies of the Civil War - Red Army

- made up of former members of Red Guard, volunteer workers and peasants, ex-Tsarist officers and Kronstadt sailors, led by Leon Trotsky who kept the army tight, strong and uniform

T1 - Hitler's myth

- representing the national will - worked tirelessly for his people - was above party polices or selfish motives - had brought prosperity and work to his people - was a statesman - a defender of Germany's rights - rebuilder of national pride

T1 - features of dictatorships - Japan

- resentment toward the West due to Allies not treating Japan as an equal at Paris Peace Conference - Development of the dictatorship, with imperial, economic and military consquences - Murder of PM Inukai (1932) ended civilian government - Conflict between Kodo Ha and Tosei Ha § Kodo Ha/Imperial Way: More radical, wanted to overthrow Emperor and government. Saw a war with USSR, didn't favour military expansion in China. § Tosei Ha/Control Faction: Less radical, more conservative. Wanted good relations w/ USSR and to invade China.

T1 - Nazi ideology

- the dominant leadership of Hitler and that he was supreme in the Nazi Party and the Nazi state - commitment to the Volksgemeinshaft (People's community), creation and protection of a harmonious national racial community of tradition German culture - race thinking, the idea that German greatness and harmony of the population was constantly under threat from jealous, evil, racially inferior groups such as the Jews and the Slavic peoples. - Nationalism and patriotism - Race superiority, specifically aryan - People's community, 'Room for the People', Volkeinmeinschaft - Mein Kompf (My Struggle) 1923, written by Hitler - Fuhrer Principle

T1 - Treaty of Versailles Social/Political Impacts

-Disillusionment, anger, collapsing political order - Abdication of Kaiser and Imperial government - Threat of socialism, democratic government

T3 - Arms Race - Timeline of Dates

1945 - USA drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ending WW2 1949 - USSR completes its first successful atomic bomb tests 1950 - Britain begins to test atomic bombs in Western Australia 1952 - Americans develop and test their first hydrogen bomb. 1000 times more powerful than an atomic bomb, one blast could wipe out a modern city 1953 - USSR respond with their own hydrogen bomb 1955 - USA announces Doctrine of Massive Retaliation. If USA was attacked the counterattack would be extraordinarily powerful and hugely destructive 1957 - USSR develops the first Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) 1958 - USA develops its own ICBMs 1962 - The Cuban Missile Crisis, 13 days of extreme tension between USA and USSR 1963 - Partial Test Ban Treaty is signed. USA and USSR agree to ban atmospheric testing 1968 - USA develops Multiple Independent Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV), a missile capable of carrying multiple nuclear warheads - USSR develops Anti-Ballistic Missile System (AMB) capable of shooting down American missiles - Non-Proliferation Treaty is signed between USA, USSR and 121 other countries. Restricts the global spread of nuclear weapons 1970s and beyond - Doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) late 1960s recognised that in event of nuclear conflict, both sides had enough weapons to ensure almost complete destruction, neither side could ever 'win' the arms race

T1 - Treaty of Versailles W Carr Quote

1959 - "The signature of the peace treaty cast a long shadow over the political life of the 1920's"

T1 - rise of dictatorships - 1930

A number of political moderates are assassinated in Japan by extreme nationalists/militarists groups

T1 - rise of dictatorships - 1933 - January

Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany, he will turn Germany into a Nazi Party dictatorship

T4 - Deng's Four Modernisations - Reform of Science and Technology

After Mao's death, Xiaoping removed China's policy of isolation from the world, known as the Open-Door Policy, which encouraged foreign trade. In 1978, Deng signed the Treaty of Peace and Friendship with Japan, which helped boost the economy, as technological knowhow and capital were transferred from Japan. Deng introduced Special Economic zones to increase trade and ideas for technology, which allowed growth to occur in the economy

T2 - Key Events - 1917 July

Alexander Kerensky becomes Prime Minister

T1 - key events of the Nazi regime - 1925

April Paul von Hindenburg becomes president

T4 - Why was Mao so determined to destroy the middle class?

As the main aim of his 'anti-movements' was the destruction of what was left of the bureaucratic capitalist class who were engaged in reactionary or counter-revolutionary activities. He defined the bourgeoisie as outcasts against whom the people's army, the people's police and the people's courts' would be mercilessly used. The task of Communist China was to therefore show no mercy in annihilating the bourgeoisie that was still attempting to undermine the new China.As the main aim of his 'anti-movements' was the destruction of what was left of the bureaucratic capitalist class who were engaged in reactionary or counter-revolutionary activities. He defined the bourgeoisie as outcasts against whom the people's army, the people's police and the people's courts' would be mercilessly used. The task of Communist China was to therefore show no mercy in annihilating the bourgeoisie that was still attempting to undermine the new China.

T1 - key events of the Nazi regime - 1934

August Hindenburg died and Hitler become Fuhrer

T1 - Fuhrer Principle

Basis of Hitler's Authority Meant that Hitlers' decisions were final, and the will of the Fuhrer becomes policy of the party

T1 - rise of dictatorships - 1929

Great Depression creates massive unemployment and economic hardship in Japan, Italy and Germany conditions that encourage public support of dictators

T1 - rise of Dictatorships - 1919

Benito Mussolini founds Fascist Party in Italy

T3 - Berlin Blockade & Airlift - Quote From Sokolovsky (Soviet News) 1948

Berlin is, in point fact, already being used by the Western power as a base for disrupting the economic and political life of the Soviet zone, by means of disorganising the currency and by other aggressive actions which violate the Potsdam agreement"

T1 - rise of Dictatorships - 1917

Bolshevik Party takes power of Russia

T2 - Key Events - 1917 November

Bolsheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries overthrow the Provisional Government

T1 - PPP David Lloyd George

Britain, complex, clever and ruthless politician, wanted to guarantee nation's security, willing to side with Wilson's softer approach

T3 - Space Race - Quote from JFK 1961

But this is not merely a race. Space is open to us now; and our eagerness to share its meaning is not governed by the efforts of others. We go into space because whatever mankind must undertake, free men must fully share"

T1 - Peace and Security - Japan's ambitions in the Asia-Pacific

Causes · Desire for resources Desperately needed new lands to provide raw materials, markets and food. Need for reliable oil supplies. · Political instability Civilian governments lost power. Armed forces came to dominate domestic and foreign policy. Division between the two factions, Kodo-ha and Tosei-Ha. Consequences · Control Pacific rim Hakko Ichiu, eight corners of the world. Complete Japanese control · "new order in Asia" Free Asia of western imperialist domination. · Racist policy Japan wanted to drive western domination from Asia, whether that be British, American, French or Dutch.

T4 - 1949 Revolution & Great Leap Forward - Michael Dillon Quote

China had been transformed from an exploited country to a country in which the Chinese were masters of a new society

T2 - Key Events - 1920

Civil war ends with red army victory

T4 - Tiananmen Square protests - Demand for social, political and economic change - Inflation

Demands for reform escalated as people launched complaints against changes that had left them worse off. Inflation was eroding the value of wages, and the rise in cost of basic items such as foodstuff was a concern for many.

T4 - Democratic Centralism under Mao

Democratic centralism operated under Mao through the democracy was held together by the obedience of the members to the authority and instructions of the leaders. Essentially democratic centralism meant that the Mao had full control, and the Chinese Communists just did what Mao told them too.

T4 - Deng's 4 Modernisations - Modernising Agriculture

Deng de-collectivised agriculture and created the household-responsibility system, which was a policy where Deng divided the land of the people's communes into private plots. Under this, peasants were able to exercise formal control of their land as long as they sold a contracted portion of their crops to the government. Agricultural production increased by 25% between 1978-1985. Since the rest of the crops could be sold in the open market, China's economy grew.

T2 - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk - negotiation period

Early negotiations - 8th November 1917, Peace decree, called for end to the war without indemnities or annexations - 22nd December 1917, Russia began peace talks in Polish town of Brest-Litovsk Final negotiations - Germany, growing increasingly frustrated by Trotsky's efforts to stall the treaty. - 10th Feb 1918, peace talks ceased - 18th Feb 1918, Germany began attacking Russia again - Lenin took matters into his own hands

T4 - Tiananmen Square Protests - Demand for political, social, economic reform - economic reforms

Economic reforms of the 1980s created uncertainty and threatened a dislocation of old values. In China, tradition was highly valued and respected. Many of the economic reforms initiated by Deng challenged the values of the CCP and PRC, mainly as they slowly strained away from the Maoist Thought to those of capitalist. Historian Dillon concludes that the reforms were "accompanied by social and political confusion",and that "there was uncertainty at all levels of society as to how China should deal with what were seen as strange and alien values that were coming from the West and Japan".

T1 - PPP George Clemenceau

France wanted harsh peace with big consequences for Germany insisted conference be held in Paris due to huge sacrifice France made during war

T1 - rise of dictatorships - 1936

Germany and Japan form an alliance known as the Anti-Comintern Pact

T2 - Key Events - 1931-33

Government policies and actions result in some seven million deaths from famine and disease

T1 - rise of Hitler and Nazi Party

He joined a German Workers Party in Sep 1919 and emerged as its leader in 1920. He renamed the Party the National Socialist German Workers' Party and called on what is now known as Nazi ideals such as unification of all German in Greater Germany, creation of a healthy middle class, ban on jews

T1 - key events of the Nazi Regime - 1921-24

Hyperinflation ravages the German economy. Its biggest impact is on middle class whose savings, as well as incomes, become almost worthless.

T3 - Development to 1969 - Quote on Policy of Containment by Harry Truman 1947

I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures"

T2 - Economic Transformation under Stalin - Industrialisation

Importance of industrialisation - Moving the country away from dependence on farming and placing greater emphasis on things like electricity, iron and coal - Means a bigger stronger economy Attitudes towards industrialisation within the Communist Party - Leftists, backed gradual industrialisation - Rightists, backed rapid industrialisation - Stalin supported the left by 1927 Stalin's approach to industrialisation - Sweeping plans for rapid industrialisation, only way forward for the USSR to survive

T4 - Tiananmen Square Protests - Demand for political, social and economic reform - New Constitution

In 1982, the CCP held its Twelfth Congress and adopted a new constitution for China, which sought to remove the 'leftovers' of the Cultural Revolution by declaring the death of the concept of the 'exploiter class', which underpinned the revolution. Since many were indoctrinated by the Mao Zedong Thought during the revolution, many were offended, leading to political and social reform.

T1 - PPP Vittorio Orlando

Italy isolated among the Big 4 clashed with Wilson left conference dissatisfied as Italy did not receive big terrortial gain it was hoping for failure in Paris ended Orlando's political career paved way for dictatorship under Mussolini

T1 - rise of dictatorships - 1937

Italy and Spain join Germany and Japan and they become known as the Axis Powers

T1 - Paris Peace Conference

January 1919, changed the map of Central Europe, two aims, first to prevent repeat of WW1, second was to justify the vast costs in terms of both lives and money that had been paid during the war

T1 - key events of the Nazi regime - 1933

January Hitler becomes chancellor

T1 - key events of the Nazi regime - 1923

January, French and Belgian troops occupy the Ruhr due to Germany's failure to make reparations payments. This causes bitter resentment in Germany and encourages support for extremist nationalist groups like the Nazis

T1 - rise of dictatorships - 1933 February

Japan leaves the League of Nations

T1 - rise of dictatorships - 1924

Joseph Stalin becomes head of Communist Party in Soviet Union

T2 - Key Events - 1922

Joseph Stalin is appointed General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is created.

T1 - key events of the Nazi regime - 1919

June, Germany signs the Treaty of Versailles

T1 - Peace and Security - Germany's ambitions in Europe

Lebensraum · Soviet lands, Land in the east, racially inferior, enslave the Slavs Goals · Revise Versailles · Rearm Germany · Gross Deutschland · Reckoning with France · Actions: o Attempts to prevent attack from Britain, Russia etc. by making peace treaties that he doesn't have the intention of keeping. o Leads to the miscalculation that Hitler was non-aggressive - policies of appeasement. o The actions Hitler took seemed to deviate from his core ideology, however they were merely a means to an end of achieving his aims.

T2 - Key Events - 1924

Lenin dies. Stalin assumes power after a power struggle with Trotsky

T2 - Reasons for the Emergence of Stalin as Leader

Manipulation of the Party Machine - Bolsheviks didn't think much of him, but in reality he had filled party positions with loyalists so he had more support than his rivals Cult of Lenin - created firm knot between himself and Lenin to avoid any questioning of his power, strenghened the connection between the Communist Party and the People Ability to Play the Political Game - Stalin knew how to make and break alliances to suit himself, dealt with the Left and Right, let his political rivals destroy each other Ideologically flexible - tapped into people's concerns and their patriotism, proposed 'socialism in one country' the idea that Russia could achieve Communism without help from the West

T1 - key events of the Nazi regime - 1938

March Germany unites with Austria, again in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles. September, the Munich Agreement hands part of Czechoslovakia to Hitler.

T1 - key events of the Nazi regime - 1936

March, Germany reoccupies the Rhineland, the territory between Germany and France, in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles

T1 - rise of Dictatorships - 1922

Mussolini takes power in Italy and establishes fascist dictatorship that ends the democratic government

T1 - rise of dictatorships - 1941

October, General Hideki Tojo becomes Prime Minister of Japan

T4 - Cultural Revolution - Aims of Mao Zedong

One of Mao's greatest aims was regaining power that he lost due to the failures of the Great Leap Forward. Re-imposing Maoism across society and the CCP Purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements of the CCP and PRC.

T3 - Soviet under Gorbachev - Perestroika quote by Gorbachev 2002

Perestroika was a reform that aimed at gradual political change to create an infrastructure for market economies. You can't just announce the markets and see them appear overnight

T4 - State of Sino-Soviet Relations - quote by Ropp P.S 2010

Soviet leaders were so horrified by the madness of the Great Leap Forward and its implicit criticism of the Soviet model that they withdrew all Soviet aid from China

T4 - Political Conditions after Great Leap Forward

Population: 2-3% of the population were now members of the CCP. The Hundred Flower Campaign: · Mao apparently used it as a ploy to coax dissidents into the open, "enticed the snakes out of their caves" (Mao). · The campaign allowed intellectuals to criticise the government. Out of this, Mao used violent means to solidify socialist beliefs on the PRC, which discouraged people from speaking out against the CCP for the future. Loss of individual rights. Government: Three Campaigns introduced that critically impacted the composition of government: 1. 500-800K of the Guomindang Nationalist Party were imprisoned or killed for 'counter-revolutionary'. 2. 25% of the employees working in finance and economics suspected of corruption were purged. Workers were given the power to challenge the dealings of their bosses, which had changed the way the Chinese would conduct business.

T4 - Social Conditions after Great Leap Forward

Population: 30% of all Chinese land had been redistributed more fairly. Education: Primary school attendance increased by 200%, and university graduation increased by 100%. Gender Roles: Mao instigated a series of reforms design to liberate the oppression of women. Laws abolished the betrothal of children, force marriages, the purchasing of brides and the having of multiple wives. Agriculture: People forced to work in strict conditions, and the poor weather resulted in a Great Famine in 1958 that caused 2 million deaths.

T1 - propaganda and censorship

Radios - made cheap and speakers placed in streets to spread the Nazi message. International stations were made illegal to listen to. Media - Entertainment, media and literature had to fit Nazi views, kept firmly under government control. Eg. Jazz or 'black music' was banned and in 1933 thousands of books were burned to discourage independent thinking Rallies - occurred frequently eg. The yearly Nuremburg rally involving bands, marches and Hitler's speeches. The 1936 Olympic games were seen world-wide and promoted German efficiency and superiority. Education - school subjects taught Nazi ideas and children were indoctrinated Press - newspapers were controlled and not allowed to print anti-Nazi ideas Cinema - films that had an interesting story with the Nazi message being conveyed through the characters

T1 - Peace and Security - League of Nations Goals

The intentions and authority of the League of Nations · Introduced by US President Wilson in his Fourteen Point Plan after WW1 · An organisation where nations could meet and sort out their differences · Did manage to resolve some international conflict such as dispute between Finland and Sweden over the Aaland Isles in 1921

T2 - Economic transformation under Stalin - Collectivisation

Reasons for collectivisation - USSR needed money to import industrial goods from overseas, exporting grain - Growing power of Kulaks Features of Collectivisation - Creation of large state run that were made to produce grain for urban populations - In theory, efficiency and productivity of farms would improve - Dekulakization, led to reisistance from Kulaks who were exiled or shot for not cooperating - 98% of agriculture was collectivised between 1930 and 1941

T2 - Key Events - 1921

Sailors from the Kronstadt naval base rebel against the government's New Economic Policy, resulting in a massacre

T1 - key events of the Nazi regime - 1935

September, the Nuremberg Laws deprive Jews of German citizenship

T2 - Nature of the USSR under Stalin - Quote T Skocpol 1979

Soviet citizens at all levels of society were subjected to intense secret police surveillance

T2 - Key Events - 1929

Stalin announces the principle of liquidating the kulaks (wealthier peasants

T2 - Key Events - 1941

Stalin becomes government head, chairman of the Council of Ministers. Germany launches Operation Barbarossa and invades the Soviet Union

T1 - rise of dictatorships - 1936-38

Stalin stages purges with the arrest and murder of many of his potential rivals

T3 - Collapse of Communism - Fall of Berlin Wall Quote by L Figaro 1989

Who would have believed that they would live to see the end of the Berlin Wall? As the refugees cross the border many experts are boasting at length that they predicted it all. But, by and large, they did not predict anything. It was not their fault. There are times when History races ahead."

T2 - Economic Transformation Under Stalin - 5 year Plans

The First Five Year Plan (1928-32) - Many targets were unrealistic - Increased heavy industry, steel and electricity production skyrocketed - Prestige projects got underway, Dnieper Dam, Moscow Canal and Moscow Metro - Domestic living conditions deteriorated The Second Five Year Plan (1933-37) - Heavy industry remained focal point - Transport, machinery and chemical industries grew, 4500 enterprises opened - Golden age of industrialisation in the USSR - Stakhanovite Movement, based off miner, propaganda movement The Third Five Year Plan (1938-41) - Cut short by USSR's entry into WWll in 1941 - Focus shifted to building up armaments for use in WWll - Consumer industries spiralled downwards again - Productivity affected by shrinking labour force due to the Terror and the Purges

T1 - Nazi Methods Quote - R Evans

The Nazi terror machine reached down to even the smallest unit of everyday life and daily work...'

T2 - Key Events - 1934

The Soviet Union enters League of Nations. Sergey Kirov, Stalin's rival and leader of the Leningrad Communist party is assassinated.

T3 - Consquences of Detente - Quote (R Garthoff 1985)

The agreements (of Détente) cannot be said to have played any substantial role in affecting the course of the Cold War and its final settlement .. Détente was a more sophisticated and less belligerent way of wagging the Cold War, rather than an alternative to it"

T4 - Red Guards oath

With our blood and lives, we swear to defend Chairman Mao

T4 - Tiananmen Square protests - Demand for political, social and economic change - China's relationship with Japan

The willingness with which China embraced the economic and technological power of Japan caused anxiety. The CCP welcomed Japanese economic investment, as part of the Four Modernisations, but those who had suffered during the Japanese invasion of the 1930s and 40s started to protest. By 1985, students launched protests against Japanese economic aggression.

T3 - Truman Doctrine and its consequences - Quote from Harry Truman speech to congress March 1947

There is no more than a frank recognition that totalitarian regimes imposed on free peoples, by direct or indirect aggression, undermine the foundations of international peace and hence the security of the United States"

T4 - Quote on Mao's view of middle class (bourgeoisie) From Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung 2002)

This will isolate the bourgeoisie once and for all and facilitate the final elimination of capitalism

T3 - Arms Race - Quote from D. Eisenhower in Atoms for Peace Speech 1953

Today, the United States stockpile of atomic weapons, which, of course, increases daily, exceeds by many times the total equivalent of the total of all bombs and all shells that came from every plane and every gun in every theatre of war in all of the years of World War ll

T2 - Key Events - 1918

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk formally ends Russia's involvement in the First World War. Civil war breaks out between the anti-Bolsheviks (whites) and the Bolsheviks (reds)

T1 - PPP Woodrow Wilson

US idealist believed he and America could save Europe from itself and further war believed America could offer leadership and make the world a better place

T4 - Deng's Four Modernisations - Expanding Industry

Under Mao, China was undergoing heavy industrialisation, which left products to be produced of low quality, as Mao focused on quantity over quality. Xiaoping shifted emphasis to light industry, such as consumer goods. Managers of factories were given the ability to choose what they were going to sell but were still responsible for making a profit. Deng thus extended the household-responsibility system to industry to make them more efficient.

T3 - Cuba 1962 - Quote by Nikita Khrushchev 1962

Under these circumstances, if one or the other country had not shown restraint, had not done everything necessary to avert the outbreak of war, there would have been an explosion with irreparable consequences

T4 - Impact of Cultural Revolution - Economy quote by Premier Hua Goufeng 1976

We lost 100 billion yuan in industrial GDP, 28 million tons of steel, 40-billion-yuan fiscal revenue. Our entire economy was on the brink of collapse."

T2 - Economic Transformation under Stalin - Quote by Stalin 1929

We must smash the Kulaks.. so hard as to prevent them from rising to their feet again .. We must annihilate them as a social class"

T3 - End US under Reagan - Quote by Reagan 1985

We must stand by all our democratic allies. And we must not break with those who are risking their lives - on every continent, from Afghanistan to Nicaragua - to defy Soviet-supported aggression and secure rights which have been ours from birth

T1 - Collapse of the Weimar Republic quote - R Evans

Weimar was weak in political legitimacy from the start... It was unloved and undefended by its servants in the army and the bureaucracy.

T2 - Kornilov Affair

a coup carried out against the Provisional Government by General Kornilov, Prime Minister Kerensky called on Trotsky to use Red Guard to protect Petrograd, popularity of Bolsheviks skyrocketed (saviours of city

T2 - Key Events - 1928

first Five-Year Plan further develops Soviet industry and agriculture. Trotsky is exiled.

T4 - Deng's Four Modernisations - Reform of National Defence

modernization of Chinese military --> led to increased nationalism in China, also an increase in number of soldiers who joined to serve and defend the PRC

T4 - Tiananmen Square Protests - Political impacts

o China couldn't decide whether to become a democracy or not. o Historians question whether the Chinese government's response was appropriate, and it is this that has characterised international discussion around the protests in the years since. o Deng crushed the pro-democracy revolution before it could start, however, surviving protestors left pieces of broken glass bottles in the streets as a symbol that Deng was finished. o Deng willingly took all of the responsibility for the government's response to the protests so that the new leader, Jiang Zemin, could start fresh. Unfortunately for Deng's vision, Jiang was even more conservative than Deng, and he was less willing to pursue economic reform as China entered the 1990s. o Jiang rejected the idea of a free market in China so that the government could retain enough control to bring Chinese communism into the 21st century. o Government's response was brutal, and history was promptly rewritten to protect the CCP. o Deng instructed his fellow Party members that it was important to create public opinion on a large scale so that people would 'understand' what the Party wanted them to understand. Propaganda claimed that no massacre had taken place, and that the PLA had heroically put an end to riots started by 'hooligans' and 'bandits'

T4 - Tiananmen Square Protests - Social impacts

o Very few amongst the Chinese youth of today are aware of what happened in 1989, with the Tiananmen Square incident being considered a taboo. o Intellectual opinions were considerably more repressed in the 1990s. o Punishment for protesting in China became harsher- the secret police were everywhere, and imprisonment was frequent.

T2 - Armies of the Civil War - Green Army

peasants fighting to defend their lands and livelihoods from both the Reds and the Whites, unofficial and poorly organised, ended up siding indirectly with the Reds

T1 - Volksgemeinschaft

people's community - classless society with the traditional values of all German society

T1 - Process of Gleichschaltung

process of the Nazi Party taking control over all aspects of Germany. It is otherwise known as coordination or Nazification. The process primarily took place between 1933-1934. Control all aspects of society through removing and imposing various laws, rules and regulations on society.

T1 - The SS

set up in 1925, originally serving as Hitler's bodyguard

T1 - Other Treaty - Saint Germain-Austria

signed with Austria on Sep 1919, recognised the independence of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia and Hungary. Austria had to pay repreations and limited army.

T2 - Key Events - 1939

the German-Soviet Non-aggression pact is formed.

T1 - rise of Hitler and Nazi Party quote by K Ludecke (a Nazi)

the Party flag was everywhere in evidence. Huge posters and Nazi slogans screamed from windows and kiosks.'

T1 - key events of Nazi regime - 1918

the armistice ends the fighting in the First World War. The Kaiser flees to the Netherlands and the Weimar Republic is established.

T2 - Key Events - 1936-38

three majors 'show trials' are held, where Stalin's opponents are publicly tried and shotthree majors 'show trials' are held, where Stalin's opponents are publicly tried and shot

T4 - Role of Hua Guofeng in the arrest of the Gang of Four

· A power struggle quickly erupted after Mao's funeral, between Hua Guofeng (Mao's likely successor) and the Gang of Four. · Hua displayed political deception and ability and moved quickly to secure his position. Two days after Mao's death, Hua established a connection with the Minister of Defence, Marshal Ye. · Hua worked quiet and diligently to create allies within the CCP; this had been the weakness of the Gang of Four, who relied on Jiang's direct links to Mao, and a power base in Shanghai, far removed from the CCP centre in Beijing. · Hua called a Politburo meeting for 6th October 1976. At this, three of the Gang of Four member were arrested. Jiang suspected a trap and thus never attended; however, she was arrested shortly afterwards in her residence. · Many citizens were happy about the arrest, with Dikotter citing one participant who, after the arrests were announced, "Everywhere I saw people wandering around with broad smiles and big hangovers".

T4 - Legacy of 1949 Revolution & Great Leap Forward - First 5 year plan (1953-57)

· Achieved dramatic economic growth and progress on government priorities · Establishment of new Chinese Constitution 1954 · Had a big impact on peasants as land was moved from traditional landlords to farmers, estimated 60 per cent the rural population owned roughly 43 per cent of cultivatable land by late 1950s · Laws abolished feudal marriages, removed traditions of bigamy, use of concubines and betrothal of young children · Regulations on art and literature · Tensions between intellectuals, artists and writers versus the party still remain unsolved today

T4 - How was Communist authority imposed over mainland China?

· All foreign assets, except for those of the USSR, were seized · Only one party could stand for election, party officials oversaw all the elections · Terror was the basic method of control · Political purges extended the CCP's power over China · Concessive attacks against antisocial, counter-revolutionaries and imperialists · CCP turned China into a nation of informers

T4 - Removal of Deng Xiaoping from politics (1969)

· At a meeting addressed by the Gang of Four in 1969, Kang Sheng, an ally to Jiang, began to publicly list traitors and secret agents he believed were hidden inside the CCP. Lin was the first to be named, and Jiang then shouted, "down with Deng Xiaoping!". · Revolutionary committees dominated by the army called the People's Liberation Army (PLA) were formed with the support of Mao to investigate potential enemies. PLA replaced Guards · Deng was removed from public life in 1968. When Zhou's health started deteriorating in 1974, he gave his power to Deng, effectively bringing conflict to the Gang of Four.

T4 - Flight of Lin Biao

· At the Ninth Congress of the CCP, held in April 1969, Lin was officially designated as Mao's successor. Throughout 1971, despite Lin's resistance to any movement towards the United States, negotiations with the Americans deepened. This led to a weakening in Mao's relationship with. Lin - particularly dangerous during the political machinations of the Cultural Revolution. · On 13 September 1971, Lin fled China for the Soviet Union. He never made it, however, as his plane crashed over Mongolia, killing Lin and his family. Rumours have continued to swirl around the circumstances of the flight, with suggestions that Lin was killed in Beijing or that the plane was shot down.

T4 - Legacy of 1949 Revolution & Great Leap Forward - Second 5 Year Plan/Great Leap Forward

· At the end of 1957, a second 5 year plan was due to be implemented · Mao replaced it with the 'Great Leap Forward' between 1958 to 1962 it planned to rapidly industrialise and collectivise the country. · 1958, the Great leap forward seemed to be making dramatic progress, Mao insisted they could surpass British industrial output and challenge the wealth and industry of US · Workers were placed into factories, agricultural communes were encouraged to produce steel in backyard furnaces · By 1959, wasn't going well, brought on a famine that would kill at least 20 million people between 1959 and 1962 · Government retreated from its Great Leap Forward in early 1960s · Extent of lives lost during the Great Leap Forward is still source of much historical investigation and debate · 1959, Mao steps down as Chairman of PRC

T4 - Tiananmen Square Protests - Rise of Jiang Zemin

· Jiang came to power unexpectedly as a 'compromise candidate' following the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 when he replaced Zhao Ziyang as General Secretary after Zhao was ousted for his support for the student movement. · Jiang was also close to Li Peng, which helped him secure the role of President of the PRC in 1993.

T4 - Tiananmen Square Protests - Events Leading up to June Fourth Protests - 2nd June

· CCP elders decided to clear Tiananmen Square. Additional troops with no ties to the Beijing community were brought into the city from outlying areas. On the following day 300,000 troops marched to the city, with residents setting up the barricades and telling the soldiers not to hurt the protestors. Troops fired on the residents, and although figures for all parts of this action remain contested and hidden, the dead numbered in the hundreds.

T4 - Key Features - Nature of Social Change

· China has undergone enormous social change since 1949 · Transformed from a largely inward-looking agrarian society into a modern successful global power· China has undergone enormous social change since 1949 · Transformed from a largely inward-looking agrarian society into a modern successful global power

T4 - Gang of Four

· Comprised of Jiang Qing, Zhang, Yao, Wang. · Their role was to carry out the Cultural Revolution. They essentially masterminded the revolution and the chaos that would follow. · Yao criticised the Wu Han production; Jiang staged revolutionary operas; Zhang and Wang secured the city of Shanghai for the revolution. · They influenced intellectual education, basic theories in social science, teacher-student relations, school discipline, and party policies regarding intellectuals. · Methods: controlled media and used propaganda outlets. · They targeted Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqi, as they gained more power over Mao. · They were able to get Deng exiled for 'conspiring' against Mao's leadership.

T4 - Tiananmen Square Protests - Events leading up to June Fourth Incident 1989 - 4th May

· Declaration read out in Tiananmen Square calling for political and economic reform, including guaranteed constitutional freedoms, a crackdown on corruption and an end to the ban on the privately-run newspapers. · Number of protestors reached to one million.

T4 - Rise of the Cultural Revolution

· Failure of Great Leap Forward and the relinquishing of PRC President to Liu Shaoqi were the first major setbacks for Mao. · Between 1962-65, Mao's dominance was challenged by Liu and Deng Xiaoping. · In 1965, images of Mao and Liu were carried in roughly equal numbers. · Liu's gained all of Mao's conservative opponents, resulting in Mao retreating from Beijing and going to Shanghai, where he and his wife Jiang Qing would gather supporters that would bring way to the Cultural Revolution. · Controversies of Wu Han theatre play that catalysed Cultural Revolution. The play 'Hai Rui Dismissed from Office' was about an incorruptible official who spoke the truth from the Ming Imperial Court of the 1700s, which many believed that was an attack on Mao's treatment of Peng Dehuai, his defence minister and moderniser of Chinese Army.

T4 - Rehabilitation of Deng Xiaoping and nature of his reforms including modernisation of economy

· Following Mao's death and the purge of the Gang of Four, Deng gradually emerged as the de facto leader of China. Prior to Mao's death, the only governmental position Deng held was that of First Vice Premier of the State Council, but Hua wanted to rid the CCP of extremists and successfully marginalise the Gang of Four. As such, in 1977, Hua restored Deng the posts of Vice Chairman of the Central Committee, Vice Chairman of the Military Commission, and Chief of the General Staff of the PLA in 1978. · Deng then mobilised his supporters within the party, allowing him to outmanoeuvre Hua, who had pardoned him, and then ousted Hua from his top leadership positions by 1980. · Deng gradually outmanoeuvred his other political opponents. By encouraging public criticism of the Cultural Revolution, Deng weakened the position of those who owed their political positions to that event, while strengthening the position of those like himself who had been purged during that time, earning him a great deal of popular support. o Out of this, Deng resurrected Zhou's Enlai's idea about the 'Four Modernisations', which focused on:

T3 - Truman Doctrine and its consquences - Greece Civil War (1946-49)

· Greece was suffering severe economic consequences and political consequences from Nazi occupation in WW2, led to a split emerging communist force on the left and the exiled Greek government on the right · Power vacuum left by the Germans leaving Greece · Churchill offered Soviets a free hand in Romania in return for withdrawing out of Greece, so they couldn't control all of Eastern Europe · The right-wing government sought to control the country unleashing a violent persecution and repression 'white terror' of its leftist opponents. · After the March 1946 Greek election, the KKE did not accept the outcome claiming it was rigged and the government was corrupt. · KKE resumed conflict · With support from Yugoslav and Bulgarian communists, KKE declared war on government, promised to restore democracy · Led to the declaration of the Truman doctrine, as the UK could no longer support anti-communist efforts in the region · Greece joined NATO after Civil War · Split between Yugoslavia and Soviet Union over role of communism in the region · Set precedent that America would support the use of force to defend the right of countries to maintain their sovereignty in the face of communist aggression

T4 - Tiananmen Square Protests - Events leading up to June Fourth Incident 1989 - April

· Hu Yaobang died from a heart attack, which led to rumours persisting that it had occurred whilst he was arguing the case for political reform with members of the politburo. Within a week, thousands of students demand a formal meeting with Premier Li, resulting in police officers supressing the protestors using batons. · Tiananmen Square became a site for demonstrations

T4 - Tiananmen Square Protests - China's Standing in the World

· In Hong Kong, 1 million residents protested in response to the massacre- fearing that the Chinese government would treat them unfairly in the near future. · Taiwan was horrified by what had happened and any cancel of a renewed relationship with China was put to an end on June 4th, 1989. Taiwan's political relations with China remained bitter for the next two decades. · Many foreign investors put their loans with China on hold, or cancelled them altogether, finding it 'distasteful' to deal with China after what had happened. · The West viewed the incident as a tragedy far worse than other comparable in Asia. · The USA saw the crackdown on democracy as an attack on their own ideology of political freedom. o President George Bush offered asylum to Chinese nationals studying in America, and offered humanitarian aid to those affected by the tragedy. · Ties between US and Chinese militaries would never again be as strong as they were in the 1980s. · Japan froze loans with China. · European Economic Community (EEU) cancelled all high level contracts and loans.

T4 - Destruction of the Four Olds

· Lin demanded that the Red Guards destroy the 'Four Olds'. o Old customs, old culture, old habits and old ideas. · This led to attacks on anything regarded as traditional. People were attacked in the street and had their hair forcibly cut, their pants slashed, and their high heels ripped off. · The Red Guards were imposing a narrow and compulsory world view on the population, which they did through violence. · It is estimated that 70 percent of Beijing's cultural artefacts were destroyed between August and September 1966 and that many priceless historical relics and artefacts were lost forever.

T4 - Death of Mao Zedong & end of the Cultural Revolution

· Mao had effectively been an imperial emperor, as he has asserted his control over the PRC through the CCP since the 1949 Chinese revolution. For 28 years, he had led a quest for ideological purity, with hopes of China shining as a beacon of hope for the poor and dispossessed of the world. · At the time of his death on 9th September 1976, he controlled the lives of about 930 million. · Mao's death signified the end of the Cultural Revolution. Ordinary Chinese were torn between veneration of the leader who had dragged the country from a debilitating civil war to make it a global power, and grief for the missing face of a friend or neighbour who had been removed or murdered as that global power sought to maintain discipline and control over the lives of all its citizens. · Million people packed Tiananmen Square for Mao's funeral. All Chinese leadership were there, except for Deng, who was on house arrest from his most recent purging.

T4 - Key Features - Permanent Revolution competing versions of Marxism and anti-revisionism

· Mao implemented Marxist theory to agrarian society · Mao envisioned a state of Permanent Revolution, the Chinese proletariat grew after the agrarian peasantry had shown the way forward in their own revolution

T4 - State of Sino-Soviet Relations

· Mao met Stalin in Moscow December 1949, but it wasn't until Zhou Enlai travelled to Moscow that negotiations between the two countries proceeded · 1950 treaty, Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance Treaty · Soviet Union withdrew from all Chinese territory it had occupied during WW2 and offered Chian a US$300 million loan at 1 per cent interests · Khrushchev's 1956 speech condemning Stalin and the cult of personality was a direct threat to the role Mao was establishing in China · In June 1960, the Soviet Union started a campaign against Chinese politics, and withdrew technical and economic experts from China · A meeting in November 1960, saw a deepening of difference of opinion over Khrushchev's push for 'peaceful coexistence' with the west · By the end of the 1960s, the split had placed the two countries on the brink of war · 1968 incident - China and Russia clashed over control of an island in the Ussari River near their border. 200 soldiers were killed, and both nations were at the brink of war, with Mao labelling Russia as 'revisionists' · The 4000 kilometres of border became increasingly contested as China accused the Soviet Union of weakening in its commitment to a true communist society

T4 - Changing political standing of Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping

· Mao recognised that he needed to bring Deng back into politics for the stability and growth of the PRC. Deng thus returned in 1973, with him being Zhou Enlai's apprentice. Here, Deng learnt lots about foreign policy, with him being sent to the UN in 1974, and him becoming vice chair of the Central Military Commission in 1975. This angered Jiang, with her manipulating Mao to exile Deng again. · When Zhou was hospitalised, Deng increasingly took charge. Deng began to work on the Four Modernisations programme, laying the groundwork for economics, science, technology and culture. · In 1975, Mao's health was declining. Sensing that his time was almost up, Mao was concerned with ensuring his legacy and preventing sweeping changes after his death. With this, the Gang of Four were able to convince Mao and the PRC that Deng was following Confucianism, resulting in his exile in 1976.

T4 - Key Features - Role of Leadership

· Mao, used his position as Chairman of the Communist Party, to maintain his control over the country from the Chinese Revolution of 1949 until his death in 1976 · Political infighting became a major characteristic of Chinese political life Zhou Enlai, Mao's loyal deputy

T4 - Red Guards

· Mass student-led paramilitary social movement mobilised and guided by Mao. · Their role was to diminish the 'Four Olds', as well as purge remnants of capitalist and traditionalist beliefs in the PRC and CCP. · Methods: Urban violence, accusing intellectuals and teachers, as well as bashing and killing those who criticised Mao. o E.g. At a girl's school in Beijing, the Red Guards decided to rid to school of bourgeois elements. They accused the members of forming a 'Black Gang' (gangs who opposed Maoist Thought), and as such, they splashed the girls with black ink and then bashed them with nail-studded clubs. Vice principle Bian was murdered.

T4 - Legacy of 1949 Revolution & Great Leap Forward - First Campaign - against counter revolutionaries

· Opportunity to imprison or execute former members, high ranking leaders of Guomindang · Between January and October 1950 over 13 800 arrests of accused counter revolutionaries were made · Citizens were encouraged to supply names of potential enemies, a pattern of distrust · Difference in figures of how many people the counter revolutionary claimed, Mao (500-800,000 people), Zhou (800,000) compared to historians (2million)

T1 - Peace and Security intentions of UN

· Plans were drawn up during World War 2 · May 1943, allied countries set up United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration to speed up economic recovery after the war · July 1944, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development was set up to stabilise world currencies · October 1944, early ideas for an United States charter were drawn up · January 1945, Allied leaders of US, UK and the Soviet Union created a conference of delegates in San Francisco April 1945 to put together a charter for the United Nations · During the Cold War, the Soviet Union used its veto power more than 30 times in the Security Council against non-communist nations to prevent UN actions.

T4 - Tiananmen Square Protests - Events leading up to June Fourth Incident - 20th May

· Politburo continued to debate how to respond to the protestors. Li declared martial law in specific districts, with units of the PLA moving into Beijing to restore and maintain public order. · By 24th May, the PLA units had withdrawn, and on 30th May, the demonstrators erected a statue in Tiananmen Square they called the 'Goddess of Democracy'. It was designed to confront the hardliners, and it succeeded.

T4 - Key Features - Causes of the Tiananmen Square Protests

· Protests came towards the end of Deng Xiaoping's period of political power · 1978, he had initiated the 'Four Modernisations': agriculture, industry, science and technology and national defence, increased the gap between rich and poor · 1986, Soviet bloc experienced major reform, including democratisation, increased pressure among students in China for greater say in the conduct

T4 - Tiananmen Square Protests - Events leading up to June Fourth Incident 1989 - 15th May

· Public order situation became a crucial issue on 15th May, when Gorbachev was due to become the first Soviet leader to visit China since the breakdown of relations in 1959. The planned welcome in Tiananmen Square had to be aborted because of the protestors and was instead held well outside Beijing

T1 - peace and security - reasons why the League of Nations failed

· Rested on the principle of internationalism, Europe in 1920's and 30's was dominated by countries with dictatorships, with nationalism being the prominent principle · Major powers were not part of league. US never joined. Germany, Japan and Soviet Union were only members for a short time · Never had its own armed forces · Countries denied the League jurisdiction in issues that concerned them · By the 1930's, nations such as Germany, Italy and Japan acted as if the League did not exist.

T1 - Opposition to the Nazi Regime

· SWING MOVEMENT: Groups of upper-class youth who embraced cultural influences from Britain and America, most notably Jazz music. · EDELWEISS PIRATES: A collection of smaller gangs who rejected the militarism of the Hitler Youth and would engage in confrontations with them.

T4 - Key Features - Modernisation of the Economy

· Single party control of economic direction was a significant factor that helped introduce rapid industrialisation and create the proletariat that was missing at the time of the 1949 revolution. · Leaders had the power to implement policies that actually set back modernisation eg. Mao's great leap forward

T3 - Truman Doctrine and its Consequences - Iran Crisis (1941-1946)

· Soviet troops had 6 months to withdraw from Iran after the war ended · They were in Iran from August 1941, to stop Nazi occupation of Iran · As early as September 1944, Stalin began to influence post war Iran in ways that would be favourable to his own post war goals · Rebellion occurred in December 1945, Azerbaijan Democratic Party, declared independence from Iran · The Soviets refused to let Iranian government troops into the area to stop the discontent · This was an explicit demonstration of the Soviet's desire to control the region south of their border · US and Iran used newly established United Nations to put diplomatic pressure on Soviets to leave Iran · January 1946, UN passed resolution demanding the withdrawal of the Soviet Union from Iran · Soviets withdrew by the end of April 1946.

T3 - Truman Doctrine and its Consequences - Turkey Crisis (1946)

· Soviets called for a change in the 1936 Montreux convention which enabled Turkey control over the Black Sea Straits · Soviets wanted to establish military bases in Turkey · US saw Soviets demand as a way of spreading their influence of Communism across Europe, 'total domination of Turkey' · Soviets formally rejected the Montreux Convention · US committed to resist the Soviet aggression, using all means at their disposal · Crises in Turkey demonstrated that with the aid of the US, a small nation has the capacity to stand up to a super power such as the USSR · Turkey aligned itself with the capitalist Western community · US response to Soviets in Turkey laid the groundwork for the policy of containment

T4 - Key Features - Reaction of CCP to pro-democracy movement

· Suppression of Tiananmen Square protests in 1989 by the use of armed force was the most immediate and far-reaching reaction by the CCP towards the pro-democracy movement. · Use of army signalled a tightening of government control · Democratic developments were quickly suppressed

T4 - Leagacy of 1949 Revolution & Great Leap Forward - third campaign - 5 antis campaign 1952

· Targeted 5 move evils CCP felt it had to deal with before moving on to planned society · Evils were bribery, tax evasion, fraud, theft of government property and leaking of state secrets · Specific target was industrialists and merchants (national bourgeoisie, middle class)

T4 - Legacy of 1949 revolution and Great Leap Forward - Second Campaign - three-antis campaign 1951

· Targeting 3 evils, corruption, waste and culture of bureaucracy · Main focus was government employees · Aim to purge 25 per cent of CCP party members

T4 - Tiananmen Square Protests - Responses Political

· The Chinese authorities responded with overwhelming force to repress the demonstrations. · Immediately after the military crackdown, the Chinese authorities began to hunt down those involved in the demonstrations. Thousands of people were detained, tortured, imprisoned or executed after unfair trials charged with 'counter-revolutionary' crimes. · Zhao Ziyang was a high-ranking member of the CCP who was quite sympathetic to the students. For instance, he attempted to institute numerous government reforms that benefitted the students, such as creating a special commission to investigate government corruption- which was blocked by Li Peng. As such, after the events, at the Fourth Plenary Session of the Thirteenth Central Committee of the CCP, Zhao was removed.

T4 - Leagacy of 1949 Revolution & Great Leap Forward - Civil War

· The Nationalists were unable to win the war as Chiang did not exploit the Nationalists advantages in the war, such as, a split in the ranks of the Nationalists which led to rival factions opposing Chiang, also there was several strategic errors under Chiang in terms of their military takings of North China and Manchuria, in hoping for a quick victory. · Chiang was unable to gain support of the Chinese Regions due to his dismissive attitudes towards the convention that national leaders wouldn't interfere in the local power structure in the regions. He instead, replaced the officials already there with Nationalist appointees who were ignorant of the social and political conditions. · The NRA was so brutal in its treatment of its own troops as they were so desperate for the manpower in the harsh economic times, that the severe measures against the conscripted troops was necessitated. The NRA's military lacked efficient leadership which enabled the harsh measures to be enforced by the leaders who essentially had no other tools to manage the army appropriately. · The Communists were ultimately successful in the Civil War due to: · Mao's strengths - triumph of propaganda and public relations, formed an unbreakable bond with the Chinese people · Mao's dominance of the CCP and PLA - the absolute dominance of the party that enabled him to have the final word in the organizing of the PLA's campaigns in the civil war. · Mao's leadership - his military leadership was the most significant to develop the Communist forces into an effective modern army

T4 - Tiananmen Square Protests - Thirteenth CCP Congress, Beijing 1987

· The Thirteenth CCP Congress in Beijing, 1987, was a conference where the CCP replaced old political members with younger representatives. o Highly significant, as it gave way for a new form of government to occur in China, which would challenge the Chinese mirage Mao fought so hard to create- a state ideologically obedient to the Maoist Thought. o Zhao Ziyang proposed a way to separate the functions of the CCP and the government.

T4 - Tiananmen Square Protests - responses Military

· The government sent tens of thousands of armed troops and hundreds of armoured military vehicles into the city centre to enforce martial law and forcibly clear the streets of demonstrators. · As they approached the demonstrations, troops opened fire on crowds of protestors and onlookers.

T4 - Responses to death of Zhou Enlai - official

· The official reaction to Zhou's death reflected Mao's fear that Zhou's reputation and legacy may surpass his own in the public's eye. As such, the Gang of Four made a brief radio broadcast, and they announced that there was no need for any memorial service other than an official one. This was an orchestrated campaign to deny recognition to Zhou.

T4 - Nature of Political Disruption & Impact on CCP

· The revolution completely disrupted the political organisation in China, as well as the internal dynamics of the CCP. · Political disruption between the Gang of Four and their desire to enforce a hard-line ideological discipline, and Lin Biao with his support of the PLA. · By 1969, a changing balance of power was recognised with Lin being presented as Mao's successor and 50% of his PLA officers being elected to the CCP's Central Committee. · Upon Lin's flight to the USSR and his death, the Gang of Four came back into contention, with them launching a campaign against Zhou under the guise of an attack on Confucianism. · Power struggle was a consistent political backdrop to the Cultural Revolution. It was ruthless and brutal as the battle for "hearts and minds" (Mao) were being fought in urban streets and rural villages. · As the party descended into a series of factions, the CCP ran the risk of totally alienating itself from the people whose lives it had seized responsibility for in the 1949 Revolution. · Mao's attack on his designated successors Lin Biao and Liu Shaoqi signalled that no one was safe if they strayed from Mao's ideology or from public criticism and punishments. · However, the terrifying ordeal that many citizens experienced as a result of the Cultural Revolution destroyed the people's remaining faith in Mao Zedong, especially due to the Great Leap Forward

T4 - Tiananmen Square Protests - Events Leading up to June Fourth Incident - 4th June 1989

· Troops moved into Tiananmen Square, by this time most of the demonstrators had left, worried about the prospects of a bloodbath. They were fired upon, again killing a significant number. In the afternoon, troops moved to clear the areas surrounding Tiananmen Square, crushing demonstrators under their tanks. By the next day, the army was in complete control of the city.

T4 - How did Mao maintain his authority over the CCP?

· Ultimate authority in the Politburo · Initiative of democratic centralism · Loyalty and control he held from the PLA · Purges of party members, members who did not follow official CCP policy were condemned as 'rightists' and purged

T4 - Responses the the death of Zhou Enlai - Unofficial

· Zhou's death in 1976 marked a genuine sense of loss among the Chinese, who saw him as the moderate resistor to much of the Cultural Revolution extremism. · Tens of thousands took to the streets in bitter conditions to farewell the man they regarded as a symbol of moderation. Observers reported ordinary workers appearing with red and swollen eyes from their weeping when they attended their jobs. · In April 1976, crowds went to Tiananmen Square to leave flowers and poems for Zhou on the eve of the Qingming Festival holiday. Police arrived and removed all the gifts. o The day after, there was a demonstration where people turned on the police. This is known as the 'Tiananmen Incident', which was highly significant, as not only was it was the first public demonstrating in the PRC, but Jiang was able to put blame on Deng, once again removing Deng from all of his political positions.

T4 - Quote on rise of cultural revolution by Dillon 2010

· as the cultural revolution unfolded, it became clear that it was not in fact a struggle about culture but was a battle for the leadership of the CCP"