Module 14.1: Latin American Peoples Win Independence

Start of Latin American Revolutions

-Enlightenment ideas inspire Latin American revolutionaries -Napoleon's conquest of of Spain in 1808 triggered revolts in the Spanish colonies; he replaced the Spanish King Ferdinand VII with his brother Joseph -In 1810, a rebellion broke out in several parts of Latin Latin America; the drive towards independence had begun -Simon Bolívar: "El Libertador"; wealthy creole who led Venezuela in revolution -Jose San Martin: leader of Argentine revolutionary forces

Toussaint Louverture

-Leader of the Haitian Revolution; he freed the slaves and gained independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. -He agreed to end the initial uprising if French agreed to end slavery, however, he was accused of planning another uprising, jailed, and eventually died in prison.

Brazil Declares Independence

-Napoleon invades Portugal; the royal family moves to Brazil ( 1807) -Portuguese court returns to Portugal after Napoleon's defeat in 1815 -Portuguese King John planned to make Brazil a colony again, but Brazillians did not want a return to colonial status -Portuguese Prince Dom Pedro I stays behind in Brazil and accepts Brazilians' request to rule their country. -He officially declared Brazil's independence with the royal family's approval

Latin American Social Classes

-Peninsulares: people born in Spain (but moved to Latin America); they headed the colonial government and society -Creoles: American-born Spaniards who can become army officers (but can't be in government) -Mestizos: People who have European and Indian parents -Mulattos: People who have European and African parents -Indians: are at the bottom of society

Revolution in Haiti

-Sparked by the French Revolution overflowing into its New World Empire and the success of the American revolution, enslaved people led by Toussaint Louverture (a former slave) revolt against French -Although 500,000 slaves worked on plantations and greatly outnumbered their white masters, the white people used brutal methods to terrorize slaves and keep them powerless -Haiti becomes the first Latin American territory to gain freedom

Creoles

American-born Spaniards who can become army officers (but cannot be in the government)

These men were seen as second class citizens despite being of 100% Spanish descent.

Creoles

These people were Spaniards born in Latin America.

Creoles

He agreed to rule Brazil as an independent country.

Dom Pedro

What are causes of revolutions in Latin America?

Enlightenment Ideas, Occupation of Spain and Portugal, and Inspiration from French and American Revolutions

What effect did the Haitian Revolution have on global politics?

Forced Napoleon to give up on the Americas

What were results of the Latin American Revolutions?

Independence for Spanish colonies, Poverty increases, and Caudillos (military leaders) left to rule certain areas

After the defeat of Hidalgo, he led the revolt but was also defeated.

Jose Maria Morelos

He led Argentina to independence, and then led an army to help other nations in Latin America.

Jose de San Martin

Jose San Martin

Leader of Argentine revolutionary forces; helped Argentina, Peru and Chile beat the Spanish -Argentina independent in 1816, he helped free Chile with help of Bernardo O'Higgins -His and Bolivar's armies drive the Spanish out of Peru in 1824 -The countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador unite to become Gran Colombia

Jose Maria Morelos

Led the revolution in Mexico after the defeat of Hidalgo; defeated after four years by creole officer Agustin de Iturbide

A person of both European and Native American ancestry was called...

Mestizos

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence ("Cry of Dolores"); thus launching the Mexican revolt -He leads 80,000 Indian and Mestizo followers in march on Mexico city but is defeated

This person was a priest who helped launch the Mexican revolt.

Miguel Hidalgo

A person of both European and African ancestry was called...

Mulattos

Who were Spanish born people who could hold public office in the Latin American society?

Peninsulares

Peninsulares

People born in Spain but lived in Latin America; they headed the colonial government and society

Mulattos

People of mixed African and European ancestry (parents)

Mestizos

People of mixed Native American and European ancestry (parents)

This person was called the Libertador of Latin America, and also has a country named after him.

Simon Bolivar

Bernardo O'Higgins

South American Independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule with San Martin

United Provinces of Central America

The name of Central America after the region declared independence from Mexico in 1823 -Includes Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica

He was a skilled general and politician who would lead the Haitian Revolution.

Toussaint Louverture

Haiti's Independence

Toussaint Louverture's lieutenant, Jean-Jaccques Dessalines, declares Saint Domingue a country in 1804 -Saint Domingue becomes the FIRST BLACK COLONY TO WIN INDEPENDENCE -Is renamed Haiti, meaning "mountainous land" in the Arawak language

Simon Bolivar

Wealthy creole who leads Venezuela in revolution; known as "El Libertador" -Venezuela declares independence in 1811; his volunteer army of revolutionaries suffered numerous defeats -However, things changed when this revolutionary leader led over 2,000 soldiers on a daring march through the Andes, surprising the Spanish in Bogota and leading to a victory in 1821 -He then marched into Ecuador, meeting Jose San Martin.

Mexico's independence

When Mexico was liberated from Spain in 1821 and became its own separate country -After a revolution in Spain in 1820, a liberal group was put into power headed by self-proclaimed emperor Agustin de Iturbide. -Mexican creoles feared loss of privileges in Spanish-controlled colonies -Iturbide declared Mexico's independence from Spain; and as result several more central American states follow suit (but aren't recognised by Iturbide) -In 1823, central America breaks away from Mexico and is renamed the United Provinces of Central America