Module 11: Vertebral Column and Trunk Wall (Anatomy 337 UW Madison Exam 2)

Which ligament prevents hyperextension? Size?

- Anterior longitudinal -Large & Wide

Sacral -Body -Spinous process -Transverse process - Articular facets -Other features

- Bodies are fused - Fused- create median sacral crest - Fused- create lateral sacral crest - Only one set of superior articular facets -Sacral canal, sacral foramina for spinal nerve passage

Transversus abdominus describe what it does

- Compression of the abdominal wall -no motion -stabilizes

Inguinal canal: Deep inguinal ring: Superficial inguinal ring:

- Creates a weakness in the abdominal wall - Canal entrance - Canal exit

Erector spinae muscles are organized into three groups. What are they? What is their function? Describe bilateral Describe unilateral

- Illocostalis -Longissimus -Spinalis - To extend your spine -Bilateral: extension of the vertebral column -Unilateral (not spinalis)- lateral flexion of vertebral column

The coccyx is an attachment site for what? What does it maintain?

- It is an attachment site for pelvic floor muscles - It maintains stuff with things leaving body, lower abs

Lumbar -Body -Spinous process -Transverse process - Articular facets -Other features

- Largest body -Large and blunted -Short -Largest, superior face posteriorly, inferior face anteriorly -Triangular vertebral foramen

External oblique is contralateral Describe its unilateral movement Describe its bilateral movement

- Lateral flexion and contralateral rotation of the vertebral column - Flexion of the vertebral column and compression of the abdominal wall

Internal oblique is motion on same side Describe unilateral movement Describe bilateral movement

- Lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation of the vertebral column - Flexion of the vertebral column and compression of the abdominal wall

Which ligaments prevents hyperflexion? Size?

- Posterior longitudinal - Narrow and weak

Rectus abdominus describe what it does

- flexion of vertebral column and compression of the abdominal wall - sit up -flexion abdominal

The bony frame around chest composed of: -Thoracic vertebrae

- posteriorly

The bony frame around chest composed of: -Thoracic vertebrae -Ribs -Sternum and costal cartilage

- posteriorly -laterally -anteriorly

Cervical -Body -Spinous process -Transverse process - Articular facets -Other features

- smallest body -bifid -small, U-shaped with transverse foramen - Flat, face upward or downward - C1 & C2 (unique anatomy) triangular vertebral foramen

Regarding the sacrum, -The superior articular process: articulates where? - The ventral (anterior) foramina: what is it? -Dorsal (posterior) foramina: what is it?

-Articulates with L5 - Ventral rami of sacral spinal nerves - Dorsal rami of sacral spinal nerves

Thoracic -Body -Spinous process -Transverse process - Articular facets -Other features

-Cervial> Thoracic> Lumbar (costal (demi ) facets -Long, pronounced with downward angle -Longest, facet for articulation with rib tubercle -Superior face posteriorly, inferior face anteriorly - Circular vertebral foramen

Where is the inguinal region? What is it the spot for?

-It is the region right above the groin. -It is the spot where things can pass through

Compression of a spinal nerve usually results in what? Where is it most common?

-Numbness and weakness on one side of body -Most common in cervical and lumbar

Regarding the intervertebral discs, - The outer layer that is firm is called what? -The inner layer that is squishy is called what?

-Outer anulus fibrosus -Inner nucleus pulposus

Describe true ribs

-Ribs 1-7 Direct articulation with the sternum by costal cartilages (hyaline cartilage)

Describe floating ribs

-Ribs 11-12 -Do not articulate with the sternum

Describe false ribs

-Ribs 8-12 -Ribs have indirect sternal articulation -Cartilage fuses with rib 7

Rectus abdominis - Movement -Target -Target motion direction

-Sitting up -Vertebral column -Flexion

Transversus abdominus - Movement -Target -Target motion direction

-Squeezing abdomen during forceful exhalations, defecation, urination, and childbirth -Abdominal cavity -Compression

External and internal obliques - Movement -Target -Target motion direction

-Twisting at waist, also bending to the side -Vertebral column -Rotation; lateral flexion

What are the two parts of the intervertebral disc?

-annulus fibrosus (outer layer) -nucleus pulposus (inner layer)

secondary curvatures develop after birth. (born with) What are the two secondary curves? Why do they develop?

-cervical curve -lumbar curve They develop as we start walking, standing up right

Regarding the sternum, the xiphoid process is where? What type of cartilage is it made out of? When does it ossify? What can happen during CPR to the xiphoid process?

-inferior -hyaline cartilage -Around age 40 -It can be fractured/dislocated

Regarding the sternum, the body is where? The ribs articulate with ? What articulations are present?

-middle -sternal angle -costal articulations

Regarding intercostal nerves & dermatomes (sensory distribution) - Where does T1 go? -T2-T6? -T7-12?

-part of the branchial plexus - Innervate the intercostal muscles and the overlying skin - Innervate the intercostal muscles, the abdominal muscles, and the overlying skin

What is the thoracic cage formed from?

-sternum and 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages

Regarding the sternum, the manubrim is where? What notches are present?

-superior -suprasternal (jugular) notch and clavicular notches what do the clavicular notches do? - connects the upper extremities to the body!

Primary curves are retained from the original fetal curvature (born with) What are the two primary curves?

-thoracic curve -sacrococcygeal curve

What are the seven processes? What do they do?

-transverse (paired) -spinous (single) -superior articular (paired) -inferior articular (paired) -play a major role in determining the type and range of motion available in each region.

Describe the annulus fibrosus. What does it do?

. The annulus fibrosus is the tough, fibrous outer layer of the disc. It forms a circle (annulus = "ring" or "circle") and is firmly anchored to the outer margins of the adjacent vertebral bodies

The largest ligament of the vertebral column prevents excessive backward bending (hyperextension) and is known as the: A)Anterior longitudinal B)Posterior longitudinal C)Supraspinous D)Ligamentum flavum

A)Anterior longitudinal

Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas. A)Occipital condyles B)Superior articular facets C)Mastoid process D)Foramen magnum

A)Occipital condyles

A true rib: A)has a direct attachment to the sternum B)does not attach to the sternum C)indirectly attaches to the sternum via cartilage of the next higher rib D)ends in elastic cartilage

A)has a direct attachment to the sternum

When does the fusion of sacral vertebrae begin (formation of sacrum)

After age of 20!

Excluding the sacrum and coccyx, which are collections of fused vertebrae in adults, how many vertebrae are in the adult skeleton? A)12 B)24 C)26 D)34

B)24

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra? A)Occipital condyles B)Atlas C)Superior articular process D)Axis

B)Atlas

Which of the following characteristics belong to the lumbar region? A)Facet joints B)Blunt spinous process C)Long transverse processes D)Small superior articular processes facing anteriorly

B)Blunt spinous process

Why are herniated discs usually posterolateral?

Because ligaments prevents it from going anteriorally

Which vertebra lacks both a body and spinous process? A)L1 B)Axis (C2) C)Atlas (C1) D)T1

C)Atlas (C1)

An intervertebral disc is an example of what type of cartilage? A)Hyaline cartilage B)Articular cartilage C)Fibrocartilge D)Elastic cartilage

C)Fibrocartilge

Rib 5 articulates with the transverse process of which thoracic vertebrae? A)T6 B)T4 C)T5 D)T7

C)T5

The most superior, U-shaped notch on the manubrium of the sternum is called: A)clavicular notch B)xiphoid process C)the jugular (suprasternal) notch D)sternal angle

C)the jugular (suprasternal) notch

Which of the following can only be found in cervical vertebrae? A)facets B)spinous processes C)transverse foramina D)laminae E)transverse proceses

C)transverse foramina

Describe regions of the vertebral column.

C1-C7 T1-T12 L1-L5 Sacrum (made of five fused sacral vertebrae) Coccyx (made of three to four fused coccygeal vertebrae)

Ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae at what?

Costal facet joints

How many thoracic vertebrae are in the vertebral column? A)5 B)4 C)7 D)12

D)12

One section of the vertebrae tends to carry the most weight and strain, and accordingly those vertebrae have the largest vertebral bodies. Which section of vertebrae is this? A)cervical B)sacral C)thoracic D)lumbar

D)lumbar

The primary function of the vertebral body is to: A)provide support B)provide a passageway for nerves C)allow twisting motions D)transfer weight along the axis of the vertebral column E)protect the spinal cord

D)transfer weight along the axis of the vertebral column

What is the axis (C2)?

Dens a projection which acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas and the skull

What kind of cartilage are the vertebral bodies separated by intervertebral discs made with?

Fibrocartilage

What do ligaments prevent?

Hyperextension (HEAD BACK) and Hyperflexion (SITUP)

What is important about the space between ribs? (Intercostal space structures)

In between ribs we have space, for muscles and neurovascular structures!

Vertebraes are connected by what? How many bones make up the vertebral column?

Intervertebral discs, 26 bones!

Describe the vertebral column What does it protect?

It is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord, which passes down the back through openings in the vertebrae.

What is the inguinal ligament and what does it do?

It is a thick, under-turned inferior margin of the external oblique aponeurosis.

Lordosis?

Lordosis is an excessive curvature in the lumbar region of the vertebral column. Ex) Excessive weight in abdomen can cause it like pregnancy!!!

How are lumbar vertebrae characterized by?

Lumbar vertebrae are characterized by having a large, thick body and a short, rounded spinous process.

Describe internal oblique

Middle lateral muscle, (right angle to external oblique) thumb

The superior and inferior articular facets and processes do what?

Play a role in flexion and extension

The bony frame around the chest does what?

Protects heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus and other thoracic organs

The thoracic cage provides what?

Provides scaffolding for things to attach to!

Scoliosis? LMAO YOU

Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral bending of the vertebral column.

What can sensory distribution be important for?

Seeing what part of the spine is injured! For example, T10 innervates around the belly button, if it is hurting in that area then you know it might be injured!

What is the spinous process? What does it do?

Spinous process is a bony projection off the posterior (back) of each vertebra. -provides the point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine.

Describe external oblique

Superficial lateral muscle (pockets, fingers going in)

Where does the majority of the motion "No" occur?

The Axis (C2)

The rib number is named after the articulation with the transverse process. Give an example

The T6 transverse process articulates with rib 6

Where does the majority of motion "Yes" occur?

The atlas (C1)

What is the body of the vertebrae?

The body is the anterior portion of each vertebra and is the part that supports the body weight.

Atlas (C1) is where the majority of motion happens. What articulates with the occipital bone?

The deep superior articular facets that articulate with the occipital condyles of the occipital bone

Kyphosis?

The excessive curvature of the upper thoracic vertebral column is called kyphosis

The vertebral foremen contains what?

The spinal cord

The intervertebral foramen is where what exits?

The spinal nerves

What is the transverse processes? What do the muscles do ?

The transverse processes serve as muscle attachment sites and are used as lever arms by spinal muscles. The muscles that attach to the transverse processes maintain posture and induce rotation and lateral flexion of single vertebrae and the spine as a whole.

What does the vertebral arch do? -What forms the arch? -What arises from the vertebral arch? -What does it contain?

The vertebral arch forms the posterior portion of each vertebra -The seven processes -Vertebral foreaman where spinal cord is

What are spinal curves function?

These curves increase the vertebral column's strength, flexibility, and ability to absorb shock

What do ligaments in the verterbral column do?

They serve to resist excess forward or backward bending movements of the vertebral column, respectively.

True or false. All abdominal muscles are innervated by thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

True

What does a typical vertebrae consist of?

a body, a vertebral arch, and seven processes.

Describe rectus abdominis

anterior muscle connecting sternum to public bone (6-pack)

Why is C2 called the axis? -What does the axis have projecting upward? -What do these articulate with?

because it serves as the axis for rotation when turning the head toward the right or left. =The axis (C2 vertebra) has the upward projecting dens, -which articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas.

Why is C1 called the atlas? -Does the atlas have a body or spinous process? -If not, what does it consist of instead?

because this vertebra supports the skull on top of the vertebral column -no, it does not have a body or spinous process. -It consists of an anterior and a posterior arch and elongated transverse processes.

Thoracic vertebrae or distinguished by what? What does it have for rib attachment?

by the spinous process, which is long and projects downward to overlap the next inferior vertebra. It also has articulation sites (facets) on the vertebral body and a transverse process for rib attachment.

Describe transverse abdominis

deep lateral muscle (directed horizontally)

Describe the nucleus pulposus. What does it help with?

the nucleus pulposus, consisting of a softer, more gel-like material. It has a high water content that serves to resist compression and thus is important for weight-bearing The gel-like nature of the nucleus pulposus also allows the intervertebral disc to change shape as one vertebra rocks side to side or forward and back in relation to its neighbors during movements of the vertebral column.

Articular processes vary in different regions of the vertebral column and serve to determine what?

the types of motions available in each vertebral region.

Classify the ribs

true ribs (1-7) attach to sternum false ribs (8-12). dont floating ribs (11-12).