Module 10 Reproductive System
What structure caps the head of a mature sperm and enables the sperm to penetrate an egg?
Acrosome
Progesterone is produced by
Corpus Luteum
What is formed following ovulation from the empty follicle due to LH influence?
Corpus Luteum
Females produce and release all of the following hormones except estrogen progesterone DHT oxytocin prolactin none of the above
DHT
What is NOT an effect of Testosterone on the male during puberty? causes enlargement and differentiation of the male genitals increases the rate of sebaceous glad secretion causes the texture of the skin to become coarser and darker decreases metabolism so that muscle can build
Decreases metabolism so that muscle can build
Which of the following is NOT a function of reproduction? hormone production and release fertilization nourishment elimination none of the above
Elimination
The layer of the uterine wall that is shed during menstruation is the
Endometrium
Sperm are stored and matured in the
Epididymis
The final maturation and temporary storage site of sperm cells is in the
Epididymis
Maturing follicles in the ovary will secrete _____________ in increasing amounts. The increased secretion of this hormone will stimulate the secretion of luteinizing hormone prior to ovulation.
Estrogen
Which hormone is responsible for a positive feedback effect on the pituitary prior to ovulation?
Estrogen
Which hormones are primarily responsible for the changes associated with puberty in females?
Estrogen and Progesterone
The male sex organ is the penis.
FALSE
An example of a gonadotropin
FSH
Sertoli (sustentacular) cells are stimulated by ___________, while Leydig (interstitial) cells are stimulated by ___________.
FSH, LH
Which of the following statements is false? Ovaries produce female sex hormones The myometrium forms the major part of the uterus Fertilization occurs in the vagina Implantation occurs in the uterus The vagina serves as the birth canal
Fertilization occurs in the vagina
How many sperm are produced from one spermatogonium?
Four
The cause of menses in the menstrual cycle appears to be
decreased progesterone secretion by the ovary
Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted from the gonads?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
A follicle containing a secondary oocyte and a single fluid-filled antrum is called a _____ follicle.
Graafian or mature
A pituitary tumor interferes with FSH secretion. How would this effect a male?
He would produce sperm
Spermatogenesis occurs
In the seminiferous tubules
Males produce and release all of the following hormones except LH FSH hCG Testosterone a and b only all but d Score: 0 of 1
hCG
Which hormone is released by the developing embryo to maintain the corpus luteum?
hCG
What cells produce testosterone?
Interstitial cells
Gonadotropin
Is another word for LH and FSH
Semen
Is largely fluids with the sperm cells as a small contribution
The corpus luteum
Is the leftover follicle and follicular material after ovulation
Which gland(s) secretions make up about 30% of the seminal volume and aid in adjustment of the pH of the semen?
Prostate Gland
The ____________ phase of the endometrium is supported when the ovary is in the luteal phase.
Secretory
Which of the following hormones would decrease if an adult male were castrated (testes removed)?
Testosterone
LH in the male stimulates
Testosterone Production
Nearly 2/3 of the semen fluid volume comes from...
The Seminal Vesicles
The role of LH in the male is
To Stimulate Production and Release of Testosterone
During the menstrual cycle, there are times when the ovary is more sensitive to luteinizing hormone than at other times. The heightened sensitivity to this hormone is due to:
Up regulation of the receptor
The protein coat around an oocyte that a sperm must get through to cause a fertilization is called...
Zona Pellucida
How many follicles initiate development at the beginning of the ovarian cycle?
as many as 25
The role of LH in the female is
to complete follicular maturation and release of the follicle from the ovary
In the average adult female with a 28-day cycle, ovulation occurs around day _______ of the menstrual cycle.
14
In the average adult female, ovulation occurs at day ______________ of the menstrual cycle.
14
Approximately how many potential oocytes are available at birth?
2 million
The testis in a male fetus typically descend into the scrotum at approximately
28 weeks
What is the length of a typical menstrual cycle?
28-30 days
There is a diagnostic procedure called the Sperm Penetration Assay (SPA), which can predict the ability of sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and fertilize an ovum once the sperm reaches the egg. Which of the following sperm characteristics need to be functioning properly or at a normal level in order to achieve a normal value? 1- sperm concentration 2- sperm motility 3- capacitation 4-acrosome reaction 5- sperm longevity 6- semen volume
3, 4, 5
Norman had a stroke that decreased blood flow to his anterior pituitary gland. The condition had a sudden onset, and the manifestations lasted for about a week before collateral circulation developed and the manifestations disappeared. Which of the following are most consistent with this temporary interruption of anterior pituitary function? (1) increased testosterone levels in the blood; (2) reduced sperm counts during the week Norman was in the hospital; (3) decreased testosterone levels in the blood; (4) normal sperm counts during the week Norman was in the hospital; (5) increased LH secretion; (6) decreased LH secretion
3, 4, 6
How many primary oocytes are left by the time a female begins puberty?
300,000-400,000
How many primary oocytes will complete development and eventually be released from the ovaries?
400
Sertoli cells produce hormones are the developing spermatocytes act as a barrier to infection a and b a and c all of the above Score: 0 of 1
A and C
In a basic semen analysis, the sperm concentration is the least likely predicator of fertility success. What are some other factors that could be tested which would yield more relevant results? head and tail shape volume of seminal fluid movement capability of the sperm a and c only a and b only all of the above
A and C only
How is meiosis different in the female than the male? the female only has one egg while the male has 4 sperm resulting from a single cell the female's sex cells have begun meiosis prior to birth while the male initiates meiosis at puberty meiosis completes in the female only if the egg is fertilized while the male's gametes complete meiosis prior to maturation a and b only all of the above none of the above
All of the Above
LH stimulates testosterone production in men stimulates estrogen production in women is necessary for ovulation to occur a and b a and c b and c all of the above
All of the Above
Male androgen (sex steroids) Stimulate sperm production Promote the normal development and maintenance of sexual behavior Are responsible for secondary sexual characteristics, ie beard growth Are responsible for the development of the male genitilia All of the above
All of the Above
Which gland(S) functions to lubricate the urethra and reduce vaginal acidity? seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral none of the above all of the above
Bulbourethral
The process of a spermatocyte moving through the epididymis and becoming capable of fertilizing an egg is called?
Capacitation
At which step does the oocyte become haploid (half of chromosomes)?
Just Prior to Ovulation
The release of testosterone requires
LH
Which hormone peaks and is necessary for ovulation to occur?
LH
Some males benefit from taking Clomid, which stimulates follicular growth in women. In what circumstances would a patient be prescribed this medication?
Low levels of FSH
______________ causes ovarian follicles to complete maturation and undergo ovulation. It also has a role in the development of the corpus luteum after the follicle has ovulated.
Luteinizing hormone
Which of the following is NOT a function of the granulosa cells? movement protection nutrition development of the oocyte
Movement
DNA structural damage is a leading cause of infertility in males. In addition to inherited genetics, damage to the DNA can come from life choices such as smoking, recreational drug use and alcohol. Alternatively, there are environmental and work-related factors (such as pesticides, frequent riding bicycles/motorcycles, hot environments, etc.) which may also lead to damage. What would NOT be an effect of DNA damage in sperm? increased miscarriage rates passing along damaged DNA to offspring reduced conception rates none of the above. All are effects of DNA damage in sperm.
None of the Above
GnRH is a fat-soluble hormone is released by the pituitary inhibits the release of the gonadotropins none of the above
None of the Above
LH and FSH are different hormones with the same effects are strictly "female" hormones are secreted in men but the functions are unknown none of the above
None of the Above
What is it called when a mature follicle ruptures and ejects the oocyte into the uterine tube?
Ovulation
Which hormone is responsible for milk let down after birth?
Oxytocin
Chronically elevated GnRH causes the following in the male-
Potential Infertility
What is the major hormone produced during the luteal phase?
Progesterone
Shortly after ovulation
Progesterone Increases
Removal of the ____________ would result in a lack of energy source in the semen to support sperm cells.
Seminal Vesicles
Which gland(s) contributes the most volume of the total in semen?
Seminal Vesicles
Which gland(s) secretions contain large amounts of fructose?
Seminal Vesicles
Sperm are produced in the
Seminiferous Tubules
The site of spermatogenesis in the male is the
Seminiferous tubules
A primary follicle contains
Several layers of granulosa cells
Testosterone
Stimulates rapid bone growth and increases the deposition of calcium in bone
Testosterone
Stimulates the development of terminal hairs
A phosphodiesterase inhibitor may help a male with erectile dysfunction
TRUE
A polar body is the extra extruded DNA material as a result of meiosis
TRUE
A spermatid is more developed than a spermatocyte
TRUE
All the eggs the female will ever have are created prior to birth.
TRUE
In the normal male reproductive act (erection and ejaculation) requires stimulation from both the sympathetic and parasympathic systems.
TRUE
It takes approximately 10 weeks for sperm to be produced to maturity.
TRUE
Once the sperm cells are in the epididymis, they are mature and motile
TRUE
One of the functions of the granulosa cells in the follicle is to convert androgens to estrogen.
TRUE
The female sex organ is the ovary
TRUE
The target tissue of LH and FSH in both sexes is the gonads.
TRUE
In males, luteinizing hormone binds to interstitial cells and causes them to produce and secrete
Testosterone
What statement about the regulation of the male reproductive hormones is true?
The cells of the testis release inhibin which has a negative feedback on FSH directly
How does the regulation of the male reproductive hormones change at puberty?
The hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to negative feedback
Why do very high levels of Testosterone cause a male to stop producing sperm?
The negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary can atrophy the testes
Sometimes, in conjunction with the advanced reproductive techniques of IVF (in vitro fertilization) and ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection), a testicular biopsy or an epididymal aspiration is performed to retrieve sperm. Based on your understanding of spermatogenesis, why would an epididymal aspiration be advantageous over a testicular biopsy?
The sperm in the epididymis are more mature
The testis need to reside outside the abdominal cavity otherwise
The temperature of the body would prevent sperm cell development
The usual site of embryo implantation is:
The uterus
Which cells synthesize ovarian hormones prior to ovulation?
Theca Cells
A test for the presence of fructose in the semen is an easy indicator that can give a possible explanation to no sperm seen in the ejaculated fluid. A negative test would likely indicate which of the following rationals?
There isn't a contribution from the seminal vesicles, so there is a possible obstruction in the upper portion of the reproductive tract
About how many oogonia are available for possible development and ovulation in a teenage girl just starting puberty?
about 400,000
GnRH
is released from the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of LH and FSH
The Corpus Luteum
is the leftover follicle and follicular material after ovulation