Module 1 Exam

Which attitude or behavior is recommended to successfully lead a business through crisis? A. Leaders should recognize that they may need to re-evaluate company values during times of crisis. B. After a major crisis, the leader should take time to consult with a variety of experts before taking immediate action. C. A leader should provide employees with opportunities to talk about what happened, such as holding group meetings to discuss the crisis or arranging for grief counseling. D. A leader should encourage workers to take time off and adjust their hours to give them time to process what happened and recover from the crisis.

C

Which is an advantage of practicing high corporate social responsibility? A. The focus on rationalization to reduce unethical activities B. Its encouragement of the practice of entitlement C. The ability to attract high-quality employees D. Its practice of punishing whistle-blowers

C

How does it smell? Is it fair? Is it right? Who gets hurt?

1. A person's intuition and common sense 2. Deontological theory of justice 3.Deontological theory of ethics 4. The utilitarian notion of attempting to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people

A _________ leader does not consider a decision to be final until it appears that all parties involved will at least support the decision.

Consensus

Use what style when high expectations need to be set for team members performing ambiguous and nonrepetitive tasks?

Achievement-oriented style

Adam, a project coordinator at a non-profit organization, observes that funds granted to the organization by various sources are being misused by management. He feels it is unethical and reports the issue to the authorities. Which concept best describes Adam's actions? A. Motivated blindness B. Rationalization C. Entitlement D. Whistleblowing

D

Blue Pharma Inc., a large and profitable pharmaceutical company, invests in a number of social responsibility initiatives that increase the profitability of the company. What can be inferred from the given scenario? A. Corporate social responsibility is based on the "Thou Shalt Not" approach. B. Corporate social performance and corporate financial performance feed and reinforce each other. C. Social entrepreneurship is the only method of engaging in social responsibility initiatives. D. The relationship between social performance and profitability is always linear.

B

Maxwell, a project manger, asks his team to decide w3hich enterprise software package to purchase. He provides them with information ont he requirements and the budget, but he does not influence their decision, as he trusts his team to make the right choice. According to the normative decision model, which decision-making style does Maxwell use in this scenario? A. Decide B. Delegate C. Consult (group) D. Consult (individually)

B

Rostov, the owner of a coffee shop, reopens his store for business after a recent burglary. Many of Rostov's staff are still shaken by the burglary, but Rostov gives them a pep talk and plans to invest in a better security system for the shop. This gives Rostov's employees hope and energizes them. In this scenario, which action has Rostov taken to lead his team during a crisis? A. Displaying optimism B. Stonewalling C. Displaying compassion D. Analyzing the situation

A

Which behavior or attitude is considered task-oriented? A. Aligning people. B. Direction setting. C. Promoting principles and values. D. Openness to workers opinions.

B

Authentic leaders are like to display which characteristic? A. They focus on the intent of an action rather than on the action itself. B. They are primarily concerned with receiving external rewards and avoiding punishment. C. They have a deep commitment to their growth and also that of other stakeholders. D. They tend to lay off valuable employees to reduce payroll costs.

C

A leader makes the decision alone and either announces or sells it to the group.

Decide

Bernard L. Madoff, former CEO of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities

Defrauding investors out of about $17 billion over a period of years

According to the path-goal theory, which example demonstrates a participative style of leadership? A. Audrey, a team member, is an attentive listener and looks out for her team members' emotional well-being. B. John is a junior manager who plans and organizes his team's schedules and tasks and expects strict compliance from them. C. Frank guides a highly skilled team of analysts by setting them challenging goals and pushing for achievement. D. Dylan often consults with his subordinates for their inputs before making decisions on task allotment.

D

A leader permits the group to make the decision within prescribed limits.,

Delegate

Which leader displays a relationship-oriented attitude or behavior? A. Juliana maximizes effiency by capitalizing on the strengths of individual team members. B. Jennifer helps her team members achieve a sense of belonging and recognition in the company. C. Megan sets high targets for her team members in order to help them realize their true potential. D. Anna asks questions that make her team members stop and question what they are doing and why.

B

Leaders who score high on this dimension endeavor to establish well-defined channels of communication and ways of getting the job done.

Initiating Structure

The tendency to focus on the intent of the action rather than on the action itself?

Rationalization

Brendon, the manager of a telemarketing team, asks his team members if they would consider a customer's inquiry about a product to be a sale. His evaluation of their responses as being ethical or unethical is likely to be based on which theory or principle? A. Intuition and common sense B. An act of rationalization C. Utilitarian principles D. The deontological principle of reversibility

A

Which behaviors are typical of a servant leader? A. Displays honest and ethical behavior. B. Sets idealistic rather than practical goals. C. Is willing to help out wherever needed. D. Tries to resolve all employee problems and concerns regardless of what they might be.

Both A and C

Derek talks about the negative outcomes of smartphone usage. As an ethical CEO, what would your next step be after listening to Derek? A. Terminate Derek from the position of marketing manager. B. Assume that local governments and Internet service providers have more responsibility for minimizing accidents caused by smartphone users. C. Examine what can be done by the company in getting people to use its products in a harmless manner. D. Blame drivers using smartphones for accidents and deaths.

C

Michelle, an auditor, firmly believes in honesty and always presents the real findings of auditing processes assigned to her. She continues to be honest despite pressures from her superiors to manipulate results. Which ethical characteristic does Michelle possess? A. Entitlement B. Capability C. Integrity D. Rationalization

C

A leader presents the problem to group members individually or in a meeting, gathers their suggestions, and then makes the decision.

Consult

Deon Anderson, former Boeing Procurement Officer

Engaging in a bribery and kickback scheme

A self-regulatory mechanism rooted in a person's sense of what is right and wrong?

Moral identity

A __________ leader places service before self interest and seeks to do what is morally right,even if it is not financially rewarding.

Servant

Team manager Sara considers her subordinate Ethan a member of her in-group. Weyland, another member of Sara's team, does not have high quality exchanges with Sara. Ethan and Weyland are equally good at their job, and their objective performances are equal. Given this information, according to the conclusions of the leader-member exchange theory, how will Sara most likely rate the performance of Ethan and Weyland? A. Rate Ethan higher than Weyland B. Rate both Ethan and Weyland the same since they are equally good C. Rate Weyland higher than Ethan

A

Which example illustrates whistleblowing? A. Jacob reports questionable accounting practices in his company to a government officer. B. Winston adheres to his principles and beliefs irrespective of pressures from his superiors. C. Angela feels that she is eligible to use company resources for personal purposes because of her seniority. D. Nancy always thinks about how she can do the best for all her colleagues and society in general.

A

Sadie hires a new manager. In a couple of weeks, she receives reports that the new manager often plays favorites and does not act in a trustworthy manner. However, since Sadie was the one to hire the new manager, she overlooks these flaws because acknowledging them would reflect that she made a hiring mistake. In this scenario, Sadie's behavior reflects which concept? A. A post-conventional level of moral development B. Motivated blindness C. A sense of entitlement D. Integrity

B

Sheryl knows that showing appreciation is an effective way to boost employee morale. When a usually silent member, comes up with great ideas at a meeting, she sends an email to them thanking them for the valuable inputs and feedback to Sheryl and other team members. In this scenario, Sheryl is practice which style of leadership? A. Achievement-oriented B. Evidence-based C. Directive D. Relationship-oriented

B

Tammy, the Head Chef, does not appreciate her supervisor Mindy giving detailed instructions for everything. Considering that Tammy is highly skilled and motivated, which action would help Mindy best lead Tammy according to the Path-Goal Theory of Leadership Effectiveness? A. Mindy should give feedback and guidance only on structured tasks. B. Mindy should consider the demands of the task before giving Tammy instructions and feedback, offering support when a task is challenging but letting Tammy work more independently when a task is familiar. C. Based on Tammy's characteristics as an employee, Mindy should refrain from giving instructions to Tammy and allow her to problem solve on her own. D. Mindy should adopt a supportive leadership style with Tammy based on her characteristics as an employee.

B

According to the path-goal theory of leadership effectiveness, in which situations would an achievement-oriented style be most appropriate? A. When leading team members who are working on ambiguous and nonrepetitive tasks B. When group members have low morale due to dissatisfying, frustrating, or stressful tasks C. When team members are motivated to succeed and assume responsibility D. When leading group members who are unsure of themselves

Both A and C

Leaders who score low on this factor typically are authoritarian and impersonal in their relationships with group members.

Consideration

A leader defines the problem to be solved and the boundaries in which the decision must be made.

Facilitate

The tendency to see what one wants to see and miss contradictory information?

Motivated blindness

The organizational culture influences which style will be tolerated and effective. A friendly, collaborative culture calls for more of a(n) __________ style of leadership. In contrast, in a perform-or-perish culture, a more __________ leadership style will be effective.

1. Consensus 2. Directive

As part of external engagement, _______ refers to the efforts a company makes to manage its relationship with the external world. It is the idea that firms have obligations to society and can involve the use of market-based methods to solve social problems. For example, the leaders at Weston Constructors founded Homes and Hearths, a foundation to rebuild homes that were lost in natural disasters. Thus, Weston Constructors is engaged in _________ ; ethically and socially responsible behavior can lead to benefits for a company, including financial gain. The relationship between social and financial performance may be a ______ , meaning that corporate social performance and corporate financial performance feed and reinforce each other.

1. Corporate Social Responsibility 2. Social Entrepreneurs 3. Virtuous Circle

After listening to Olivia and Derek, from the standpoint of corporate social responsibility and leadership ethics, what would be your next step as the company's CEO? A. Engage in community programs to create awareness about the safe use of smartphones. B. Focus only on the positive aspects of the company's products. C. Examine if there are ways to restrict technology availability to people. D. Blame drivers for accidents and deaths.

A

Francis, a customer service executive, always greets his customers courteously and tries to make them as comfortable as possible. Which ethical leadership behavior is Francis exhibiting? A. Respect for an individual B. Integrity in dealing with others C. Building community D. Paying attention to all stakeholders

A

Which type of leadership is based on the belief that leaders are most effective when they make their behavior dependent on situational forces, including group member characteristics? A. Contingency approach to leadership B. Crisis leadership C. Participative leadership D. Supportive leadership

A

Leaders will build strong relationships with their team by being consistent in their leadership style and approaching all employees in an equal manner. True or False?

False

According to Fiedler's Contingency Theory of Leadership Effectiveness, leadership style is a relatively permanent aspect of behavior that is difficult to change. True or False?

True

Several terms are associated with ethical and moral leadership in the business community. _______ are accepted guidelines or behaviors for groups or institutions. An individual's determination of right and wrong refers to one's ______ , which are influenced by ______ such as fairness or honesty.

1. Ethics 2. Morals 3.Values

George, a senior manager in a company, appears to be fair and reasonable when deciding on salary increases and bonuses for his employees. He tries to create an impression of being a good leader who cares for his employees. Which level of moral development is shown by George in the given example? A. Conventional level B. Preconventional level C. Post-conventional level D. Nonconventional level

A

Jacob, the sales head, is considered to be a very organized and discipline leader by his employees, thereby scoring high on the scale of initiating structure. This impression likely stems from which of Jacob's workplace behaviors? A. Jacob ensures that team members are utilized to the best of their abilities. B. Jacob emphasizes completing work at the confidence of his team members. C. Jacob is never biased and does not favor one employee over the other. D. Jacob adopts a zero-tolerance attitude and terminates erring team members.

A

Which action is the best accepted principle of crisis leadership? A. Take decisive action to remedy the situation B. Adopt transactional leadership rather than transformational leadership C. Stonewall the problem and defend against critics D. Delay the reestablishment of a regular work routine

A

Daniel the chief marketing officer, is working closely with his team to develop a series of marketing campaigns for the new car to be launched by his company. Daniel encourages his team to come up with creative suggestions and receives valuable inputs from them. However, he remains the final deciding authority. In this scenario, Daniel portrays which style of leadership? A. Democratic B. Consultative C. Autocratic D. Servant

B

When Frank tells his direct reports that the firm needs new contracts soon, Oliver the project manager, asks Frank if he has other contracts in the private industry that the company should pursue. Instead of dismissing Oliver's question, what other task-related attitudes should Frank have displayed? A. Frank should have provided guidance on how to obtain contracts from government agencies that have smaller budgets. B. Frank should have pursued a democratic style of leadership and acted as a macro manager. C. Frank should have transferred Oliver to a different team, as Oliver was clearly an under-performer. D. Frank should have adapted to the situation and encouraged Oliver's ideas of pursuing contracts from private agencies.

Both A and D.

Karen's team is assigned a new project that is stressful and dissatisfying. As a result, her group members are unsure of themselves and lose motivation. When she realizes this, Karen takes steps to boost their morale, as she is concerned about their well-being. According to the path-goal theory of leadership effectiveness, which style of leadership should Karen assume? A. Directive B. Achievement-oriented C. Supportive D. Participative

C

Raphael, the CEO of the company, talks about the benefits offered by smartphones and tablet computers and also other outcomes of the advent of technology. As an individual with an ethical mind, which statement would be a cause of concern for you? A. Millions of users can access information at any time through the use of smartphones. B. People are smarter, happier, and more productive because of the use of smartphones. C. Many car dealerships have laid off their instore sales reps because of the increase in Internet sales. D. The company, as an industrial leader, should play a role in getting people to use its products in a harmless manner.

C

Which behavior is typical of the entrepreneurial personality? A. Emphasizing rules and regulations when managing people. B. Adopting a reactive approach rather than a proactive approach toward work. C. Acting quickly when opportunity arises. D. Inclining toward hierarchy and bureaucracy.

C

Which scenario demonstrates contingency leadership? A. Derek is a task-oriented leader, but he often finds himself managing teams that require relationship-oriented leadership and support. B. Janet gives clear instructions to all her group members irrespective of their experience or skill level. C. Wendell assigns work hours to employees who are less competent while allowing his motivated team members to choose their own schedule. D. April is an introverted team member who finds her supervisor's friendliness intrusive, though her teammates seem to appreciate it.

C

Which statement is true about gender differences in leadership style? A. Men are more likely than women to use spoken communication for building relationships and giving emotional support. B. Women tend toward a command-and-control style whereas men tend toward a transformational style. C. Women are more likely to choose a relationship-oriented leadership style than their male counterparts. D. Men are more suited to reasoning to the feelings of group members and understanding t what they really mean by certain statements.

C

Craig, a businessman, obtains confidential information on one of his rival companies. The information, if misused, could possibly destroy his rivals. Craig considers what he would advise his son to do if he was in a similar situation. In the given scenario, Craig demonstrates which ethical principle or concept? A. Universalist principle of disclosure B. Utilitarian notion of doing good for the greatest number of people C. Principle of rationalization D. Deontological principle of reversibility

D

Edward is the owner of a large food and beverage export company. As a social responsibility initiative, Edward decides to open a chain of convenience stores across the city. A portion of the revenue generated from these stores will be used to fund soup kitchens across the city. In this scenario, Edward is engaged in which type of initiative? A. Conventional development B. Philanthropy C. Rationalization D. Social entrepreneurship

D

The manager of a small company decides to use the "facilitate" decision-making style to help his team make an important decisions. Which approach would be associated with the facilitate decision-making style? The manager .... A. Meets individually with group members to gather their input and suggestions before making the decision. B. Gathers suggestions from group members in a meeting and then makes the decision, considering himself the final authority. C. Engages the group in unstructured discussions to reach a decision, providing few guidelines or parameters so as to encourage creative problem solving. D. Presents the problem to the group in a meeting and helps them work towards consensus.

D

Use what style when a task is unclear and team morale needs to be improved?

Directive style

john Stumpf, Chairman and CEO of Wells Fargo & Co.

Opening bank and credit card accounts for customers without obtaining their consent.

A ________ leader accepts suggestions for managing the operation from group members.

Participative

Use what style when the morale of employees performing nonrepetitive tasks needs to be improved?

Participative Style

Use what style when a task is dissatisfying, frustrating, or stressful?

Supportive style

A consultative or collaborative decision-making style would likely be reccomended in which situations? A. A time-sensitive problem needs to be resolved. B. More information or expertise is needed to solve a problem. C. A primary goal is the development of group members. D. The team will likely already approve of the proposed decision.

B

Adrian, the owner of a food product export company, must rebuild the image of the company because of unethical practices by some senior employees. These activities resulted in huge layoffs and loss of customers for the company. The trust of shareholders also deteriorated. Which action should Adrian avoid if he wants to make his company ethically and socially responsible? A. Create a pleasant workplace B. Impose penalties on whistle-blowers C. Engage in social entrepreneurship D. Have informal training sessions on ethical and social behaviors

B

Frederick, a new manager, is faced with the task of estimating the timeline for completion of a project. Which action should he take if he decides to follow the evidence-based leadership approach? A. Consult with his team members on how to estimate a timeline B. Use the methods that have proven to be effective in similar situations C. Delegate the responsibility to his subordinates D. Maintain a log of his interactions with group members and their activities

B

Michael quits his job to start his own venture. He believes that he has all the qualities required to be a successful entrepreneur. However, his employees are unhappy with the way the organization functions and feel he lacks the abilities to be a successful entrepreneur. Which behavior would you suggest Michael incorporate in order to be a successful entrepreneur? A. Embrace hierarchy and work within the mainstream of bureaucracy. B. Possess a keen eye for future deals and business opportunities. C. Adopt a reactive approach rather than being proactive. D. Focus energy on employees first rather than customers or external sources.

B

After receiving Tammy's feedback, Mindy thinks there are supervisory style problems at the Red Rascal. Mindy wonders if she should change her approach to leadership and supervisory style she has been following., if you were Mindy, which action would you take? Tammy's feedback : "My manager told me, "Tammy, I'm so proud of you. You did a great job". I mean, she's acting like I'm stupid or something." A. Follow Jessica's orders of following directive and supportive leadership and treat all workers equally. B. Continue to provide clear, uncomplicated instructions to all workers. C. Choose different supervisory styles for the workers with developmental disabilities and the restaurant associates. D. Stop providing positive feedback or encouragement to workers since it was not well received by Kurt or Tammy.

C

Ben, the chairman of a company, makes decisions regarding the promotion of senior company officials on his own without consulting the members of the board, assuming that other members would agree with him. Ben's decision-making strategy is attributed to which style of leadership? A. Consensus B. Democratic C. Consultative D. Autocratic

D

Eric, the operations head, decides to shift the country headquarters of his organization form New York to Chicago. He implements his decision and starts working toward it by taking his board members consent for granted. In this scenario, Eric portrays what style of leadership? A. Democratic B. Consensus C. Consultative D. Autocratic

D

Tom is considered to be skilled at adopting task-related attitudes and behaviors to effectively mange his team. Which of his behaviors is most likely the reason for this impression by his team? A. He promotes the principles and values of his organization. B. He encourages and provides emotional support to his team members. C. He patiently addresses the grievances of his team members. D. He adapts to any situation as required by circumstances.

D

Leaders who engage in this behavior are perceived to be giving fair consideration to their subordinates suggestions.

Management Openness

Which statement is true according to the leader-member exchange theory? A. Leaders develop entirely different relationships with each group member and treat no two alike. B. Leaders are more likely to empower group members with whom they have a high-quality exchange. C. Managers are more likely to act as servant leaders toward subordinates with whom they have low-quality exchanges. D. If most group members feel that they have good exchanges with the leader, being treated a little differently by the leader affects their performance.

B

Jason, the chief security officer, is working closely with his team to devise foolproof measures to safeguard confidential data. His employees regard him as a leader who is high on consideration. This impression of Jason would stem from which workplace behavior? A. Jason emphasizes devising foolproof measures within the stipulated deadlines. B. Jason experiments with his innovative security strategies in the work group. C. Jason ensures that people in the group are being utilized to the best of their capacity. D. Jason is not biased and does not favor one employee over the other.

D

When Frank tells his project managers that he is not there to do their job, Oliver feels that Frank is not being participative. If you were in Frank's place, how would you practice participative leadership? A. By providing solutions to problems rather than asking touch questions about why they are in the present situation. B. By deemphasizing high performance standards to reduce the pressure of performance on them. C. By being cautious about taking unnecessary risk and assuming that all team members will comply. D. By encouraging discussion and arriving at a solution that all project managers support.

D

When deadlines are nearer, Roger assigns tasks and methods to accomplish them to his subordinates rather than giving them authority to choose on their own. He does this because he has found that when timelines are short, empowerment is less effective than delegation. In this scenario, Roger is practicing which type of leadership? A. Achievement-oriented B. Participative C. Relationship-oriented D. Evidence-based

D

Which statement is true of developing an ethical mind? A. It involves focusing on the intent of an action rather than on the action itself. B. It requires a leader to focus on receiving external rewards and avoiding punishment. C. It requires employees to report wrongdoings of organizations to government officials to remain ethical. D. It begins with the belief that retaining an ethical compass is essential to the health of an organization.

D

Tilsiter Inc., a highly profitable industrial group with a large number of businesses, decides to start wastewater treatment plants in various locations as part of its social responsibility initiatives. The firm's management feels that this initiative would be highly profitable and also generate many employment opportunities. Which concept is illustrated in this scenario? A. Virtuous circle B. Entitlement C. Rationalization D. Preconventional development

A

Robert, a manager, has to decide on promotions for his team members. Robert contemplates promoting one of his friends despite the team member's poor performance, but he decides against it because he feels it is unfair to his team. The question concerning the fairness of Robert's actions is based on which theory or principle? A. Deontological principle of reversibility B. Deontological theory of justice C. Principle of rationalization D. Universalist principle of disclosure

B

Carlos prides himself on being able to hire skilled team members and then letting them take initiative and responsibility for their tasks. He sets high standards for each of his employees. John has been on Carlos's team for 6 months and feels that he is not competent enough and, therefore, becomes less motivated. According to the path-goal theory of leadership effectiveness, what would be the best course of action in helping John? A. Carlos should seek John's feedback on important business decisions so that he feels more competent and valued. B. Carlos should hold John accountable for his performance and set high expectations. C. Carlos should listen to and encourage John and also coach John to accomplish tasks. D. Carlos should adopt an achievement-oriented leadership style with John.

C

Jennifer and Oliver responded to Frank, "It is not possible to squeeze a contract out of a government agency if they don't have money in the budget." Which measure would you adopt as a leader to address their apprehensions? A. Satisfy their lower level needs. B. Set idealistic targets for them to achieve. C. Lend a hand as a servant leader and look for other contract options. D. Provide a less structured work environment.

C

Jeremy is an effective leader who is capable of helping his subordinates complete their tasks. However, he is considered intimidating by some of his team members and is often unable to boost the group's morale. Jeremy feels that since his strengths are task oriented, management should place him as the leader of team members who need task-related guidance. Jeremy is a strong believer of which leadership theory or approach? A. Path-goal theory of leadership effectiveness B. Leader-member exchange theory C. Fiedler's contingency theory of leadership effectiveness D. Normative decision model

C

Lowell is an operations supervisor at a manufacturing plant. A major fire at the plant halted operations for two weeks. When the plant became operational again, Lowell encouraged workers to return to their normal schedules to restore purpose to their lives. In this scenario, which crisis leadership attribute is displayed by Lowell? A. Understanding the big picture B. Leading with compassion C. Reestablishing the usual work routine D. Preventing future crises through disaster planning

C

Grace is a finance manager at her firm. She wants to make a decision based on the inputs of her group members and their agreement. Which participative leadership style should Grace use? A. Consultative B. Autocratic C. Democratic D. Consensus

D

Though Jessica was instructed by upper management to provide positive feedback and encouragement to workers, it backfired with Kurt and Tammy. Which action should Jessica take to resolve this situation? A. Jessica should adopt a more directive style with Kurt and Tammy. B. Jessica should apply the normative decision model to her management practices. C. Jessica should provide less support and encouragement in the workplace. D. Jessica should adopt a contingency approach to leadership. Hide Feedback

D

Sean, the sales head of a company, notices that his team frequently fails to meet sales targets. As a task-oriented leader, which measure should Sean adopt to boost sales and increase his effectiveness as a leader? A. He should provide his group members with avenues for professional growth. B. He should focus on providing solutions rather than asking why targets are not met. C. He should focus on setting high performance standards for his team members. D. He should concentrate on the weaknesses of his group members and focus on improving them.

C

Which leader is adopting a relationship-oriented behavior or attitude? A. Roger poses tough questions to his team members to enable them to realize their wrongdoings. B. Sarah consistently holds her group members to high standards of performance. C. George motivates his team members satisfying their needs for recognition and self-esteem. D. Katie provides hands-on guidance and micromanages her team members to ensure efficiency.

C

Which statement is true of corporate social responsibility? A. Company leaders should impose severe penalties on whistle-blowers in order to remain ethical. B. Company leaders should have a level of moral development that makes them look good. C. Company leaders should focus on receiving external rewards and avoiding punishment. D. Company leaders should work with suppliers to improve physical and mental working conditions.

D

Which suggestion paves the way for an effective 360-Degree survey? A. Provide feedback that is aimed at administrative control rather than personal development of managers. B. Devise a plan that Nicole's transferring managers with poor performance to another department or laying them off altogether. C. Ensure that managers rated are oblivious to the identity of the employees rating them. D. Customize the assessment dimensions based on the leadership competencies that are associated with success in one's organization.

D