Module 7, 8, 9
Given that the LD50 for staphylococcal enterotoxin is 1350 ng/kg and the LD50for Shiga toxin is 250 ng/kg in mice, which of the following statements is true? A. A much larger dose of staphylococcal enterotoxin is needed to cause symptoms, compared to that of Shiga toxin. B. The parenteral route is the preferred portal entry for Shigella bacteria. C. The gastrointestinal route would not be a preferred portal of entry for the Shigella bacteria. D. A much larger dose of Shiga toxin is needed to cause symptoms, compared to that of staphylococcal enterotoxin.
A. A much larger dose of staphylococcal enterotoxin is needed to cause symptoms, compared to that of Shiga toxin.
Lyme disease is disease caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi in the US. It is transmitted by tick bites, and is characterized by recurring fever, headaches, fatigue and depression over a long period of time. Based on the above information, how is Lyme disease transmitted? A. By vectors B. Airborne C. By fomites D. By direct contact
A. By vectors
Endotoxins are also known as _____. A. Lipid A B. cytokines C. prostaglandins D. interleukin-1 E. enzymes
A. Lipid A
Which of the following statements regarding fungi is FALSE? A. Most fungi are pathogenic for humans. B. Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs. C. Fungi reproduce by forming asexual or sexual spores. D. Most fungi grow well in acidic culture condition. E. Fungi tolerate low moisture conditions.
A. Most fungi are pathogenic for humans.
_____ describes the ability of a pathogen to overcome host defenses and cause disease. A. Pathogenicity B. Virulence C. Epidemiology D. Adherence
A. Pathogenicity
How are superantigens different from other types of exotoxins? A. Superantigens cause an overstimulation of the host immune system. B. Superantigens only act against host neurons. C. Superantigens must be endocytosed into a target cell before becoming active. D. Superantigens are comprised of two functional domains.
A. Superantigens cause an overstimulation of the host immune system.
When would endotoxins be released from a bacterial cell? A. When the pathogen dies. B. When the pathogen attaches to a host cell in the human body. C. When the pathogen moves toward a energy source. D. During bacterial conjugation. E. When the pathogens forms a provirus
A. When the pathogen dies.
The ability of some microbes, such as Trypanosoma or Giardia to alter their surface molecules and evade destruction by the host’s antibodies is called _____. A. antigenic variation B. lysogenic conversion C. virulence D. cytopathic effect E. cytocidal effect
A. antigenic variation
The ID50 is a ______. A. dose that will cause an infection in 50% of a test population B. dose that will kill some individuals of a test population C. dose that will cause an infection in some individuals of a population D. dose that will kill 50% of a test population
A. dose that will cause an infection in 50% of a test population
The formation of a protective capsule by a protist is called ____. A. encystment B. sporulation C. enshroudment D. parasitism
A. encystment
The most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens is the ____. A. mucous membranes B. skin C. parenteral route D. none of the above
A. mucous membranes
The ability of a virus to infect an organism is usually regulated by ______. A. the ability of the virus to attach B. the ability of the viral enzymes to damage the host cell membrane C. the nucleic acid of the virus D. the ability of the viral genome to insert into the host chromosome
A. the ability of the virus to attach
If an A-B toxin is missing its A component it cannot cause an intoxication because ____. A. the toxin does not have enzymatic activity B. the toxin will get degraded in the cell C. the toxin cannot bind to its target D. the toxin cannot be produced
A. the toxin does not have enzymatic activity
Exotoxins are enzymes. A. true B. false
A. true
The prevalence of a disease is _____. A.the total number of cases of a disease over a period of time B.the number of new cases of a disease over a period of time C.the anticipated geographical spread of a disease based on past observances D.the expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations
A.the total number of cases of a disease over a period of time
The mechanism whereby an enveloped virus leaves a host cell is called A) transduction. B) budding. C) abduction. D) lysogeny. E) penetration.
B) budding.
Lupus is a disease of the immune system, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage. The signs and symptoms are mild for years, often going undiagnosed, getting progressively more severe over time. How is lupus classified? A. Acute B. Chronic C. Subacute D. Latent
B. Chronic
Which of these is not a method of transmission of nematodes? A. Eating of eggs. B. Eating of spores. C. Eating of larvae. D. Eating of cysts.
B. Eating of spores.
Flavoparmelia caperata is a lichen that forms leaf-like structures while growing on shrubs in hot, dry environments. What type of lichen is Flavoparmelia caperata? A. Crustose lichen B. Foliose lichen C. Fruticose lichen
B. Foliose lichen
The potency of a toxin is measured via ______. A. TD50 B. LD50 C. ID50 D. PD50
B. LD50
View the table of ID50 values. Which of the following organisms is most virulent? A. E. coli O157:H7 B. Legionella pneumophila C. Shigella D. Treponema pallidum
B. Legionella pneumophila (ID50 is 1)
Giardia lamblia causes intestinal disease when cysts are swallowed from water contaminated with animal feces. This is an example of which portal of entry? A. Skin B. Mucous membranes C. Parenteral route D. None of the above
B. Mucous membranes
Which of these terms refer to "how a disease develops"? A. Etiology B. Pathogenesis C. Pathology D. Infection
B. Pathogenesis
In which of these viral infections would you expect to see virions, even if the symptoms are not severe? A. Latent infection B. Persistent infection
B. Persistent infection
How can health care workers reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infections? A. Administer all medications orally instead of through injections. B. Practice more stringent aseptic techniques. C. Limit the number of visitors who can see the patient. D. Reduce the number of times they visit a patient.
B. Practice more stringent aseptic techniques.
What is the intermediate host for Plasmodium, the causative organism of malaria? A. The mosquito B. The human C. The cat D. The cow
B. The human
Which of these statements is not true of viruses? A. Viruses are acellular. B. Viruses are prokaryotic. C. Viruses require host cells to replicate. D. Viruses have very few enzymes.
B. Viruses are prokaryotic.
Disease can often be caused by one or two cells entering the human host. A. true B. false
B. false
Endotoxins are enzymes A. true B. false
B. false
Most viruses have a broad host range. A. true B. false
B. false
A roundworm is a _____. A. platyhelminth B. nematode
B. nematode
Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection that occurs beneath the skin. This is an example of a ______ infection. A. systemic B. subcutaneous C. superficial D. opportunistic
B. subcutaneous
You are feeling ill. You tell the doctor that you feel tired all the time. You are describing your _____. A. signs B. symptoms C. syndromes D. pathology
B. symptoms
Sepsis is caused by a bacterial infection. Signs and symptoms include fever, chills, and shock. Sepsis is an example of a _____ infection. A. local B. systemic C. focal
B. systemic
A mutualistic bacterium ______. A.does not receive any benefit from its host B.is beneficial to its host C.damages its host D.produces antibiotics
B.is beneficial to its host
Lichen is a symbiotic relationship between an alga and a fungus. The fungus protects the alga, whereas the alga provides carbohydrates for the fungus. This is an example of _____. A.commensalism B.mutualism C.parasitism D.opportunism E.a protozoan
B.mutualism
Which domain of the A-B toxin binds to cell surface receptors on the host cell? A. Both the A and B domains have the ability to bind to cell surface receptors. B. A domain. C. B domain. D. A-B toxins do not bind to cell surfaces.
C. B domain.
Which of the following is not a symptom of endotoxin release? A. Chills B. Fever C. Diarrhea D. Aches E. Shock
C. Diarrhea
Which of these toxins is the least deadly given their LD50 values? A. Sarin - 17 mg/kg B. VX nerve gas - 0.14 mg/kg C. E. coli O157:H7 - 27 mg/kg D. Tetanus toxin - .000002 mg/kg
C. E. coli O157:H7 - 27 mg/kg
Which of the following would be the first sign of an infection that resulted in the release of endotoxin? A. Pain B. Weakness C. Fever D. Nausea
C. Fever
Which of these is not considered entry via the parenteral route? A. Injection B. Bite C. Hair follicle D. Surgery
C. Hair follicle
Why is a release of endotoxin into the bloodstream potentially deadly? A. Endotoxin can quickly enter the brain from the bloodstream, causing brain damage. B. It causes necrosis of the liver. C. It can lower blood pressure and cause the patient to go into shock. D. It results in dehydration of the patient.
C. It can lower blood pressure and cause the patient to go into shock.
HIV is a retrovirus that carries an RNA genome. In order for HIV infection to occur, the RNA genome must be converted into a double stranded DNA molecule. What HIV encoded enzyme is required for this process? A. DNA polymerase B. RNA polymerase C. Reverse transcriptase D. RNA convertase E. RNA viralase
C. Reverse transcriptase
An intermediate host harbors which stage of a parasite? A. The sexual stage. B. The spore forming stage. C. The asexual stage. D. The infectious stage. E. The pathogenic stage.
C. The asexual stage.
How are viruses different from cells? A. They do not contain protein. B. They do not contain enzymes. C. They require a host in order to reproduce. D. They do not contain genetic material.
C. They require a host in order to reproduce.
Nonpathogenic V. cholerae can acquire the cholera toxin gene via lysogenic conversion. What process is involved? A. Phagocytosis B. Conjugation C. Transduction D. Transformation
C. Transduction
The most common portal of exit for a respiratory infection is via ______. A. defecation B. vomiting C. coughing and sneezing D. bleeding E.insect bites
C. coughing and sneezing
A fungal infection of the skin is called a _____ mycosis. A. systemic B. subcutaneous C. cutaneous D. superficial
C. cutaneous
Superantigens produce intense immune responses by stimulating lymphocytes to produce ___. A. endotoxins B. exotoxins C. cytokines D. leukocidins E. interferons
C. cytokines
Transmission of helminthic diseases to humans is usually through ____. A. breathing B. urine C. feces D. vectors
C. feces
Siderophores are bacterial proteins that bind to ____. A. antibodies B. red blood cells C. iron D. white blood cells
C. iron
Focal infections initially start out as ____. A. sepsis B. bacteremia C. local infections D. septicemia E. systemic infections
C. local infections
Polio is transmitted by ingestion of water contaminated with feces containing poliovirus. What portal of entry does poliovirus use? A. skin only B. parenteral only C. mucous membranes only D. skin and parenteral E. skin, parenteral, and mucous membranes
C. mucous membranes only
A fungal infection is known as a _____. A. fungillosis B. mycotosis C. mycosis D. fungosis
C. mycosis
An organism that lives at the expense of another organism is a _____. A. host B. commensal C. parasite D. symbiont
C. parasite
Endotoxins are _____. A. associated with gram-positive bacteria B. molecules that bind nerve cells C. part of the gram-negative cell wall D. excreted from the cell E. A-B toxins
C. part of the gram-negative cell wall
A persistent infection is one in which ______. A. the virus remains in equilibrium with the host without causing a disease B. viral replication is unusually slow C. the disease process occurs gradually over a long period D. host cells are gradually lysed E. host cells are transformed
C. the disease process occurs gradually over a long period
If an A-B toxin is missing its B component it cannot cause an intoxication because ____. A. the toxin does not have enzymatic activity B. the toxin will get degraded in the cell C. the toxin cannot bind to its target D. the toxin cannot be produced
C. the toxin cannot bind to its target
A disease that can be easily spread from one host to another is classified as a ______ disease. A.communicable B.noncommunicable C.contagious D.deadly E.infectious
C.contagious
A needlestick is an example of ______ transmission. A.direct contact B.droplet C.fomite D.vehicle E.vector
C.fomite
Which of the following is a fomite? A. Water B. A mosquito C. Pus D. A pen
D. A pen
Which of the following can act as a reservoir of infection? A. A sick person B. A healthy person C. A sick animal D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of these is a method of growing animal viruses in the laboratory? A. In live animals B. In embryonated eggs C. In cell culture D. All of the above
D. All of the above
A viral genome may consist of ____. A. DNA only B. RNA only C. DNA and RNA D. DNA or RNA
D. DNA or RNA
_____ best describes a filamentous mass of fungi. A. Hyphae B. Thallus C. Septum D. Mycelium E. Coenocytic
D. Mycelium
Which of the following is not a reservoir of infection? A. A sick person B. A healthy person C. A sick animal D. None of the above
D. None of the above
In animal viruses, an envelope is acquired during which of the following steps? A. Penetration B. Attachment C. Biosynthesis D. Release E. Maturation
D. Release
View the table of ID50 values. Which of the following organisms is least virulent? A. E. coli O157:H7 B. Legionella pneumophila C. Shigella D. Treponema pallidum
D. Treponema pallidum (had highest ID50 # of 157)
How do all viruses differ from bacteria? A. Viruses are filterable. B. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. C. Viruses do not have any nucleic acid. D. Viruses are not composed of cells. E. Viruses do not reproduce.
D. Viruses are not composed of cells.
Symptoms of protozoan and helminthic diseases are due to _____. A. tissue damage caused by growth of parasites B. waste products excreted by parasites C. products released from damaged tissues D. all of the above
D. all of the above
R factors are plasmids that carry ____ genes. A. toxin B. capsule C. fimbriae D. antibiotic resistance E. metabolic
D. antibiotic resistance
The following bacterial structures may be used as adhesins except _____. A. fimbriae B. glycoproteins C. cell wall proteins D. plasma membranes E. lipoproteins
D. plasma membranes
The mechanism whereby an non-enveloped virus leaves a host cell is called _____.
D. rupturing
Symptoms of intense inflammation and shock occur in some gram-positive bacterial infections due to _____. A. A-B toxins B. lipid A C. membrane-disrupting toxins D. superantigens E. erythrogenic toxin
D. superantigens
Which of the following definitions is incorrect? A.Acute - a short lasting primary infection. B.Chronic - a disease that develops slowly and lasts for months. C.Primary infection - an initial illness. D.Secondary infection - a long lasting infection
D.Secondary infection - a long lasting infection
Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transient microbiota ___. A.cause diseases B.are found in a certain location on the host C.are always acquired by direct contact D.are present for a relatively short time E.never cause disease
D.are present for a relatively short time
Which of the following contributes to the virulence of a pathogen? A. Numbers of microorganisms that gain access to a host B. Evasion of host defenses C. Toxin production D. Numbers of microorganisms that gain access to a host and evasion of host defenses E. Numbers of microorganisms that gain access to a host, evasion of host defenses, and toxin production
E. Numbers of microorganisms that gain access to a host, evasion of host defenses, and toxin production
During infection, the body produces ______ to fight infection. A. antibiotics B. antigens C. normal microbiota D. pathogens E. antibodies
E. antibodies
Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. teleomorph â€" produces both sexual and asexual spores B. dermatomycosis â€" fungal infection of the skin C. dimorphic fungus â€" grows as a yeast or a mold D. systemic mycosis â€" fungal infection of body organs E. coenocytic hyphae â€" hyphae with cross-walls
E. coenocytic hyphae â€" hyphae with cross-walls
A new chronic disease, Cayetanosis, appears with 16 reported cases in March, 2012. The number of reported cases in 2012 is as follows: February - 0 March - 16 April - 12 May - 10 June - 8 July - 2 August - 0 September - 0 October -0. What is the prevalence of Cayetanosis in May 2012? A. 38 B. 10 C. 28 D. 16
A. 38
What is a disease referred to when symptoms develop rapidly and it runs its course rapidly? A. Acute infection B. Subacute infection C. Chronic infection D. Subclinical infection
A. Acute infection
Ringworm is a mycosis (fungal disease) that affects the surface of the skin. What type of infection is ring worm? A. Local infection B. Systemic infection C. Focal infection D. Septicemia
A. Local infection
Ringworm is a mycosis in which a fungus grows and feeds on keratin within the skin. What is the portal of entry for ringworm? A. Skin B. Mucous membranes C. Parenteral route D. None of the above
A. Skin
Which of these structures is a possible target for anti-fungal drugs? A. Sterols in the membrane B. Phospholipids in the membrane C. The Ribosomes D. DNA Polymerase E. RNA Polymerase
A. Sterols in the membrane
Which of the following statements is true? A. Symbiosis refers to different organisms living together. B. Both members of a symbiotic relationship cannot live without each other. C. Symbiosis refers to different organisms living together and both benefiting from this relationship. D. At least one member must be harmed in a symbiotic relationship.
A. Symbiosis refers to different organisms living together.
A definitive host harbors which stage of a parasite? A. The sexual stage. B. The spore forming stage. C. The asexual stage. D. The infectious stage. E. The pathogenic stage.
A. The sexual stage.
View the figure above. Which of these is a polyhedral virus? A. a B. b C. c D. d
A. a
A virion is _____. A. a complete, infectious virus particle B. a naked, infectious piece of RNA C. a capsid without a nucleic acid D. a provirus
A. a complete, infectious virus particle
An oncogene is _____. A. a gene associated with the formation of cancers B. a gene that protects the host against viruses C. a gene that turns cancers off D. found in viruses E. is found in bacteria
A. a gene associated with the formation of cancers
Some viruses cause disease shortly after infection. These are characteristic of a(n) ______ viral infection. A. acute B. latent C. persistent
A. acute
Viruses have a protein coat called a _____. A. capsid B. capsomere C. virion D. prion E. replicon
A. capsid
View the attached table that shows the ID50 for Staphylococcus aureus in wounds with and without the administration of ampicillin before surgery. Based on the data, the administration of ampicillin before surgery ______. A. decreases the risk of staphylococcal infection B. increases the risk of staphylococcal infection C. has no effect on risk of infection D. replaces tetracycline E. The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided
A. decreases the risk of staphylococcal infection
A researcher studies a disease by collecting and analyzing data involving the outbreak of a disease. This is an example of _____ epidemiology. A. descriptive B. analytical C. experimental
A. descriptive
Some viruses, such as Human Herpes Virus 1, infect a cell without causing symptoms; these are called _____. A. latent viruses B. lytic viruses C. lysogenic viruses D. persistent viruses E. silent
A. latent viruses
An infection confined to a specific area of the body is a(n) _____ infection. Review A. local B. focal C. systemic D. latent
A. local
An encapsulated bacteria can be virulent because the capsule ____. A. resists phagocytosis B. is an endotoxin C. is an exotoxin D. destroys host tissues E. allows bacteria to grow faster
A. resists phagocytosis
The cells within hyphae can be separated by ____. A. septa B. nuclei C. spores D. filaments
A. septa
If a doctor takes your temperature, she is recording a ____. A. sign B. symptom C. hermistat D. syndrome
A. sign
A disease that occurs only occasionally is a _____ disease. A. sporadic B. endemic C. epidemic D. pandemic
A. sporadic
The body of a fungus is called the _____. A. thallus B. hyphae C. spore D. septum E. mycelium
A. thallus
Cytopathic effects are changes in host cells due to _____. A. viral infections B. intoxications C. fungal infections D. bacterial infections E. helminthic infections
A. viral infections
Which of these terms refers to the "study of the cause of a disease"? A.Etiology B.Pathogenesis C.Pathology D.Infection
A.Etiology
Regarding the concept of pathology, infection, and disease, which statement is false? A. An "infection" is not synonymous with a "disease." B. A great majority of microorganisms are pathogenic. C. Pathology is concerned with both the structural and functional changes caused by disease. D. When a microorganism is in a part of the body where it is not normally found, disease may occur.
B. A great majority of microorganisms are pathogenic.
Antibiotics can lead to septic shock if used to treat _______. A. viral infections B. Gram-negative bacterial infections C. Gram-positive bacterial infections D. protozoan infections E. helminthic infestations
B. Gram-negative bacterial infections
Which does not contribute to the incidence of nosocomial infections? A. Failure to use aseptic technique. B. Gram-negative cell walls. C. Lack of hand-washing. D. Improper cleaning of equipment.
B. Gram-negative cell walls.
Which of the following statements is not true? A. A lichen doesn't exist if the fungal and algal partners are separated. B. Lichen are parasites. C. In a lichen, the alga produces carbohydrates. D. In a lichen, the fungus provides the holdfast.
B. Lichen are parasites.
Hypertension, aka high blood pressure, is a disease in which the blood pressure is chronically high. Its causes include a poor diet, stress, and genetics. How is hypertension classified? A. Communicable disease B. Noncommunicable disease C. Contagious disease
B. Noncommunicable disease
In a lichen, which of these is provided by the fungus? A. Carbohydrates B. Protection C. Photosynthesis D. Motility
B. Protection
A plasmid that carries an antibiotic resistance gene is called a ______. A. F factor B. R factor C. A factor D. AR factor
B. R factor
Which one of the following contains endotoxins? A. Streptococcus pyogenes, a gram-positive bacterium that causes strep throat. B. Shigella flexneri, a gram-negative bacterium that causes dysentery. C. Candida albicans, a fungus that causes many secondary infections. D. Plasmodium falciparum, a protist that causes malaria.
B. Shigella flexneri, a gram-negative bacterium that causes dysentery.
Which of these is not a characteristic of yeasts? A. They divide by budding. B. They are filamentous. C. They can form ethanol via fermentation. D. They are capable of facultative anaerobic growth.
B. They are filamentous.
Which of these statements about nosocomial infections is not true? A. They can occur in weakened or compromised patients. B. They are often primary infections. C. They can be caused by normal microbiota. D. They are not present in the patient prior to entering the hospital.
B. They are often primary infections.
A food worker wasn't wearing gloves when making your sandwich, and as a result you contracted hepatitis. This is an example of ____. A. Vector transmission B. Vehicle transmission C. Contact transmission
B. Vehicle transmission
A researcher studies a disease by comparing a diseased group of people to a healthy group. This is an example of _____ epidemiology. A. descriptive B. analytical C. experimental
B. analytical
A(n) _____ is a type of sexual spore that is enclosed in a sac. A. zygospore B. ascospore C. sporangiospore D. basidiospore E. conidiospore
B. ascospore
A ______ is a virus for bacteria. A. bacterion B. bacteriophage C. bacteriovirus D. bacteriovore E. provirus
B. bacteriophage
A disease that is constantly present in a population is a _____ disease. A. sporadic B. endemic C. epidemic D. pandemic
B. endemic
The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called _____. A. ecology B. epidemiology C. communicable disease D. morbidity and mortality
B. epidemiology
The ____ provides the holdfast in a lichen. A. algae B. fungus C. bacteria D. plant
B. fungus
A ______ forms when the viral genome inserts into the host cell's chromosome. A. lytic virus B. provirus C. DNA virus D. phage E. virion
B. provirus
Bacteria that cause periodontal disease have adhesins for receptors on streptococci that colonize on teeth. This indicates that ______. A. streptococci get bacterial infections B. streptococcal colonization is necessary for periodontal disease C. bacteria that cause periodontal disease adhere to gums and teeth D. bacteria that cause periodontal disease adhere to teeth E. streptococci cause periodontal disease
B. streptococcal colonization is necessary for periodontal disease
A new chronic disease, Cayetanosis, appears with 16 reported cases in March, 2012. The number of reported cases in 2012 is as follows: February - 0 March - 16 April - 12 May - 10 June - 8 July - 2 August - 0 September - 0 October - 0. What is the incidence of Cayetanosis in May 2012? A.38 B.10 C.48 D.16
B.10
Ringworm is a disease that affects the skin, hair, and nails. Despite the name, ringworm is a fungal mycosis, and doesn't involve a worm at all. How is ringworm classified? A. Sytemic mycosis B. Subcutaneous mycosis C. Dermatomycosis D. Superficial mycosis E. Opportunistic pathogen
C. Dermatomycosis
Fungi are classified into 3 groups. Which of these is not a group that fungi are classified into? A. Molds B. Yeasts C. Hyphae D. Dimorphic fungi
C. Hyphae
A knife wound is an example of which portal of entry? A. Skin B. Mucous membranes C. Parenteral route D. None of the above
C. Parenteral route
Which of the following is true about portals of exit? A. Portals of exit often involving bleeding. B. A parasite often leaves through multiple portals. C. Portals of exit are often related to infected tissue. D. Portals of exit depend on the degree of virulence. E. Portals of exit are the same as the portal of entry.
C. Portals of exit are often related to infected tissue.
Which of these would an enveloped virus use for attachment? A. Capsid B. Tail fibers C. Spikes D. Flagella
C. Spikes
The most common way for the Rabies virus to enter a human host is via bites from animals. What is this portal of entry? A. The skin B. Mucous Membranes C. The parenteral route D. None of the above
C. The parenteral route
Why are invasive procedures likely to increase the risk of nosocomial infections? A. Invasive procedures require long term hospital stays, thereby increasing the number of visitors seen by the patient. B. These procedures are carried out by health care workers, who carry resistant microbes. C. These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient. D. Invasive procedures must use antibiotics.
C. These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient.
Reproductive hyphae are also known as _____. A. sporulating hyphae B. budding hyphae C. aerial hyphae D. vegetative hyphae E. septate hyphae
C. aerial hyphae
A(n) ______ is characterized by a single, thickened spore A. conidiospore B. sporangiospore C. arthrospore
C. arthrospore
View the attached graph to answer the following question. Assume a patient has influenza, an acute infection. During which time on the graph would the patient show the symptoms of the illness? A. a B. b C. c D. d E. e
C. c
When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is considered ______. A. vector transmission B. airborne transmission C. contact transmission D. waterborne transmission
C. contact transmission
A disease that is acquired by many people in a relatively short period of time is a _____ disease. A. sporadic B. endemic C. epidemic D. pandemic
C. epidemic
A cold transmitted by a facial tissue is an example of ____. A. direct contact B. droplet transmission C. fomite D. vector E. vehicle transmission
C. fomite
Biological transmission differs from mechanical transmission in that biological transmission ____. A. requires an arthropod B. involves fomites C. involves specific diseases D. requires direct contact E. works only with noncommunicable diseases
C. involves specific diseases
A commensal bacterium ____. A. does not receive any benefit from its host B. is beneficial to its host C. may be an opportunistic pathogen D. damages its host E. produces antibiotics
C. may be an opportunistic pathogen
An exotoxin that makes channels in membranes is referred to as a(n) _____. A. superantigen B. A-B toxin C. membrane disrupting toxin D. endotoxin
C. membrane disrupting toxin
Pseudomonas bacteria colonized the bile duct of a patient following his liver transplant surgery. This is an example of a ____. A. communicable disease B. latent infection C. nosocomial infection D. sporadic disease E. None of the answers is correct
C. nosocomial infection
A disease transmitted by a flea is an example of ____ transmission. A. direct contact B. vehicle C. vector D. fomite
C. vector
Herpesvirus-1 is an enveloped polyhedral virus that infects human nerve cells. It contains a single stranded DNA genome. What mechanism does herpesvirus-1 use to exit a cell after maturation? A. Endocytosis B. Exocytosis C. Membrane fusion D. Budding E. Maturation
D. Budding
_____ viruses generally have an elaborate coat structure, and may have other structures attached to the coat. A. Helical B. Polyhedral C. Enveloped D. Complex
D. Complex
Tinea versicolos is a fungus infection that commonly affects the outermost surface of the skin of young people, especially on the chest, back, and upper arms. How would Tinea versicolos be classified? A. Sytemic mycosis B. Subcutaneous mycosis C. Dermatomycosis D. Superficial mycosis E. Oppotunistic pathogen
D. Superficial mycosis
Pneumocystosis is an infection of the lungs by the fungus Pneumocystis carinii. What type of mycosis is pneumocystosis? A. Superficial B. Cutaneous C. Subcutaneous D. Systemic
D. Systemic
Which of these toxins is the most deadly given their LD50 values? A. Sarin - 17 mg/kg B. VX nerve gas - 0.14 mg/kg C. E. coli O157:H7 - 27 mg/kg D. Tetanus toxin - .000002 mg/kg
D. Tetanus toxin - .000002 mg/kg
Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission? A. The transmission of MRSA from skin to skin contact. B. Touching a telephone with cold viruses on its surface. C. The bite of a mosquito containing malaria. D. The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner. E. Transmission of influenza via contacting a door handle from a taxi cab.
D. The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner.
Which of the following does NOT contribute to the symptoms of a fungal disease? A. capsules B. toxins C. allergic response of the host D. cell walls E. metabolic products
D. cell walls
View the figure of the incidence of influenza in a typical year. Which letter on the graph shows the endemic level? A. a B. b C. c D. d
D. d
A parasitic bacterium ______. A. does not receive any benefit from its host B. is beneficial to its host C. may be an opportunistic pathogen D. damages its host E. produces antibiotics
D. damages its host
Which of the following components is found in viruses? A. cell wall B. nucleus C. ribosomes D. nucleic acids
D. nucleic acids
A disease that occurs worldwide is a ______ disease. A. sporadic B. endemic C. epidemic D. pandemic
D. pandemic
When a virus enters a cell it must release its nucleic acid into the host cell. This is called ____. A. nucleic acid release B. maturation C. biosynthesis D. uncoating E. release
D. uncoating
Giardiasis is a disease that is commonly contracted by drinking fecal contaminated water. This is an example of _____ transmission. A. droplet B. airborne term-1 C. indirect contact D. vehicle
D. vehicle
View the attached graph to answer the following question. Assume a patient had chickenpox (human herpesvirus 3) as a child. Which line on the graph would show the number of viruses present in this person as a 60-year-old with shingles (a latent human herpesvirus 3 infection)? A. a B. b C. c D. d E. e
E. e
