Module 3: Biomolecules and MetabolismWhich of the following is NOT one of the six major elements that make up biological macromolecules? Hydrogen Sulfur Phosphorus Calcium Nitrogen

What does the Calvin cycle need to fix carbon dioxide and regenerate RuBP (ribulose-bisphosphate)? A. ATP B. oxygen C. reduced electron carriers D. light

A. ATP C. reduced electron carriers

A newly discovered, single-celled organism has a circular chromosome and membrane phospholipids with ether-linked isoprenoid chains. Based on this information, this organism belongs to which domain of life? A. Archaea B. Bacteria C. Eukaryotes D. Prokaryotes E. Either Bacteria or Eukaryotes

A. Archaea

Pyruvate dehydrogenase is encoded by a nuclear gene (on X-chromosome). Where in the cell is this enzyme synthesized? A. By free ribosomes in the cytoplasm B. By ribosomes attached to the rough ER C. By ribosomes attached to the nuclear envelope D. By ribosomes located in the mitochondrial matrix

A. By free ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Which of the following statements accurately describes C4 and CAM plants? A. CAM plants have a temporal separation between carbon acquisition and the Calvin cycle, while C4 plants have spatial separation between carbon acquisition and the Calvin cycle. B. Rubisco is used to fix carbon only in C4 plants. C. Only C4 plants are adapted to warm, dry climates. D. All of the above. E. None of the above

A. CAM plants have a temporal separation between carbon acquisition and the Calvin cycle, while C4 plants have spatial separation between carbon acquisition and the Calvin cycle.

Which of the following statements about the light reactions of photosynthesis in chloroplasts is/are true? A. Chlorophyll (and other pigments) absorb light energy, which excites electrons. B. ATP is generated by photophosphorylation. C. The splitting of water molecules provides a source of electrons.

A. Chlorophyll (and other pigments) absorb light energy, which excites electrons. B. ATP is generated by photophosphorylation. C. The splitting of water molecules provides a source of electrons.

Which of these chlorophyll molecules will have the greatest potential energy after absorption of light? A. Chlorophyll a from cyanobacteria or green plants: absorption at 680 nm B. Bacteriochlorophyll a in purple bacteria: absorption at 870 nm C. Bacteriochlorophyll c in green bacteria: absorption at 740 nm D. Bacteriochlorophyll g in Heliobacteria: absorption at 790 nm

A. Chlorophyll a from cyanobacteria or green plants: absorption at 680 nm

Which of the following biomolecules is/are primarily linear molecules composed of repeating subunits and exhibiting directional polarity? (Select all that apply.) A. DNA B. RNA C. lipids D. glycans (polysaccharides) E. proteins

A. DNA B. RNA E. proteins

The large subunit of Rubisco is encoded by the chloroplast genome, but the small subunit is encoded by the host nuclear genome. Where in the host cell is the small subunit made? A. Free cytoplasmic ribosomes B. Ribosomes docked to the ER C. Ribosomes in the chloroplast stroma D. Ribosomes docked to the chloroplast envelope E. Ribosomes docked to the thylakoid membrane

A. Free cytoplasmic ribosomes

The oxygenase activity of Rubisco (choose all that apply, or none) A. Occurs when oxygen levels are high and carbon dioxide levels are low B. Increases the rate of ATP synthesis C. Increases in hot weather

A. Occurs when oxygen levels are high and carbon dioxide levels are low C. Increases in hot weather

The oxygenase activity of Rubisco (choose all that apply, or none) A. Occurs when oxygen levels are high and carbon dioxide levels are low B. Increases the rate of ATP synthesis C. provides an alternate electron acceptor for oxidative phosphorylation D. Increases in hot weather E. Decreases the rate of carbon fixation

A. Occurs when oxygen levels are high and carbon dioxide levels are low D. Increases in hot weather E. Decreases the rate of carbon fixation

Which of the following is an adaptive advantage of the C4 pathway? Select all correct answers A. PEP carboxylase has a higher affinity for CO2 than rubisco does B. C4 plants can reduce water losses by fixing CO2 at night when temperatures are lower C. C4 plants have a modified rubisco with a higher affinity for CO2 than C3 rubisco D. C4 plants provide CO2 to rubisco at higher concentrations than are available in the environment E. C4 plants are better adapted for hot, dry environments than C3 plants

A. PEP carboxylase has a higher affinity for CO2 than rubisco does D. C4 plants provide CO2 to rubisco at higher concentrations than are available in the environment E. C4 plants are better adapted for hot, dry environments than C3 plants

If an organism is treated with a drug that inhibits polysaccharide synthesis, what function(s) would be affected? (Select all that apply.) A. Shape/structural integrity B. Energy storage C. Cell-cell signaling/recognition

A. Shape/structural integrity B. Energy storage C. Cell-cell signaling/recognition

The oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O is highly exergonic; ΔGo = -636 kcal/mole. Why doesn't glucose spontaneously combust? A. The glucose molecules lack the activation energy at room temperature B. The oxidation of glucose is not spontaneous C. CO2 has higher energy than glucose D. The formation of 6 CO2 molecules from one glucose molecule decreases entropy E. The water molecules quench the reaction

A. The glucose molecules lack the activation energy at room temperature

In a prokaryotic cell, if cytoplasmic ATP concentration is high, and the extracellular H+ concentration is low, then A. The rate of ATP synthesis will decrease B. The rate of ATP synthesis will increase C. ATP synthase will hydrolyze ATP and pump protons out of the cell D. ATP synthase will hydrolyze ATP and pump protons into the cell

A. The rate of ATP synthesis will decrease

Which of the following properties is characteristic of active transport but not of facilitated diffusion? A. can transport substances against a concentration gradient B. shows saturation kinetics C. can be inhibited by substances structurally similar to the transported substance D. is highly specific for the substance transported E. requires a source of energy

A. can transport substances against a concentration gradient E. requires a source of energy

Which of the following do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common? Choose all that apply. A. chemiosmosis B. an electron transport system that pumps protons across a membrane C. an electron transport system that pumps electrons across a membrane D. ATP synthase E. None of the above

A. chemiosmosis B. an electron transport system that pumps protons across a membrane D. ATP synthase

In cyanobacteria and plant chloroplasts, what does photosystem II do? Select all that apply A. gives electrons to the photosynthetic electron transport chain B. gives electrons to NADP+ by way of ferredoxin C. uses light energy to directly to pump protons across the membrane D. splits water molecules to generate oxygen gas

A. gives electrons to the photosynthetic electron transport chain D. splits water molecules to generate oxygen gas

In the absence of respiration, which of the following reactions can cells operate to make ATP via substrate level phosphorylation? Select all that apply. A. glycolysis B. ethanol fermentation C. the citric acid cycle D. lactic acid fermentation E. pyruvate oxidation

A. glycolysis

Which pathway(s) produce(s) the reduced electron carrier NADH from NAD+ and H+? A. glycolysis B. citric acid cycle C. pyruvate oxidation D. electron transport chain

A. glycolysis B. citric acid cycle C. pyruvate oxidation

Which of these reactions occur in the cytoplasm in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Select all that apply. A. glycolysis B. pyruvate oxidation C. fermentation D. citric acid cycle

A. glycolysis C. fermentation

What cellular macromolecules contain large amounts of phosphorus? (Select all that apply.) A. Membrane lipids B. Polysaccharides C. Nucleic acids D. Proteins

A. membrane lipids C. nucleic acids

Recall that fatty acids are metabolized by cleaving the fatty acid chains 2 carbon atoms at a time, to produce acetyl-coA. Under what conditions can human cells metabolize fatty acids? A. only when cells are undergoing aerobic respiration B. only when cells are operating lactic acid fermentation C. at all times

A. only when cells are undergoing aerobic respiration

In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located? A. thylakoid membrane B. plasma membrane C. inner mitochondrial membrane

A. thylakoid membrane C. inner mitochondrial membrane

Some membrane lipids are characteristic of only one of the 3 domains of cellular life. Match the domain of life with the membrane lipid their cell membranes contain. ether-linked isoprenoid chains ester-linked fatty acid chains and hopanoids ester-linked fatty acid chains and sterols

Archaea: ether-linked isoprenoid chains Bacteria: ester-linked fatty acid chains and hopanoids Eukarya: ester-linked fatty acid chains and sterols

What are the products of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? Select all that apply. A. Pyruvate B. Acetyl-CoA C. CO2 D. NADH E. Citric acid

B. Acetyl-CoA C. CO2 D. NADH

An organism that gets electrons from H2 and makes its own organic carbon from carbon dioxide is classified as a: A. Chemoheterotroph B. Chemoautotroph C. Photoheterotroph D. Photoautotroph

B. Chemoautotroph

Which of the following is NOT an input to glycolysis? Choose all that apply. A. Glucose B. CoA (co-enzyme A) C. ADP D. NAD+

B. CoA (co-enzyme A)

What will happen to the proton gradient when oxygen becomes scarce? A. Increase B. Decrease C. Stay the same

B. Decrease

Which of the following is least likely to have been a possible energy-harvesting pathway for the earliest organisms? A. Organic molecules as electron donor, sulfate as electron acceptor B. Organic molecules as electron donor, oxygen as electron acceptor C. Inorganic molecules as electron donor, minerals as electron acceptors D. Sunlight exciting pigment molecules, which donate electrons to the electron transfer chain and accept them back in a cyclic process

B. Organic molecules as electron donor, oxygen as electron acceptor

What pathways release the carbon atoms from glucose as CO2? Select all that apply. A. Glycolysis B. Pyruvate oxidation C. Citric acid cycle D. Electron transport chain

B. Pyruvate oxidation C. Citric acid cycle

Which of the following transporters requires energy? A. Ion channel B. Sodium-potassium pump C. Aquaporin D. All of the above E. None of the above

B. Sodium-potassium pump

Oxygenic photosynthesis provides an important advantage over anoxygenic photosynthesis because (select all that apply) A. Only oxygenic photosynthesis can produce both ATP and reduced electron carriers B. The ability to extract electrons from water frees oxygenic photosynthesizers from dependence on reducing compounds like hydrogen sulfide C. Only oxygenic photosynthesizers can reduce carbon dioxide to make organic carbon D. Oxygen provides the most energy when used by heterotrophs as a terminal electron receptor. E. Oxygenic photosynthesis can occur in aerobic environments.

B. The ability to extract electrons from water frees oxygenic photosynthesizers from dependence on reducing compounds like hydrogen sulfide E. Oxygenic photosynthesis can occur in aerobic environments.

When sodium chloride dissolves in water, the temperature of the solution decreases. For the NaCl undergoing dissolution, A. The change in enthalpy (∆H) is negative B. The change in enthalpy (∆H) is positive but the change in entropy (∆S) has a greater effect on free energy. C. The reaction is endergonic. D. The reaction must be coupled to an exergonic reaction. E. The reaction cannot occur spontaneously

B. The change in enthalpy (∆H) is positive but the change in entropy (∆S) has a greater effect on free energy.

Choose all that apply: if all of a cell's reactions are at chemical equilibrium, A. no reactions occur in the cell B. a cell cannot expend energy to accomplish work C. all of a cell's energy expenditure is given off as waste heat D. the delta G is zero for all of the cell's reactions

B. a cell cannot expend energy to accomplish work D. the delta G is zero for all of the cell's reactions

An organism that can use light energy to make ATP via photophosphorylation, but still requires organic carbon as a food source to grow, is best classified as: A. a photoautotroph B. a phototroph C. a heterotroph D. a chemoautotroph

B. a phototroph

Red blood cells are placed in a hypotonic solution (deionized water), and they swell up. How does water get into the cells? A. by simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer membrane B. by facilitated diffusion through aquaporins C. by active transport through aquaporins D. by hitchhiking with phosphate, glucose, and other molecules that are transported into the cell

B. by facilitated diffusion through aquaporins

Cyclooxygenase is located in the lumen of the ER. The enzyme is synthesized A. by free cytoplasmic ribosomes B. by ribosomes docked to the rough ER C. by ribosomes in the nucleus D. by ribosomes docked to the Golgi E. by ribosomes in the mitochondria

B. by ribosomes docked to the rough ER

What are the substrates for Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase)? A. carbon dioxide and acetyl-coA B. carbon dioxide and RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) C. RuBP and ATP D. RuBP, CO2 and ATP E. RuBP, CO2, ATP and NADPH

B. carbon dioxide and RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate)

The passage of water molecules across cell membranes through aquaporins is an example of: A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Active transport D. Endocytosis

B. facilitated diffusion

Both alpha- and beta-hemoglobin chains have mostly alpha-helices, and no beta-sheets. What forces or bonds are responsible for formation and stabilization of alpha-helices? A. covalent disulfide bonds B. hydrogen bonds C. ionic bonds D. hydrophobic interactions E. Van der Waals interactions

B. hydrogen bonds

In what part of a protein would you expect to find a hydrophobic amino acid like tryptophan? (Select all that apply.) A. On the surface of a globular (free-floating) protein B. In the interior of a globular (free-floating) protein C. In the part of a membrane-bound protein that interacts with membrane lipids

B. in the interior of a globular (free-floating) protein C. in the part of a membrane-bound protein that interacts with membrane lipids

Organic extractions separate molecules according to their polarity. Polar molecules stay in the aqueous phase, whereas non-polar molecules dissolve in the organic solvent phase. When cells are broken (lysed) and extracted with organic solvents, which of these molecules will be dissolved in the aqueous (water) phase? (Select all that apply.) A. lipids B. nucleic acids C. carbohydrates D. small charged and polar molecules

B. nucleic acids C. carbohydrates D. small charged and polar molecules

What components of biomass contain large amounts of nitrogen? A. carbohydrates and proteins B. nucleic acids and proteins C. proteins and lipids D. lipids and polysaccharides E. proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids

B. nucleic acids and proteins

If a thylakoid is punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma, which of the following processes will be most directly affected? A. the flow of electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I B. the synthesis of ATP C. the reduction of NADP+ D. the splitting of water E. the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll

B. the synthesis of ATP

During glycolysis, for each mole of glucose oxidized to pyruvate, A. No ATP is consumed and moles of ATP are produced. B. 4 moles of ATP are used, and 2 moles of ATP are produced. C. 2 moles of ATP are used, and 4 moles of ATP are produced. D. 2 moles of ATP are used, and 2 moles of ATP are produced. E. A net 4 moles of ATP are produced.

C. 2 moles of ATP are used, and 4 moles of ATP are produced.

The conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 by cyclooxygenases occurs spontaneously. This reaction is: A. An endergonic reaction, releasing free energy B. An endergonic reaction, absorbing free energy C. An exergonic reaction, releasing free energy D. An exergonic reaction, absorbing free energy

C. An exergonic reaction, releasing free energy

Which of the following statements accurately describes chemoautotrophy? Choose all that are correct. A. Chemoautotrophs convert dissolved organic matter into biomass using energy from a chemical reaction rather than light. B. Chemoautotrophs use energy from an endergonic chemical reaction to convert inorganic carbon to organic matter C. Chemoautotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substrates and an external source of energy D. Chemoautotrophs live only in highly oxygenated environments and avoid anoxic regions E. None of the above

C. Chemoautotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substrates and an external source of energy

If entropy always increases, then how do living organisms create macromolecules, cells, and complex higher-order structures? A. The laws of thermodynamics do not apply to living organisms. B. Living organisms use energy from the sun to accomplish the work of decreasing entropy. C. Living organisms use energy to decrease their own entropy, but generate waste heat that increases the total entropy of the organism and its environment. D. Living organisms convert light energy or chemical energy into organic matter. E. The increase in entropy as the organism grows is balanced by a decrease in entropy of the universe

C. Living organisms use energy to decrease their own entropy, but generate waste heat that increases the total entropy of the organism and its environment.

The chemical equation for respiration of a molecule of glucose is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6 H2O. This is the same reaction as when a marshmallow catches fire and burns. In this oxidation-reduction reaction, which atoms/molecules are reduced? A. The carbon atoms of sugar are reduced B. The hydrogen atoms of sugar are reduced C. Molecular oxygen molecules are reduced D. All of the above E. None of the above

C. Molecular oxygen molecules are reduced

A fish cell membrane will be more fluid at low temperature if it contains: A. More trans-unsaturated fatty acids B. Longer chain fatty acids C. More cis-unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids D. Both A and B E. Both A and C

C. More cis-unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids

What is a product that is produced by both fermentation reactions (lactic acid fermentation or ethanol fermentation) and the electron transport chain? A. NADH B. pyruvate C. NAD+ D. carbon dioxide

C. NAD+

Photosystem I absorbs light energy and gives electrons to A. the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane B. the ATP synthase in the thylakoid membrane C. NADP+ to make NADPH D. to oxygen to make water E. to oxidized photosystem II

C. NADP+ to make NADPH

The electron transport chain in bacteria is located A. In their mitochondrial inner membranes B. In their mitochondrial outer membranes C. On their plasma membranes D. In the cytoplasm E. In the nucleoid

C. On their plasma membranes

Which of the following is produced during the citric acid cycle? A. Acetyl-coA B. Pyruvate C. Reduced electron carriers D. Lactic acid

C. Reduced electron carriers

If an algal cell isolated from seawater is transferred to fresh water, the algal cell will initially A. lose water and decrease in volume B. stay the same - neither absorb nor lose water C. absorb water and increase in volume

C. absorb water and increase in volume

The input(s) into the citric acid cycle are: A. citric acid, NAD+, ADP, inorganic phosphate. B. pyruvate, NAD+, ADP, inorganic phosphate. C. acetyl CoA, NAD+, ADP, inorganic phosphate. D. acetyl CoA, ATP, NADH, H+,. E. CO2, ATP, NADH

C. acetyl CoA, NAD+, ADP, inorganic phosphate

The phosphate transport system in bacteria imports phosphate into the cell even when the concentration of phosphate outside the cell is much lower than inside. Phosphate import depends on energy provided by a pH gradient across the membrane. Phosphate transport is an example of: A. passive diffusion B. facilitated diffusion C. active transport D. osmosis

C. active transport

The biomass of a tree comes mostly from: A. Soil B. Water C. Air D. Sunlight E. None of the above

C. air

Which pathway do most electrons follow inside an active mitochondrion? A. pyruvate → citric acid cycle → ATP → NADH → oxygen B. citric acid cycle → FADH2 → electron transport chain → ATP C. citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen D. electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → ATP → oxygen E. glycolysis → NADH → oxidative phosphorylation → ATP → oxygen

C. citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen

What metabolic pathway defect(s) could cause lactic acid and pyruvate to build up? Choose all that apply. A. defect in glycolysis B. defect in the citric acid cycle C. defect in pyruvate oxidation D. defect in reduction of pyruvate to lactic acid E. defect in the mitochondrial electron transport chain

C. defect in pyruvate oxidation E. defect in the mitochondrial electron transport chain

How do mitochondria maintain a supply of NAD+ to run pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle? A. mitochondria oxidize NADH to NAD+ by reducing pyruvate to ethanol B. mitochondria oxidize NADH to NAD+ by reducing pyruvate to lactic acid C. mitochondria oxidize NADH to NAD+ by reducing the electron transport chain D. mitochondria oxidize NADH to NAD+ by reducing the ATP synthase E. mitochondria oxidize NADH to NAD+ by reducing carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates

C. mitochondria oxidize NADH to NAD+ by reducing the electron transport chain

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in A. All cells in the presence of oxygen B. Only in mitochondria in the presence of oxygen C. Only in mitochondria, using either oxygen or alternative electron acceptors D. All respiring cells, using either oxygen or alternative electron acceptors E. All respiring cells, except Archaea

D. All respiring cells, using either oxygen or alternative electron acceptors

Which of the following is NOT a difference between C3 and C4 plants? A. The first product of carbon fixation is a 3-carbon molecule in C3 plants and a 4-carbon molecule in C4 plants B. C3 plants, but not C4 plants, experience extensive oxygenation by Rubisco (photorespiration) C. C4 plants have a different leaf anatomy, with photosynthetic bundle sheath cells D. C3 plants have Rubisco; C4 plants lack Rubisco and use PEP carboxylase instead E. C4 plants are better adapted for hot, dry environments than C3 plants

D. C3 plants have Rubisco; C4 plants lack Rubisco and use PEP carboxylase instead

What is true about all lipids in all cells? Select all that apply. A. Are made from glycerol and fatty acids B. Contain nitrogen C. Have low energy content D. Do not dissolve well in water E. Contain phosphate

D. Do not dissolve well in water

Where in plant cells is the Calvin cycle located? A. In the chloroplast thylakoid lumen B. In the cytoplasm C. In the mitochondrial matrix D. In the chloroplast stroma E. In the chloroplast thylakoid membrane

D. In the chloroplast stroma

Which of the following is a true distinction between fermentation and cellular respiration? A. NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent only in respiration. B. Only respiration oxidizes glucose. C. Substrate-level phosphorylation is unique to fermentation. D. Only respiration can drive oxidative phosphorylation. E. Organic carbon acts as the electron donor in fermentation, while oxygen plays that role in respiration.

D. Only respiration can drive oxidative phosphorylation.

Fatty acids, like palmitic acid, stimulate cyclooxygenase activity allosterically. This means that: A. Palmitic acid is a co-substrate that binds to the active site together with arachidonic acid B. Palmitic acid prevents inhibitors from binding to the active site C. Competitive inhibitors will be ineffective when palmitic acid is bound D. Palmitic acid binds to a different site than the substrate

D. Palmitic acid binds to a different site than the substrate

Cyclooxygenases increase the rate of reaction by A. Reducing the free energy of the products B. Increasing the free energy of the reactants C. Providing activation energy to the reactants D. Providing a transition state with lower activation energy E. Reacting with arachidonic acid

D. Providing a transition state with lower activation energy

Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 have 60% identical amino acid sequences, similar activities, and both form homodimers. Therefore, these enzymes have the same A. Primary structure B. Secondary structure C. Tertiary structure D. Quaternary structure E. All of the above

D. Quaternary structure

Which of the following amino acids would most likely be present in the transmembrane domain of an integral membrane protein? A. charged amino acid like lysine B. a polar amino acid like serine C. a special amino acid like glycine or proline D. a hydrophobic amino acid like valine E. any of the above, with no preference

D. a hydrophobic amino acid like valine

What kind of amino acids would occur most frequently in the transmembrane domains of integral membrane proteins? A. amino acids with positively charged side groups B. amino acids with polar side groups C. amino acids with negatively charged side groups D. amino acids with hydrophobic side groups E. Any amino acid, with no preference

D. amino acids with hydrophobic side groups

Which of the following is NOT one of the six major elements that make up biological macromolecules? A. Hydrogen B. Sulfur C. Phosphorus D. Calcium E. Nitrogen

D. calcium

In cells, the pathway of electrons is: A. from food to the electron transport chain to NAD+ to oxygen B. from oxygen to the electron transport chain to NAD+ to food C. from food to NAD+ to the electron transport chain to ATP synthase D. from food to NAD+ to the electron transport chain to the terminal electron acceptor E. from food to NAD+ to the electron transport chain to ADP

D. from food to NAD+ to the electron transport chain to the terminal electron acceptor

It is possible to prepare vesicles from portions of the inner membrane of mitochondria. Which one of the following processes could still be carried out by this isolated inner membrane? A. glycolysis and fermentation B. the citric acid cycle C. reduction of NAD+ D. oxidative phosphorylation E. both the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

D. oxidative phosphorylation

Some drugs known as uncouplers facilitate diffusion of protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane. When such a drug is added, what will happen to ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption? Assume that there is no change in the rate of NADH production. A. Both ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption will decrease B. ATP synthesis will decrease, oxygen consumption will increase C. ATP synthesis will increase, oxygen consumption will decrease D. Both ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption will increase E. ATP synthesis will decrease, oxygen consumption will stay the same

E. ATP synthesis will decrease, oxygen consumption will stay the same

Brand X margarine melts at room temperature, while Brand Y stays solid. Brand Y probably has: A. More cis-unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids B. Shorter chain fatty acids C. More trans-unsaturated fatty acids D. More hydrogenated fatty acids E. Both more hydrogenated fatty acids and more trans-unsaturated fatty acids

E. Both more hydrogenated fatty acids and more trans-unsaturated fatty acids

A cell can generate ATP from a high rate of glycolysis alone (i.e., no respiration) if it: A. Reduces NAD+ to NADH. B. Generates oxygen. C. Makes more ADP. D. Makes Acetyl-CoA from pyruvate. E. Oxidizes NADH to NAD+.

E. Oxidizes NADH to NAD+.

Which of the following show(s) saturation kinetics? A. simple diffusion only B. active transport only C. facilitated diffusion only D. enzyme-catalyzed reactions only E. all of the above except simple diffusion

E. all of the above except simple diffusion

One way for organisms to adapt to temperature changes is by altering their membrane lipid composition. At higher temperatures, membrane lipids will have ________ than at lower temperatures. A. higher percentage of saturated fatty acids and lower percentage of sterols B. higher percentage of cis-unsaturated fatty acids C. higher percentage of trans-unsaturated fatty acids D. lower percentage of saturated fatty acids and higher percentage of sterols E. higher percentage of both sterols and saturated fatty acids

E. higher percentage of both sterols and saturated fatty acids

Arrange the following in a sequence that reflects the path of electron flow in the mitochondrion. Food NADH/FADH2 Electron transport system Terminal electron acceptor

Food < NADH/FADH2 < ETC < terminal electron acceptor

Arrange the following in a sequence that reflects the path of electron flow in the chloroplast. H2O PSII Electron transport system PSI NADPH

H2O < PSII < ETC < PSI < NADPH

Cell membranes are lipid bilayers, consisting of an outer leaflet facing the outside of the cell and an inner leaflet interacting with the cytoplasm. Can lipids flip from the outer face to the inner face, and vice versa? Yes No

No

A molecule that is composed primarily of just carbon and hydrogen is most likely: A. a lipid B. a carbohydrate C. a nucleotide D. an amino acid

b. a lipid

Match the monomer or subunit to the polymer amino acids nucleotides monosaccharide

nucleotides- nucleic acid amino acid- protein monosaccharide- polysaccharide

Match the level of protein structure with the bonds responsible for stabilizing it: primary secondary tertiary quaternary

primary: covalent bonds between sequential amino acids secondary: hydrogen bonds between peptide backbone tertiary: hyrdogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals, covalent, and ionic bonds between R groups and peptide backbone quaternary: hyrdogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals, covalent , and ionic bonds between multiple polypeptides