Module 1

Either 1 1/2 ounces of natural cheese or 2 ounces of processed cheese is equivalent to:

1 cup of milk.

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat?

20%-35%

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for carbohydrates?

45%-65%

What does it mean if a container of canned tuna fish is labeled "95% fat free"?

5% of the weight of the product is fat.

Which of the following foods is required to have a Nutrition Facts panel?

A box of breakfast cereal

Which of the following products would not require a Nutrition Facts panel?

A bunch of broccoli

Which of the following factors has not helped reduce the rates of heart disease deaths in the U.S. over the last 30 years?

A decrease in cases of obesity and diabetes

Which of the following is protected by the U.S. constitution?

A professor's opinion about a particular nutrient supplement

Which of following people would be the most legitimate source for nutrition information?

A registered dietician working in a clinical setting

Biological processes in the modern human body that were advantages helping to ensure the survival of our hunter-gatherer ancestors include: All answers are correct the ability to survive periods of famine. a digestive tract suited for high-fiber foods. the ability to conserve sodium.

All answers are correct

Diet is related to which of the following causes of death? Stroke Diabetes All answers are correct Cirrhosis Heart disease

All answers are correct

Excessive alcohol intake is associated with which of the following conditions? Hypertension Stroke Cancer All answers are correct

All answers are correct

Foods may be rejected or accepted on the basis of: cost and availability. All answers are correct positive or negative associations. cultural norms.

All answers are correct

The DRIs recommend intake levels of essential nutrients to: All answers are correct meet the nutrient needs of most healthy people. reduce the risk of chronic disease. establish safe upper levels of nutrient intakes.

All answers are correct

What qualification does a registered dietitian (RD) have? Obtained a passing mark on a national examination All answers are correct Acquired appropriate clinical practice in dietetics Attained a mastery of knowledge about nutrition

All answers are correct

Which of the following diseases can lead to malnutrition? Digestive disorders Cancer Alcoholism All answers are correct HIV/AIDS

All answers are correct

Which of the following professionals could have embedded beliefs about diet or health? A university professor A board-certified medical doctor All answers are correct A registered dietitian

All answers are correct

Which of the following situations confuses consumers about nutrition? All answers are correct Conflicting research reports on a particular nutrient's benefits or side effects Media that sensationalize nutrition research findings Oversimplified nutrition research results

All answers are correct

Which of the following situations confuses consumers about nutrition? Oversimplified nutrition research results Conflicting research reports on a particular nutrient's benefits or side effects All answers are correct Media that sensationalize nutrition research findings

All answers are correct

Which of the following terms in an advertisement should raise a warning flag in your head as to the validity of the product? Immune boosting Miraculous All answers are correct Secret formula Detoxify

All answers are correct

Why are food additives put in food products? To enhance cooking properties None are the correct answer To enhance color and flavor All are correct answers To extend shelf life

All are correct answers

Humans are genetically programmed to make healthy foods choices but the social environment interferes with their ability to follow their genetically predetermined food preferences.

False

In a double-blind procedure, the researchers know who is receiving the placebo, but the subjects do not know.

False

In general, foods eaten away from home are equal in nutrient content and calories to foods eaten at home.

False

Industry-initiated food labeling is voluntary, is based on science, and has been proven to help guide consumers to better food choices.

False

Ingredients on a food label are listed in descending order according to the number of calories each ingredient contributes.

False

National recommendations for diet and physical activity are designed to be appropriate for every individual in a population, even those who have health problems such as diabetes and hypertension

False

Nutrition research is only conducted by people or companies that do not have a stake in the results.

False

Only 40% of adults in the U.S. consume five or more servings of vegetables and fruits daily.

False

Subjects in a study who receive the treatment being tested are in the control group.

False

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has authority to remove television reports and Internet articles making false claims.

False

The human body evolved with the presence of grains, dairy, and wild game as a part of the diet.

False

The term organic is not regulated by the USDA or any other government agency for use on food packages.

False

Using portion size estimates, one cup is about the size of a golf ball.

False

When a deficiency exists for one nutrient it is not likely that other nutrient levels will be affected.

False

Which of the following foods is associated with decreased inflammation and oxidative stress?

Fish/seafood

Which of the following tools from the ChooseMyPlate.gov website will help a student analyze his or her dietary intake?

Food Tracker

Case StudyDuring Rhonda's freshman year of college she experienced many environmental changes that influenced her diet and lifestyle. Rhonda was fearful of gaining "the freshman fifteen" and also had a limited food budget. To save money and avoid gaining unwanted weight she decided that she would only eat fruit for breakfast and salads for lunch and skip dinner. She soon found herself getting very hungry in the evenings and would then overeat food from the vending machines and cheap fast foods. She often snacked on cookies, fried foods, pasta, ice cream, and diet soda. As the school year progressed Rhonda had recurrent bouts of respiratory illness and felt chronically fatigued. Upon visiting the college health service the doctor diagnosed her with iron-deficiency anemia and speculated that in addition to not getting enough iron she was probably not getting enough protein or B vitamins. By the end of the school year Rhonda not only had overall poor health but she had also gained a significant amount of weight despite not eating dinner and an overall under-consumption of nutrients. Rhonda has registered for a nutrition class in the fall and hopes to learn how to better manage her diet and weight during her sophomore year. Which of the foods that Rhonda frequently ate were the most energy dense?

Fried foods, ice cream, and cookies

If nutritional therapy is given to a child who has experienced severe malnutrition during infancy, which of the following processes is likely to improve?

Growth and strength of the body will improve.

Which statement regarding trends in nutrition labels is false?

Health claims are now required on all products sold in a supermarket.

Which of the following is the top cause of death in the United States?

Heart Disease

Which of the following is not an approved health claim about the association between food and disease?

High-fructose corn syrup and autism

Which of the following nutrients can provide the body with energy? All of the choices Fiber Protein Minerals Vitamins

Protein

What does "RDA" stand for?

Recommended Dietary Allowance

Which of the following is not a nutrition objective for the nation from Healthy People 2020?

Reduce intakes of calcium and sodium

If a food is fortified with vitamins and minerals that are not a required nutrient to be labeled, information about these nutrients becomes mandated on the Nutrition Facts panel.

True

In general, portion sizes have increased over the past 20 years.

True

Many countries have dietary guidelines that are designed to promote health and enjoyment of healthy foods.

True

Nutrition is an interdisciplinary science which includes math, biology, and social science.

True

Some types of artificial food colors and preservatives may increase hyperactivity in some children.

True

The "radura" symbol on a food package indicates the food has been irradiated using x-rays, gamma rays, or electron beams.

True

The USDA requires retailers to display a country of origin label on meats, fish, fruits, vegetables, many nuts, and some herbs.

True

The most reliable nutrition experts are those who have specific education and certifications establishing their mastery of knowledge about the science and practice of nutrition.

True

Case Study Brittany is a part-time student who works at a part-time job 25 hours per week. Between working, going to class, and studying she does not have much time to cook meals at home. Brittany is looking for some good dietary advice on how to eat healthy but does not have the money or time to visit with a registered dietitian. Answer the following question to help Brittany get on track to living healthy. Due to Brittany's busy schedule she often finds herself eating at fast-food restaurants. Which of the following food selections would be the best choice to help her improve her diet?

Turkey sub with vegetables, 6"

Which of the following dietary terms is best explained by the statement: "Consumption of an assortment of food from each of the basic food groups increases the probability that the diet will provide adequate nutrients"?

Variety

According to Choose MyPlate, half of each meal should be made up of _____.

Vegetables and fruits

Which of the following foods could be labeled "enriched"?

White bread

Which of the following meals contains items from each of the basic food groups?

Whole-wheat tortilla, refried beans, cheese, green onions, mango

Two cups of raw, leafy salad greens are equivalent to:

a cup of vegetables

A study in which neither the subjects participating in the research nor the scientists performing the research know which subjects are receiving the treatment and which are getting the placebo is known as _____.

a double-blind study

Jamie wants to change her diet to reduce her risk of hypertension, so she decides to maintain:

a high potassium intake.

On a 30-second T.V. commercial, a professional football star claims a particular sports drink improves his athletic endurance by boosting his energy level. This is an example of _____.

a testimonial

Which of the following is the second leading cause of death in the United States?

cancer

A group of subjects that receives "the placebo" as a part of research is called the:

control group

Case Study Brittany is a part-time student who works at a part-time job 25 hours per week. Between working, going to class, and studying she does not have much time to cook meals at home. Brittany is looking for some good dietary advice on how to eat healthy but does not have the money or time to visit with a registered dietitian. Answer the following question to help Brittany get on track to living healthy. Which of the following diets would be a good choice for Brittany to follow to help reduce her risk of chronic disease?

wrong The MyPlate Food Plan

Match the nutrient subcategory with its appropriate major category. (Answers may be used more than once.) cholesterol amino acids starch simple sugars fiber

fat protein carbohydrates carbohydrates carbohydrates

Sulforaphane is a compound found in cabbage family vegetables that interacts with human _____ to help prevent cancer.

genes

The process of irradiating food:

increases the shelf life of food and decreases risk of foodborne illnesses.

A licensed nutritionist is a qualified nutrition practitioner that

is licensed by the state to practice nutrition counseling.

Adults living in food-insecure households are more likely to experience which of the following issues, as compared to food secure adults?

wrong Underweight

The % Daily Value of 5% of a particular nutrient would be considered a _____ amount.

low

Children who experience iron-deficiency anemia during infancy and childhood:

may have long-term mental and physical impairment.

"Nutrition remedies" that health practitioners believe are effective

may not be scientifically proven to be safe or effective.

Seventy years ago the dietary factor that most contributed to diseases and deaths was _____.

nutrient deficiencies

All of the following chronic diseases are more likely to occur in a person with excessive levels of body fat except:

osteoporosis

Reliable sources of nutrition information:

provide information on the consensus of scientific opinion

The Choose MyPlate food guide recommends that people consume foods in _____ portions..

smaller

A clinical trial is research designed to:

test the effects of a treatment on a specific biological event in humans by using experimental and control groups.

Bogus nutrition products and advertisements should be reported to

the Federal Trade Commission.

Antioxidants are produced by _____ and provided mostly by _____.

the body, plant foods

Approximately 50% of the U.S. population is susceptible to increased blood cholesterol levels with a high intake of dietary cholesterol. This is an example of:

the interaction between diet and genes to influence health.

The Estimated Average Requirement EAR is defined as

the nutrient intake values that are estimated to meet the average nutrient needs of half the healthy individuals in a group.

The field of nutrition is best described as

the scientific study of food as it relates to health

Foods that are organic cannot be produced using genetically modified seeds or irradiated.

true

The 2010 Dietary Guidelines encourage the reduction of sedentary pastimes and increased physical activity.

true

Food package labels list ingredients in order from highest to lowest in _____.

weight

Which of the following foods represents one ounce of lean protein?

wrong 1 chicken breast

Dietary intake of added sugars should be limited to approximately what percentage of caloric intake?

wrong 1-2%

All of the following are evolutionary adaptations of the human body except: All answers are correct the human body does best on a low-fat, low-sugar diet. our bodies have changed considerably in the last 40,000 years. the human body does best on a high-fiber, low-sodium diet. the human body does best on a lean protein, high-complex carbohydrate diet.

wrong All answers are correct

What process do research articles undergo prior to publication in scientific journals? Literature review Search engines Peer review All answers are correct Scientific consensus

wrong All answers are correct

Which of the following factors is not likely to interfere with a child's ability to learn in school? All answers are correct A high-protein diet Lead toxicity Iron-deficiency anemia Skipping breakfast

wrong All answers are correct

Which type of dietary fat tends to increase the risk for heart disease? Trans fat Monounsaturated fat All answers are correct Cholesterol Polyunsaturated fat

wrong Cholesterol All answers are correct

Which of the following nutrients is not required to appear on a standard Nutrition Facts panel?

wrong Iron

What should you look for to determine whether an article is a reliable source of information? References from peer-reviewed journals Profit motive All answers are correct Professional credentials

wrong Professional credentials

Which of the following statements about structure/function claims on dietary supplement labels is correct?

wrong Structure/function claims have to be approved before they can appear on product labels.

The statement, "Low vegetable and fruit intake is correlated to the development of cancer" is an example of _____.

wrong cause and effect statistical significance

The label of "Adequate Intake" or "AI" is given to nutrients that are less important for growth and health than other nutrients. recommended intakes for nutrients for which there are no Tolerable Upper Intake Levels. recommended intakes for nutrients for which there is too little scientific information to establish an RDA. nutrients that are needed in very small amounts in the diet.

wrong nutrients that are needed in very small amounts in the diet.

All of the following are evolutionary adaptations of the human body except: All answers are correct the human body does best on a lean protein, high-complex carbohydrate diet. the human body does best on a high-fiber, low-sodium diet. the human body does best on a low-fat, low-sugar diet. our bodies have changed considerably in the last 40,000 years.

wrong answer: All answers are correct

Case Study During Rhonda's freshman year of college she experienced many environmental changes that influenced her diet and lifestyle. Rhonda was fearful of gaining "the freshman fifteen" and also had a limited food budget. To save money and avoid gaining unwanted weight she decided that she would only eat fruit for breakfast and salads for lunch and skip dinner. She soon found herself getting very hungry in the evenings and would then overeat food from the vending machines and cheap fast foods. She often snacked on cookies, fried foods, pasta, ice cream, and diet soda. As the school year progressed Rhonda had recurrent bouts of respiratory illness and felt chronically fatigued. Upon visiting the college health service the doctor diagnosed her with iron-deficiency anemia and speculated that in addition to not getting enough iron she was probably not getting enough protein or B vitamins. By the end of the school year Rhonda not only had overall poor health but she had also gained a significant amount of weight despite not eating dinner and an overall under-consumption of nutrients. Rhonda has registered for a nutrition class in the fall and hopes to learn how to better manage her diet and weight during her sophomore year. Rhonda was limited in the amount of money that she had to spend on food and her ability to get to the supermarket and therefore the quantity and quality of healthy food that she had available was affected. This is an example of

wrong answer: malnutrition

Diet is related to which of the following causes of death? All answers are correct Cirrhosis Stroke Diabetes Heart disease

wrong answer: stroke

The human adaptive mechanism is best described as:

wrong answer: the ability of the body to send cues to the brain on what nutrients and foods should be eaten.

All of the following would be recommended to someone trying to adopt a healthier lifestyle except:

wrong: Eat less refined sugar.

Syrups and other caloric sweeteners added to processed foods or during preparation that are not naturally found in milk or fruit are called _____.

added sugars

Proteins are made up of "building blocks" called:

amino acids

Approval to study human subjects must be obtained from:

an institutional review board

Some phytochemicals are able to protect body cells and help to prevent cancer because they function as:

antioxidants

Epidemiological studies prove cause and effect relationships.

False

Case Study Ellen and Jane are roommates who are taking a health and nutrition course at their university. After completing their health family tree projects they each discover that they both have genetic tendencies toward several chronic diseases. Ellen learned that she has a family history of colon cancer, osteoporosis, and hypertension. Jane learned that she has a family history of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. The roommates discuss lifestyle changes that they can make to reduce their risks of developing these chronic diseases. Help Ellen and Jane make the right decisions for taking care of their health and nutrition by answering the following multiple-choice questions. In addition to making dietary changes, what else can Jane and Ellen do to be proactive in reducing their risk of developing chronic diseases? Achieve and maintain a healthy weight Exercise regularly All of the above Quit smoking or do not start smoking

All of the above

Case Study Ellen and Jane are roommates who are taking a health and nutrition course at their university. After completing their health family tree projects they each discover that they both have genetic tendencies toward several chronic diseases. Ellen learned that she has a family history of colon cancer, osteoporosis, and hypertension. Jane learned that she has a family history of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. The roommates discuss lifestyle changes that they can make to reduce their risks of developing these chronic diseases. Help Ellen and Jane make the right decisions for taking care of their health and nutrition by answering the following multiple-choice questions. Jane has learned that the chronic diseases she is genetically susceptible to are all _____. related largely preventable associated with excessive body fat All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following criteria should you look for to identify reliable nutrition information?

An accumulation of evidence

Which of the following substances give(s) blueberries their bright blue color?

Anthocyanins

According to the Dietary Guidelines, people should eat more of which of the following groups of foods?

Beans, nuts, whole grains

Which of the following foods most resembles what early human ancestors would have eaten?

Blueberries

A high amount of processed meats in the diet is associated with the development of which of the following diseases?

Cancer

Which of the following nutrients supplies the body with calories?

Carbohydrates

ChooseMyPlate.gov physical activity recommendations include which of the following?

Children should be physically active every day for at least 60 minutes.

ChooseMyPlate.gov promotes all of the following healthy eating messages except:

Choose low-calorie foods most of the time.

Which of the following statements about nutrition and chronic disease is false?

Chronic disease is caused by a genetic disorder and is not influenced by diet or nutrition.

Shared dietary risk factors including low intake of vegetables, fruits, fish, and vitamin D and excessive intake of calories and animal fats are associated with what condition?

Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress

Which energy nutrient should make up the majority of calories in a healthy diet?

Complex carbohydrates

Essential nutrients must be made by the body and cannot be provided through the diet.

False

Genetic traits exert a stronger influence on overall health and longevity than lifestyle behaviors.

False

Human subjects do not have to provide their consent before researchers can include them in a study.

False

Humans are born with the ability to select a healthy, well-balanced diet.

False

Case Study Brandon is a college junior who has been working out and has become interested in supplementing his diet for enhanced strength and muscle mass gains. His friends tell him about several weight-gainer supplements. One of the supplements is called "Muscle Mass Magic" and has been heavily advertized on internet sites and in some popular fitness magazines. The product has also been endorsed by a professional wrestler and professional football player. Brandon is interested in trying the product and makes a trip to his local dietary supplement store. After talking with a store employee, who calls himself a nutritionist, Brandon decides the Muscle Mass Magic is the perfect product to help him reach his fitness goals. After returning home and examining the products label further, Brandon realizes that there are several ingredients in the supplement that he is uncertain of. After researching the product online Brandon decides that the product is safe to use. He tries the product and ends up experiencing mood swings and gastric distress for several days. What should Brandon do?

Contact the Federal Trade Commission and register a complaint

What units of measure does MyPlate use?

Cups, ounces, and tablespoons

Case Study Ellen and Jane are roommates who are taking a health and nutrition course at their university. After completing their health family tree projects they each discover that they both have genetic tendencies toward several chronic diseases. Ellen learned that she has a family history of colon cancer, osteoporosis, and hypertension. Jane learned that she has a family history of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. The roommates discuss lifestyle changes that they can make to reduce their risks of developing these chronic diseases. Help Ellen and Jane make the right decisions for taking care of their health and nutrition by answering the following multiple-choice questions. Ellen would like to be proactive in reducing her risk of cancer. What specific change can she make to her diet to reduce her risk?

Decrease her intake of high-fat and processed meats

What does "DRI" stand for?

Dietary Reference Intake

Case Study Brandon is a college junior who has been working out and has become interested in supplementing his diet for enhanced strength and muscle mass gains. His friends tell him about several weight-gainer supplements. One of the supplements is called "Muscle Mass Magic" and has been heavily advertized on internet sites and in some popular fitness magazines. The product has also been endorsed by a professional wrestler and professional football player. Brandon is interested in trying the product and makes a trip to his local dietary supplement store. After talking with a store employee, who calls himself a nutritionist, Brandon decides the Muscle Mass Magic is the perfect product to help him reach his fitness goals. After returning home and examining the products label further, Brandon realizes that there are several ingredients in the supplement that he is uncertain of. What should Brandon do before taking the supplement?

Discuss the product with a registered dietitian.

Case Study Karl is taking a nutrition class and has decided that his diet needs improvement. He has learned about many different types of foods, nutrients, and health problems associated with the diet. Karl enjoys eating some types of vegetables but doesn't like fruit. Some of Karl's biggest dietary concerns include implementing strategies for losing body fat, increasing dietary fiber, and decreasing his late-night snacking. Karl normally skips breakfast to be able to sleep the extra 15 minutes before running to his first class of the day. His first meal of the day is around 3 p.m. and consists of convenient foods found in the university union such as Chinese food, a burger and fries, or a few slices of pizza and a cola. After his afternoon lunch he relaxes with friends who often play video or computer games. Around 8:30 p.m. Karl and his friend order take-out or drive to the nearby fast-food restaurant for a tasty meal before starting to study. Throughout his night-time studying Karl snacks on potato chips, pretzels, and more cola. Karl's bed time is around 2 a.m. Which of the following dietary behaviors is the healthiest modification that may help Karl lose weight?

Eating adequate but smaller amounts at more regular mealtimes, including breakfast, and choosing foods to provide enough protein and fiber

Americans have the highest life expectancy in the world.

False

Broccoli is an example of a super food which contains the proper balance of all essential nutrients.

False

ChooseMyPlate food plan recommendations are based on the hunter-gatherer diet of human ancestors.

False

Chronic disease is unavoidable for people living in Westernized countries such as the United States of America.

False

Dietary supplement packages do not include misleading structure/function claims because supplement labeling is highly regulated.

False

Case Study Ellen and Jane are roommates who are taking a health and nutrition course at their university. After completing their health family tree projects they each discover that they both have genetic tendencies toward several chronic diseases. Ellen learned that she has a family history of colon cancer, osteoporosis, and hypertension. Jane learned that she has a family history of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. The roommates discuss lifestyle changes that they can make to reduce their risks of developing these chronic diseases. Help Ellen and Jane make the right decisions for taking care of their health and nutrition by answering the following multiple-choice questions. What would be the best ways for Ellen to reduce her chances of developing hypertension?

Increase her intake of fresh fruits and vegetables

Which of the following is not a benefit of population-based dietary, physical activity, and health recommendations?

Information is specific to all people within a population.

What type of nutrient deficiency is likely the most common worldwide?

Iron

What does it mean if a banana is labeled "organic"?

It has been grown on land not treated with synthetic fertilizer, herbicides, or pesticides.

Which of the following countries has the highest life expectancy?

Japan

Which of the following factors has the greatest impact on physical health?

Lifestyle

Which of the following is a dietary risk factor in developing Alzheimer' disease?

Low intake of vegetables, fruits, and healthy fats

Which of the following individuals is most likely getting the best overall nutrition?

Marilyn, who eats mostly fresh foods including protein, vegetables, and fruits at each meal

Which of the following is a common food allergen that must be identified on ingredient labels?

Milk

Which of the following nutrients does not provide the body with energy?

Minerals

Which of the nutrients is voluntarily listed on the Nutrition Facts panel?

Monounsaturated fat

Which of the following foods is not a common food allergen that must be listed on the food label?

Olive oil

Which of the following nutrients is indicated by research to help reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease in genetically susceptible adults?

Omega-3 fatty acids

Case Study Brittany is a part-time student who works at a part-time job 25 hours per week. Between working, going to class, and studying she does not have much time to cook meals at home. Brittany is looking for some good dietary advice on how to eat healthy but does not have the money or time to visit with a registered dietitian. Answer the following question to help Brittany get on track to living healthy. Brittany and her friend Mark are going out for dinner. Brittany wants to eat healthy but Mark is indifferent about making healthy food choices. Which of the following behaviors would not be helpful for Brittany in maintaining her commitment to eating healthy?

Ordering whatever she has an appetite for

Which ingredient makes up the greatest portion of the product's weight?

Organic sugar

Tanya and a friend are planning to meet for dinner at a nearby restaurant. They both wish to eat healthfully. Which of the strategies below will help?

Plan ahead to eat healthy and have a small, healthy snack before dinner.

Which of the following foods are characteristic of the Western-type diet?

Processed foods and oils

Which of the following foods is most likely to increase inflammation or oxidative stress?

Processed high-fat meats

It is illegal to convey misleading nutrition information in which of the following ways?

Product advertisements

Case Study Karl is taking a nutrition class and has decided that his diet needs improvement. He has learned about many different types of foods, nutrients, and health problems associated with the diet. Karl enjoys eating some types of vegetables but doesn't like fruit. Some of Karl's biggest dietary concerns include implementing strategies for losing body fat, increasing dietary fiber, and decreasing his late-night snacking. Karl normally skips breakfast to be able to sleep the extra 15 minutes before running to his first class of the day. His first meal of the day is around 3 p.m. and consists of convenient foods found in the university union such as Chinese food, a burger and fries, or a few slices of pizza and a cola. After his afternoon lunch he relaxes with friends who often play video or computer games. Around 8:30 p.m. Karl and his friend order take-out or drive to the nearby fast-food restaurant for a tasty meal before starting to study. Throughout his night-time studying Karl snacks on potato chips, pretzels, and more cola. Karl's bed time is around 2 a.m. Karl's favorite foods are hamburger, pizza, and fried Chinese foods. What is the best short-term strategy to help him implement and maintain dietary modifications?

Replace one meal a day with a healthier choice, such as a grilled chicken sandwich on whole-grain bread and a serving of steamed vegetables

Henry finds that the nutrient quality of his snacks is poor and decides he would like to make healthier choices. Which initial change would provide him with the best chance for sustained improvement in his snacking behavior?

Replace one snack per day with a healthier choice, such as fruit.

For which of the following nutrients does a serving of the cookies provide a high percentage of the Daily Value?

Saturated fat

What is the safest way to make decisions about your personal nutrition?

Scientific evidence -- understanding the facts

Which of the following is not an effective strategy for improving a person's diet?

Setting broad goals for change

Which of the following dietary factors is not a common problem among U.S. children?

Severe protein and calorie malnutrition

Case Study During Rhonda's freshman year of college she experienced many environmental changes that influenced her diet and lifestyle. Rhonda was fearful of gaining "the freshman fifteen" and also had a limited food budget. To save money and avoid gaining unwanted weight she decided that she would only eat fruit for breakfast and salads for lunch and skip dinner. She soon found herself getting very hungry in the evenings and would then overeat food from the vending machines and cheap fast foods. She often snacked on cookies, fried foods, pasta, ice cream, and diet soda. As the school year progressed Rhonda had recurrent bouts of respiratory illness and felt chronically fatigued. Upon visiting the college health service the doctor diagnosed her with iron-deficiency anemia and speculated that in addition to not getting enough iron she was probably not getting enough protein or B vitamins. By the end of the school year Rhonda not only had overall poor health but she had also gained a significant amount of weight despite not eating dinner and an overall under-consumption of nutrients. Rhonda has registered for a nutrition class in the fall and hopes to learn how to better manage her diet and weight during her sophomore year. In general what type of a diet should Rhonda follow to lose the weight gained during her freshman year?

She should follow a diet that provides a variety of nutrient-dense foods and is moderately reduced in calories as suggested by the USDA MyPlate food plan.

Case Study During Rhonda's freshman year of college she experienced many environmental changes that influenced her diet and lifestyle. Rhonda was fearful of gaining "the freshman fifteen" and also had a limited food budget. To save money and avoid gaining unwanted weight she decided that she would only eat fruit for breakfast and salads for lunch and skip dinner. She soon found herself getting very hungry in the evenings and would then overeat food from the vending machines and cheap fast foods. She often snacked on cookies, fried foods, pasta, ice cream, and diet soda. As the school year progressed Rhonda had recurrent bouts of respiratory illness and felt chronically fatigued. Upon visiting the college health service the doctor diagnosed her with iron-deficiency anemia and speculated that in addition to not getting enough iron she was probably not getting enough protein or B vitamins. By the end of the school year Rhonda not only had overall poor health but she had also gained a significant amount of weight despite not eating dinner and an overall under-consumption of nutrients. Rhonda has registered for a nutrition class in the fall and hopes to learn how to better manage her diet and weight during her sophomore year. What is the likely cause of Rhonda's struggle with recurrent illness and chronic fatigue?

She was not eating an adequate, well-balanced diet.

Which of the following nutrient amounts can be voluntarily placed on a food label?

Soluble fiber

Which of the following is the best example of an energy-dense food?

Sugar cookies

What government agency polices bogus health products and services?

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Criteria establishing standards for organic foods are defined and regulated by which agency?

The United States Department of Agriculture

Which of the following statements about the adaptive mechanisms of humans is not true?

The body is able to adapt to and provide protection from all forms of malnutrition

ChooseMyPlate is a label for the USDA's food choice guidelines.

True

Daily energy intake in the United States has increased by approximately 505 calories since 1970.

True

Discussing misleading or fraudulent opinions about nutrition with others is protected by the freedom of speech provisions in the United States constitution.

True

Essential nutrients are those substances required by the body for normal growth and health that must be obtained from the diet.

True

Case Study During Rhonda's freshman year of college she experienced many environmental changes that influenced her diet and lifestyle. Rhonda was fearful of gaining "the freshman fifteen" and also had a limited food budget. To save money and avoid gaining unwanted weight she decided that she would only eat fruit for breakfast and salads for lunch and skip dinner. She soon found herself getting very hungry in the evenings and would then overeat food from the vending machines and cheap fast foods. She often snacked on cookies, fried foods, pasta, ice cream, and diet soda. As the school year progressed Rhonda had recurrent bouts of respiratory illness and felt chronically fatigued. Upon visiting the college health service the doctor diagnosed her with iron-deficiency anemia and speculated that in addition to not getting enough iron she was probably not getting enough protein or B vitamins. By the end of the school year Rhonda not only had overall poor health but she had also gained a significant amount of weight despite not eating dinner and an overall under-consumption of nutrients. Rhonda has registered for a nutrition class in the fall and hopes to learn how to better manage her diet and weight during her sophomore year. Which of the following nutrition concepts best explains the relationship between Rhonda's diet and her recurrent bouts of illness and chronic fatigue?

The deficiency of essential nutrients in Rhonda's diet caused a ripple effect and contributed to multiple health problems.

Case Study During Rhonda's freshman year of college she experienced many environmental changes that influenced her diet and lifestyle. Rhonda was fearful of gaining "the freshman fifteen" and also had a limited food budget. To save money and avoid gaining unwanted weight she decided that she would only eat fruit for breakfast and salads for lunch and skip dinner. She soon found herself getting very hungry in the evenings and would then overeat food from the vending machines and cheap fast foods. She often snacked on cookies, fried foods, pasta, ice cream, and diet soda. As the school year progressed Rhonda had recurrent bouts of respiratory illness and felt chronically fatigued. Upon visiting the college health service the doctor diagnosed her with iron-deficiency anemia and speculated that in addition to not getting enough iron she was probably not getting enough protein or B vitamins. By the end of the school year Rhonda not only had overall poor health but she had also gained a significant amount of weight despite not eating dinner and an overall under-consumption of nutrients. Rhonda has registered for a nutrition class in the fall and hopes to learn how to better manage her diet and weight during her sophomore year. During her freshman year of college Rhonda experienced weight gain despite her attempt to maintain her weight with calorie restriction. What nutrition concept best explains the reason for her weight gain?

The human adaptive mechanism—her metabolism slowed down due to her restricted calorie intake.

Case StudyDuring Rhonda's freshman year of college she experienced many environmental changes that influenced her diet and lifestyle. Rhonda was fearful of gaining "the freshman fifteen" and also had a limited food budget. To save money and avoid gaining unwanted weight she decided that she would only eat fruit for breakfast and salads for lunch and skip dinner. She soon found herself getting very hungry in the evenings and would then overeat food from the vending machines and cheap fast foods. She often snacked on cookies, fried foods, pasta, ice cream, and diet soda. As the school year progressed Rhonda had recurrent bouts of respiratory illness and felt chronically fatigued. Upon visiting the college health service the doctor diagnosed her with iron-deficiency anemia and speculated that in addition to not getting enough iron she was probably not getting enough protein or B vitamins. By the end of the school year Rhonda not only had overall poor health but she had also gained a significant amount of weight despite not eating dinner and an overall under-consumption of nutrients. Rhonda has registered for a nutrition class in the fall and hopes to learn how to better manage her diet and weight during her sophomore year. During her freshman year of college Rhonda experienced weight gain despite her attempt to maintain her weight with calorie restriction. What nutrition concept best explains the reason for her weight gain?

The human adaptive mechanism—her metabolism slowed down due to her restricted calorie intake.

Case Study Brandon is a college junior who has been working out and has become interested in supplementing his diet for enhanced strength and muscle mass gains. His friends tell him about several weight-gainer supplements. One of the supplements is called "Muscle Mass Magic" and has been heavily advertized on internet sites and in some popular fitness magazines. The product has also been endorsed by a professional wrestler and professional football player. Brandon is interested in trying the product and makes a trip to his local dietary supplement store. After talking with a store employee, who calls himself a nutritionist, Brandon decides the Muscle Mass Magic is the perfect product to help him reach his fitness goals. After returning home and examining the products label further, Brandon realizes that there are several ingredients in the supplement that he is uncertain of. Why should the supplement name, "Muscle Mass Magic," raise suspicions about this product?

The name implies the product has magical properties.

Which of the following research steps comes first?

The research question

Which type of dietary fat tends to increase the risk for heart disease?

Trans fat

Children living in food-insecure households may be adequately nourished but collectively are often at higher risk for social behavior problems and poor academic performance.

True

Substances that the body requires for normal growth and health and that must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot manufacture sufficient amounts are called _____.

essential nutrients